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Chen H, Wang X, Cheng H, Deng Y, Chen J, Wang B. CircRNA circRREB1 promotes tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer by activating Erk1/2 signaling through interacting with GNB4. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28785. [PMID: 38617926 PMCID: PMC11015410 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Current investigations have illuminated the essential roles played by circular RNAs (circRNAs) in driving breast cancer (BC) tumorigenesis. However, the functional implications and molecular underpinnings of most circRNAs in BC are not well characterized. Here, Circular RNA (circRNA) expression profiles were analyzed in four surgically resected BC cases along with adjacent non-cancerous tissues applying RNA microarray analysis. The levels and prognostic implications of circRREB1 in BC were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH). Experimental manipulation of circRREB1 levels in both in vivo and in vitro settings further delineated its role in BC cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. The mechanical verification of circRREB1's interaction with GNB4 was established through RNA pull-down, mass spectrometry, Western blot analysis, RNA immunoprecipitation assays (RIP), fluorescence ISH (FISH), and rescue experiments. We found that circRREB1 exhibited significant upregulation in BC tissues and cells, implicating its association with an unfavorable prognosis in BC patients. CircRREB1 knockdown elicited anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, anti-invasive, and pro-apoptotic effects in BC cells, whereas its upregulation exerted opposing influences. Follow-up mechanistic examinations suggested that circRREB1 might interact with GNB4 directly, inducing the activation of Erk1/2 signaling and driving BC progression. Our findings collectively indicate that the interplay of circRREB1 with GNB4 promotes Erk1/2 signaling, thereby fostering BC progression, and positioning circRREB1 as a candidate therapeutic target for intervention in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hang Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yumei Deng
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junxia Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chongqing (Affiliated Central Hospital of Chongqing University of Technology), Chongqing 400054, China
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2
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Xu J, Wu F, Zhu Y, Wu T, Cao T, Gao W, Liu M, Qian W, Feng G, Xi X, Hou S. ANGPTL4 regulates ovarