1
|
Qiu Q, Geng Z, Wang L, Zuo L, Deng M, Zhang H, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Wen H, Wang Q, Wang Y, He X, Li J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liu M, Song X. Peiminine ameliorates Crohn's disease-like colitis by enhancing the function of the intestinal epithelial barrier through Nrf2/HO1 signal. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112380. [PMID: 38850790 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Impaired intestinal barrier function is key in maintaining intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD). However, no targeted treatment in clinical practice has been developed. Peiminine (Pm) strongly protects the epithelial barrier, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether Pm affects CD-like colitis and potential mechanisms for its action. METHODS Trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced mice and Il-10-/- mice were used as CD animal models. Colitis symptoms, histological analysis, and intestinal barrier permeability were used to assess the Pm's therapeutic effect on CD-like colitis. The colon organoids were induced by TNF-α to evaluate the direct role of Pm in inhibiting apoptosis of the intestinal epithelial cells. Western blotting and small molecule inhibitors were used to investigate further the potential mechanism of Pm in inhibiting apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. RESULTS Pm treatment reduced body weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) score, and inflammatory score, demonstrating that colonic inflammation in mice were alleviated. Pm decreased the intestinal epithelial apoptosis, improved the intestinal barrier function, and prevented the loss of tight junction proteins (ZO1 and claudin-1) in the colon of CD mice and TNF-α-induced colonic organoids. Pm activated Nrf2/HO1 signaling, which may protect intestinal barrier function. CONCLUSIONS Pm inhibits intestinal epithelial apoptosis in CD mice by activating Nrf2/HO1 pathway. This partially explains the potential mechanism of Pm in ameliorating intestinal barrier function in mice and provides a new approach to treating CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Qiu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yiqun Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | | | - Hexin Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Qiusheng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xuxu He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Mulin Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
| | - Xue Song
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin L, Ren R, Xiong Q, Zheng C, Yang B, Wang H. Remodeling of T-cell mitochondrial metabolism to treat autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2024:103583. [PMID: 39084278 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
T cells are key drivers of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by producing cytokines, stimulating the generation of autoantibodies, and mediating tissue and cell damage. Distinct mitochondrial metabolic pathways govern the direction of T-cell differentiation and function and rely on specific nutrients and metabolic enzymes. Metabolic substrate uptake and mitochondrial metabolism form the foundational elements for T-cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, and effector function, contributing to the dynamic interplay between immunological signals and mitochondrial metabolism in coordinating adaptive immunity. Perturbations in substrate availability and enzyme activity may impair T-cell immunosuppressive function, fostering autoreactive responses and disrupting immune homeostasis, ultimately contributing to autoimmune disease pathogenesis. A growing body of studies has explored how metabolic processes regulate the function of diverse T-cell subsets in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and psoriasis. This review describes the coordination of T-cell biology by mitochondrial metabolism, including the electron transport chain (ETC), oxidative phosphorylation, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and one‑carbon metabolism. This study elucidated the intricate crosstalk between mitochondrial metabolic programs, signal transduction pathways, and transcription factors. This review summarizes potential therapeutic targets for T-cell mitochondrial metabolism and signaling in autoimmune diseases, providing insights for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu 610041, China; Laboratory Medicine Research Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruyu Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu 610041, China; Laboratory Medicine Research Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiao Xiong
- Department of Infectious Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu 610041, China; Laboratory Medicine Research Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang L, Song X, Zhou Y, Xia Y, Yang Z, Chen X, Shi R, Geng Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li J, Hu J, Zuo L. Sclareol protected against intestinal barrier dysfunction ameliorating Crohn's disease-like colitis via Nrf2/NF-B/MLCK signalling. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112140. [PMID: 38669952 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction is not only a pathological feature of Crohn's disease (CD) but also an important therapeutic target. Sclareol (SCL) is a nontoxic natural plant compound with anti-inflammatory effect, but its role in CD has not been established. METHODS In vivo studies of mice with TNBS-induced colitis were carried out to evaluate the effects of SCL on CD-like colitis and intestinal barrier function. In vitro, a TNF-α-induced colonic organoid model was established to test the direct effect of SCL on inflammation-induced intestinal barrier injure and inflammatory response. The Nrf2/NF-κB/MLCK signalling was analysed to explore the mechanism of SCL. RESULTS In vivo, SCL largely alleviated the colitis in TNBS mice, as evidenced by improvements in the weight loss, colitis symptoms, endoscopic score, macroscopic histological score, and histological inflammation score. Moreover, SCL significantly improved intestinal barrier dysfunction, manifested as reduced intestinal permeability and decreased intestinal bacterial translocation in TNBS mice. Importantly, SCL antagonised the intestinal mucosal inflammation while protecting tight junctions in TNBS mice. In vitro, SCL largely depressed pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and improved intestinal epithelial permeability in a TNF-α-induced colonic organoid model. In the context of CD, the protective effects of SCL against inflammation and intestinal barrier damage are at least partially results from the Nrf2 signalling activation and the NF-κB/MLCK signalling inhibition. CONCLUSIONS SCL improved intestinal barrier dysfunction and alleviated CD-like colitis, possibly through modulation of Nrf2/NF-κB/MLCK signalling. In view of SCL's safety profile, there is hope that it will be useful in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yueqing Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yongsheng Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zi Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Ruohan Shi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen P, Ye C, Huang Y, Xu B, Wu T, Dong Y, Jin Y, Zhao L, Hu C, Mao J, Wu R. Glutaminolysis regulates endometrial fibrosis in intrauterine adhesion via modulating mitochondrial function. Biol Res 2024; 57:13. [PMID: 38561846 PMCID: PMC10983700 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial fibrosis, a significant characteristic of intrauterine adhesion (IUA), is caused by the excessive differentiation and activation of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). Glutaminolysis is the metabolic process of glutamine (Gln), which has been implicated in multiple types of organ fibrosis. So far, little is known about whether glutaminolysis plays a role in endometrial fibrosis. METHODS The activation model of ESCs was constructed by TGF-β1, followed by RNA-sequencing analysis. Changes in glutaminase1 (GLS1) expression at RNA and protein levels in activated ESCs were verified experimentally. Human IUA samples were collected to verify GLS1 expression in endometrial fibrosis. GLS1 inhibitor and glutamine deprivation were applied to ESCs models to investigate the biological functions and mechanisms of glutaminolysis in ESCs activation. The IUA mice model was established to explore the effect of glutaminolysis inhibition on endometrial fibrosis. RESULTS We found that GLS1 expression was significantly increased in activated ESCs models and fibrotic endometrium. Glutaminolysis inhibition by GLS1 inhibitor bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES or glutamine deprivation treatment suppressed the expression of two fibrotic markers, α-SMA and collagen I, as well as the mitochondrial function and mTORC1 signaling in ESCs. Furthermore, inhibition of the mTORC1 signaling pathway by rapamycin suppressed ESCs activation. In IUA mice models, BPTES treatment significantly ameliorated endometrial fibrosis and improved pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSION Glutaminolysis and glutaminolysis-associated mTOR signaling play a role in the activation of ESCs and the pathogenesis of endometrial fibrosis through regulating mitochondrial function. Glutaminolysis inhibition suppresses the activation of ESCs, which might be a novel therapeutic strategy for IUA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoshuang Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunke Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingning Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhang Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changchang Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingxia Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruijin Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Z, Zuo L, Song X, Wang L, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Huang J, Zhao T, Yang Z, Zhang H, Li J, Zhang X, Geng Z, Wang Y, Ge S, Hu J. Arjunolic acid protects the intestinal epithelial barrier, ameliorating Crohn's disease-like colitis by restoring gut microbiota composition and inactivating TLR4 signalling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155223. [PMID: 38134862 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by an overabundance of epithelial cell death and an imbalance in microflora, both of which contribute to the dysfunction of the intestinal barrier. Arjunolic acid (AA) has anti-apoptotic effects and regulates microbiota efficacy. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the treatment on colitis resembling Crohn's disease, along with exploring the potential underlying mechanism. METHODS CD animal models were created using Il-10-/- mice, and the impact of AA on colitis in mice was evaluated through disease activity index, weight fluctuations, pathological examination, and assessment of intestinal barrier function. To clarify the direct role of AA on intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, organoids were induced by LPS, and TUNEL staining was performed. To investigate the potential mechanisms of AA in protecting the intestinal barrier, various methods including bioinformatics analysis and FMT experiments were employed. RESULTS The treatment for AA enhanced the condition of colitis and the function of the intestinal barrier in Il-10-/- mice. This was demonstrated by the amelioration of weight loss, reduction in tissue inflammation score, and improvement in intestinal permeability. Moreover, AA suppressed the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in Il-10-/- mice and LPS-induced colon organoids, while also reducing the levels of Bax and C-caspase-3. In terms of mechanism, AA suppressed the activation of TLR4 signaling in Il-10-/- mice and colon organoids induced by LPS. In addition, AA increased the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in the stool of Il-10-/- mice, and transplantation of feces from AA-treated mice improved CD-like colitis. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study demonstrate that AA has a protective effect on the intestinal barrier in Crohn's disease-like colitis by preventing apoptosis. Additionally, this groundbreaking study reveals the capacity of AA to hinder TLR4 signaling and alter the makeup of the intestinal microbiome. The findings present fresh possibilities for treating individuals diagnosed with Crohn's disease. AA offers a hopeful novel strategy for managing Crohn's disease by obstructing crucial pathways implicated in intestinal inflammation and enhancing the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zining Zhang
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Song
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ju Huang
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Tianhao Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zi Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Sitang Ge
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical College, Bengbu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee H, Jeon JH, Kim ES. Mitochondrial dysfunctions in T cells: focus on inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219422. [PMID: 37809060 PMCID: PMC10556505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria has emerged as a critical ruler of metabolic reprogramming in immune responses and inflammation. In the context of colitogenic T cells and IBD, there has been increasing research interest in the metabolic pathways of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and glutaminolysis. These pathways have been shown to play a crucial role in the metabolic reprogramming of colitogenic T cells, leading to increased inflammatory cytokine production and tissue damage. In addition to metabolic reprogramming, mitochondrial dysfunction has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. Studies have shown that colitogenic T cells exhibit impaired mitochondrial respiration, elevated levels of mROS, alterations in calcium homeostasis, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, and aberrant mitochondria-associated membrane formation. Here, we discuss our current knowledge of the metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial dysfunctions in colitogenic T cells, as well as the potential therapeutic applications for treating IBD with evidence from animal experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoyul Lee
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Soo Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu M, Wen H, Zuo L, Song X, Geng Z, Ge S, Ge Y, Wu R, Chen S, Yu C, Gao Y. Bryostatin-1 attenuates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress via activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22948. [PMID: 37130016 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201540r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bryostatin-1 (Bryo-1) exerts antioxidative stress effects in multiple diseases, and we confirmed that it improves intestinal barrier dysfunction in experimental colitis. Nevertheless, there are few reports on its action on intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In this study, we mainly explored the effect of Bryo-1 on intestinal I/R injury and determined the mechanism. C57BL/6J mice underwent temporary superior mesenteric artery (SMA) obturation to induce I/R, on the contrary, Caco-2 cells suffered to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) to establish the in vitro model. RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS to induce macrophage inflammation. The drug gradient experiment was used to demonstrate in vivo and in vitro models. Bryo-1 ameliorated the intestinal I/R-induced injury of multiple organs and epithelial cells. It also alleviated intestinal I/R-induced barrier disruption of intestines according to the histology, intestinal permeability, intestinal bacterial translocation rates, and tight junction protein expression results. Bryo-1 significantly inhibited oxidative stress damages and inflammation, which may contribute to the restoration of intestinal barrier function. Further, Bryo-1 significantly activated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in vivo. However, the deletion of Nrf2 in Caco-2 and RAW264.7 cells attenuated the protective functions of Bryo-1 and significantly abolished the anti-inflammatory effect of Bryo-1 on LPS-induced macrophage inflammation. Bryo-1 protects intestines against I/R-induced injury. It is associated with intestinal barrier protection, as well as inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress partly through Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mulin Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Hexin Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xue Song
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Sitang Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Chaowen Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu J, Su Z, Li W, Ling Z, Cheng B, Yang X, Tao X. ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake of epithelial cells facilitates CCL5-induced T cell infiltration via ROS-STAT3 pathway in oral lichen planus. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110216. [PMID: 37116342 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by T cell infiltration at lesion sites. T cell migration is greatly facilitated by chemokines produced by epithelial cells. Studies have noted the potential role of glutamine uptake in OLP and other inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of altered glutamine uptake of epithelial cells on T cell infiltration and its underlying mechanisms in OLP. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to identify the expressions of glutamine transporter alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in oral tissues of OLP and healthy controls. Human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) were treated with glutamine deprivation and ASCT2 inhibiter GPNA respectively to detect the expressions of CCL5 and its related signaling molecules. Additionally, we had determined the impact of epithelial cell-derived CCL5 on T-cell migration using a co-culture system in vitro. RESULTS ASCT2 and CCL5 expressions in OLP were significantly higher than healthy controls and positively correlated with the density of inflammatory infiltrations. Glutamine supplement significantly increased CCL5 production in HGECs, which was effectively inhibited by GPNA. Besides, glutamine could inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to activate the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) causing higher expression level of CCL5 in HGECs. Simultaneously, T cell migration could be blocked by anti-CCL5 neutralizing antibody and STAT3 inhibitor stattic in the co-culture system. CONCLUSION The upregulated ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake in epithelial cells promotes CCL5 production via ROS-STAT3 signaling, which boosts the T-cell infiltration in OLP lesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Lu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Zhangci Su
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Wei Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Zihang Ling
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Bin Cheng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Xi Yang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Xiaoan Tao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ge S, Yang Y, Zuo L, Song X, Wen H, Geng Z, He Y, Xu Z, Wu H, Shen M, Ge Y, Sun X. Sotetsuflavone ameliorates Crohn's disease-like colitis by inhibiting M1 macrophage-induced intestinal barrier damage via JNK and MAPK signalling. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 940:175464. [PMID: 36566007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier dysfunction are two important pathological changes in Crohn's disease (CD). Sotetsuflavone (SF) is a natural monomeric herbal compound with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects that is mostly nontoxic. The effect of SF on CD-like spontaneous colitis was investigated in this study. METHODS Il-10-/- mice were used as a CD model and were administered different doses of SF. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus IFN-γ-induced macrophages (RAW264.7) and a coculture system (RAW264.7 and organoids) were used in vitro. The protective effects of SF against CD-like colitis and macrophage differentiation and the mechanisms were evaluated. RESULTS SF treatment markedly improved spontaneous colitis in the CD model, as shown by the following evidence: reductions in the DAI, macroscopic scores (3.63 ± 1.30), colonic tissue inflammatory scores (2 ± 0.76) and proinflammatory factor levels and the attenuation of colon shortening (8 ± 0.93 cm) and weight loss (1.75 ± 1.83 g). Decreased intestinal permeability and intestinal bacterial translocation rates provided evidence of the protective effect of SF on intestinal barrier function. We also found that SF suppressed M1 macrophage-induced inflammatory responses. In the coculture system of mouse colonic organoids and RAW264.7 cells, SF significantly ameliorated M1 macrophage-induced intestinal epithelial damage. In addition, SF inhibited JNK and MAPK (p38) signalling in both Il-10-/- mice and LPS plus IFN-γ-induced macrophages (RAW264.7). CONCLUSIONS The protective effects of SF against CD-like colitis may be achieved partially by inhibiting M1 macrophage-induced intestinal barrier damage via JNK and p38 signalling. SF may have therapeutic potential for treating CD, especially considering its safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sitang Ge
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yating Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xue Song
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hexin Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yifan He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zilong Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Huatao Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Mengdi Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang X, Zuo L, Geng Z, Song X, Li J, Ge S, Jiang Y, Yang Z, Liu G, Zhao Y, Zhao H, Yu L, Hu J. Vindoline ameliorates intestinal barrier damage in Crohn's disease mice through MAPK signaling pathway. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22589. [PMID: 36197455 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200234rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier damage are important pathological changes in Crohn's disease (CD). Vindoline is a natural monomer with anti-inflammatory effects. We employed CD model mice to explore the effect of Vindoline on CD-like colitis and the possible mechanism. Il-10-deficient (Il-10-/- ) mice and wild-type (WT) mice (both aged 15 weeks, male) were used to explore the effect of Vindoline on colitis and intestinal barrier damage, as well as macrophage-mediated inflammation. Bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and colonic organoids from mice were used to explore the inhibitory effect of Vindoline on macrophage-mediated inflammation and the protective effect on inflammation-induced intestinal barrier damage as well as the possible mechanism. We found that Vindoline significantly ameliorated colitis in CD mice, as evidenced by increased weight change and colon length and decreased the colon macroscopic injury score, histological inflammatory score, and the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Vindoline also protected against intestinal barrier damage in CD mice. Furthermore, Vindoline inhibited macrophage-mediated inflammation and protected against inflammation-induced intestinal barrier damage in the coculture system. In addition, Vindoline ameliorated colitis in CD mice by protecting against inflammation-induced intestinal barrier damage, which may be caused by inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway. This protective effect suggests that Vindoline has potential value for clinical application in the treatment of CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xue Song
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Sitang Ge
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zi Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Guangyong Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yajing Zhao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Feng X, Li X, Liu N, Hou N, Sun X, Liu Y. Glutaminolysis and CD4+ T-cell metabolism in autoimmunity: From pathogenesis to therapy prospects. Front Immunol 2022; 13:986847. [PMID: 36211442 PMCID: PMC9537545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.986847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent increase in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases revealed the critical role of T cells. Investigation into immunometabolism has drawn attention to metabolic processes other than glycometabolism. In rapidly dividing immune cells, including T lymphocytes, the consumption of glutamine is similar to or higher than that of glucose even though glucose is abundant. In addition to contributing to many processes critical for cellular integrity and function, glutamine, as the most abundant amino acid, was recently regarded as an immunomodulatory nutrient. A better understanding of the biological regulation of glutaminolysis in T cells will provide a new perspective for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of glutamine catabolism in CD4+ T-cell subsets of autoimmunity. We also focused on potential treatments targeting glutaminolysis in patients with autoimmune diseases. Knowledge of immunometabolism is constantly evolving, and glutamine metabolism may be a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune disease therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ningning Hou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yongping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Yongping Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The Microbiota and Cytokines Correlation between the Jejunum and Colon in Altay Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121564. [PMID: 35739900 PMCID: PMC9219508 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Both the jejunum and the colon secrete unique immune factors that interact with the gut microbiota. Investigating the association of gut microbiota and the host immune system, we detected higher populations of Bacteroides, Fibrobacteres and Spirochetes in the colon than in the jejunum of Altay sheep, which is a unique breed in Xinjiang. Levels of IL-6 and IL-12 were lower in the colon than in the jejunum. IL-10 was positively correlated with Ruminococcus_2 in the jejunum. These results indicate a potential interaction between intestinal microbiota and the host immune system that may be considered for the prevention of sheep diseases and the screening of probiotics. Abstract Both the jejunum and colon release cytokines that interact with intestinal microbiota. However, it is largely unclear which cytokines and microbial populations are involved in the homeostasis of the intestinal ecosystem for sheep health. To address this, we collected contents for isolating microbiota and tissues for determining cytokines from the jejunum and colon of 7-month-old Altay sheep. We used the techniques of 16S rRNA sequencing and ELISA to detect microbial population and cytokine level, respectively. Correlations between microbial population and cytokines were analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient. The correlation analysis revealed higher populations of Bacteroides, Fibrobacteres and Spirochetes in the colon than in the jejunum, and IL-6 and IL-12 levels were higher in the jejunum than in the colon. Association analysis further revealed a positive association between IL-10 level and both Ruminococcus_2 and norank_f_Bifidobacteriaceae population in the jejunum. The analysis also revealed positive associations between IL-6 level and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-013 population, IL-10 and Prevotellaceae_UCG-004, as well as TNF-α and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 in the colon. These results indicate a potential interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the host immune system that needs to be further clarified for considering dietary formulations to maintain animal health and disease prevention.
Collapse
|
13
|
Li J, Zuo L, Geng Z, Li Q, Cheng Y, Yang Z, Shi R, Zhou Y, Nie W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Ge S, Song X, Hu J. Pygopus2 ameliorates mesenteric adipocyte poor differentiation to alleviate Crohn's disease -like colitis via the Axin2/GSK3β pathway. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13292. [PMID: 35707871 PMCID: PMC9528773 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Crohn's disease (CD) mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) inflammation affects enteritis through the interaction between the mesentery and intestine, and we previously found that poorly differentiated mesenteric adipocytes were related to its inflammatory features. Pygopus2 (Pygo2) is a key negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation. We aimed to determine whether Pygo2 participates in CD mesenteric lesions and whether Pygo2 knockdown would be beneficial in a CD model (Il‐10−/− mice). Methods Pygo2 expression in MAT from control and CD patients and Il‐10−/− mice was measured by immunohistochemistry. Lentiviral transfection was used to regulate Pygo2 expression in Il‐10−/− mice, and the effects on mesenteric adipocyte differentiation, inflammation, and dysfunction during spontaneous colitis, as well as the possible mechanism, were investigated. Results Pygo2 expression was increased in MAT from CD patients and Il‐10−/− mice, and its expression correlated with poor adipocyte differentiation and inflammation. Pygo2 knockdown significantly ameliorated colitis in Il‐10−/− mice. Moreover, the downregulation of Pygo2 gene expression could promote adipocyte differentiation and inhibit adipocyte inflammation in vivo and in vitro, and the effects were at least partly mediated by the Axis inhibition protein 2 (Axin2)/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) pathway. Conclusions The increase in Pygo2 may be related to mesenteric adipocyte poor differentiation and inflammatory features of CD, and Pygo2 inhibition could alleviate CD‐like colitis by improving mesenteric lesions by regulating the Axin2/GSK3β pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zi Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ruohan Shi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yueqing Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wenhu Nie
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Sitang Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xue Song
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ruscogenins Improve CD-Like Enteritis by Inhibiting Apoptosis of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Activating Nrf2/NQO1 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4877275. [PMID: 35308175 PMCID: PMC8930266 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4877275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of intestinal barrier dysfunction and intestinal inflammation promotes the progression of Crohn's disease (CD). A more recent study has suggested that ruscogenins (RUS) can exert anti-inflammatory effects through activation of the Nrf2/NQO1 pathway. The current study is aimed at determining the functionalization of RUS on CD-like colitis. Wild-type (WT) mice induced with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) exhibit a significant inflammation in their colon and are hence widely used for CD models. In the current study, the mice were treated with the Nrf-2 antagonist (ML385) or ruscogenin (RUS) whereas normal WT mice were kept as the negative control. Comparative analysis was then performed on the inflammation and barrier function of the colons. In vitro analysis of mouse colonic organoid systems revealed the influence of RUS on LPS-induced apoptosis, cytokine, and chemokine expressions in the intestinal epithelium. It was found that RUS ameliorates murine colitis through activation of the Nrf2/NQO1 pathway which was presented as a decrease in inflammation score and downregulated levels of cytokine and chemokine synthesis, as well as increased intestinal permeability. Further, it was noted that RUS alleviated LPS-induced apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium cells through upregulation of the Nrf2/NQO1 signaling pathway in the mouse colonic organoids. In addition, ruscogenin (RUS) attenuated the levels of Bax and C-caspase-3 through activation of the Nrf2/HO1 signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, it was evident that RUS can be applied as a potential alternative therapeutic agent in CD based on its protective effects on the barrier function and anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
|
15
|
Song X, Wen H, Zuo L, Geng Z, Nian J, Wang L, Jiang Y, Tao J, Zhu Z, Wu X, Wang Z, Zhang X, Yu L, Zhao H, Xiang P, Li J, Shen L, Hu J. Epac-2 ameliorates spontaneous colitis in Il-10 -/- mice by protecting the intestinal barrier and suppressing NF-κB/MAPK signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:216-227. [PMID: 34862717 PMCID: PMC8742196 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction and intestinal inflammation interact in the progression of Crohn's disease (CD). A recent study indicated that Epac-2 protected the intestinal barrier and had anti-inflammatory effects. The present study examined the function of Epac-2 in CD-like colitis. Interleukin-10 gene knockout (Il-10-/- ) mice exhibit significant spontaneous enteritis and were used as the CD model. These mice were treated with Epac-2 agonists (Me-cAMP) or Epac-2 antagonists (HJC-0350) or were fed normally (control), and colitis and intestinal barrier structure and function were compared. A Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cell co-culture system were used to analyse the effects of Epac-2 on the cross-talk between intestinal epithelial cells and inflammatory cells. Epac-2 activation significantly ameliorated colitis in mice, which was indicated by reductions in the colitis inflammation score, the expression of inflammatory factors and intestinal permeability. Epac-2 activation also decreased Caco-2 cell permeability in an LPS-induced cell co-culture system. Epac-2 activation significantly suppressed nuclear factor (NF)-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling in vivo and in vitro. Epac-2 may be a therapeutic target for CD based on its anti-inflammatory functions and protective effects on the intestinal barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Song
- Department of Central LaboratoryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Hexin Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Department of Central LaboratoryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Jing Nian
- Department of ImagingSecond Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Luyao Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
- Department of Clinical MedicineBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
- Department of Clinical MedicineBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Jing Tao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
- Department of Clinical MedicineBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Zihan Zhu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
- Department of Clinical MedicineBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Xiaopei Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
- Department of Clinical MedicineBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Zhikun Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
- Department of Clinical MedicineBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Central LaboratoryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Central LaboratoryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Central LaboratoryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Central LaboratoryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Jing Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Lin Shen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue TransplantationBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Eissa N, Elgazzar O, Hussein H, Hendy GN, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Pancreastatin Reduces Alternatively Activated Macrophages, Disrupts the Epithelial Homeostasis and Aggravates Colonic Inflammation. A Descriptive Analysis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020134. [PMID: 33535452 PMCID: PMC7912769 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by modifying alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) and epithelial homeostasis. Chromogranin-A (CHGA), released by enterochromaffin cells, is elevated in UC and is implicated in inflammation progression. CHGA can be cleaved into several derived peptides, including pancreastatin (PST), which is involved in proinflammatory mechanisms. Previously, we showed that the deletion of Chga decreased the onset and severity of colitis correlated with an increase in AAM and epithelial cells’ functions. Here, we investigated PST activity in colonic biopsies of participants with active UC and investigated PST treatment in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis using Chga−/− mice, macrophages, and a human colonic epithelial cells line. We found that the colonic protein expression of PST correlated negatively with mRNA expression of AAM markers and tight junction (TJ) proteins and positively with mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-8, IL18, and collagen in human. In a preclinical setting, intra-rectal administration of PST aggravated DSS-induced colitis by decreasing AAM’s functions, enhancing colonic collagen deposition and disrupting epithelial homeostasis in Chga+/+ and Chga−/− mice. This effect was associated with a significant reduction in AAM markers, increased colonic IL-18 release, and decreased TJ proteins’ gene expression. In vitro, PST reduced Chga+/+ and Chga−/− AAM polarization and decreased anti-inflammatory mediators’ production. Conditioned medium harvested from PST-treated Chga+/+ and Chga−/− AAM reduced Caco-2 cell migration, viability, proliferation, and mRNA levels of TJ proteins and increased oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and proinflammatory cytokines release. In conclusion, PST is a CHGA proinflammatory peptide that enhances the severity of colitis and the inflammatory process via decreasing AAM functions and disrupting epithelial homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada or (N.E.); (O.E.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- The IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Omar Elgazzar
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada or (N.E.); (O.E.)
| | - Hayam Hussein
- National Research Centre, Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Geoffrey N. Hendy
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Charles N. Bernstein
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- The IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada or (N.E.); (O.E.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- The IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li J, Zheng J, Wang M, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Guo P. [Inhibition of CD96 enhances interferon-γ secretion by natural killer cells to alleviate lung injury in mice with pulmonary Chlamydia muridarum infection]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:930-935. [PMID: 32895152 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.07.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of neutralizing CD96 on natural killer (NK) cell functions in mice with pulmonary Chlamydia muridarum infection and explore the possible mechanism. METHODS Male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into infection group (Cm group), anti-CD96 treatment group (anti-CD96 group) and control group (n=5). In the former two groups, C. muridarum was inoculated via intranasal administration to establish mouse models of pulmonary C. muridarum infection, and the mice in the control group received intranasal administration of the inhalation buffer. In anti-CD96 group, the mice were injected with anti-CD96 antibody intraperitoneally at the dose of 250 μg every 3 days after the infection; the mice in Cm group received intraperitoneal injections of saline. The body weight of the mice was recorded daily. The mice were sacrificed 5 days after C. muridarum infection, and CD96 expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. HE staining and pathological scores were used to evaluate pneumonia of the mice. The inclusion body forming units (IFUs) were detected in the lung tissue homogenates to assess lung tissue chlamydia load. Flow cytometry and ELISA were used to assess the capacity of the lung NK cells to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and regulate macrophages and Th1 cells. RESULTS C. muridarum infection inhibited CD96 expression in NK cells of the mice. Compared with those in Cm group, the mice in antiCD96 mice showed significantly milder lung inflammation (P < 0.05) and reduced chlamydia load in the lung tissue (P < 0.05). Neutralizing CD96 with anti-CD96 significantly enhanced IFN-γ secretion by the NK cells (P < 0.05) and augmented the immunoregulatory effect of the NK cells shown by enhanced responses of the lung macrophages (P < 0.05) and Th1 cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of CD96 alleviates pneumonia in C. muridarum-infected mice possibly by enhancing IFN-γ secretion by NK cells and augmenting the immunoregulatory effect of the NK cells on innate and adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Minda Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Pu Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li J, Zuo L, Tian Y, He Y, Zhang Z, Guo P, Ge Y, Hu J. Spontaneous colitis in IL-10-deficient mice was ameliorated via inhibiting glutaminase1. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5632-5641. [PMID: 31211512 PMCID: PMC6653008 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity imbalance and barrier damage in the intestinal mucosa are the main pathogenic factors of Crohn's disease (CD). Bis‐2‐(5‐phenylacetamido‐1,2,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES) is a glutaminase 1 (Gls1) inhibitor with the dual functions of increasing glutamine levels and immune regulation. In this study, we focused on the role of BPTES in CD‐like enteritis and the possible mechanisms. We found that Gls1 expression was significantly increased in CD intestinal tissue compared with control tissue. Bis‐2‐(5‐phenylacetamido‐1,2,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl) ethyl sulfide treatment significantly ameliorated chronic colitis in the IL‐10−/−, as manifested by decreased disease activity index, body weight change, histological inflammatory degree and inflammatory cytokine expression. Bis‐2‐(5‐phenylacetamido‐1,2,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl) ethyl sulfide treatment exerted protective effects on CD that were associated with the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity and the Th/Treg balance. Bis‐2‐(5‐phenylacetamido‐1,2,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl) ethyl sulfide treatment may act in part through TCR‐mediated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling activation. In conclusion, inhibition of Gls1 expression attenuated chronic colitis by maintaining intestinal barrier integrity and the Th/Treg balance, thereby ameliorating CD‐like colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan He
- Clinical Medicine of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Clinical Medicine of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Pu Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|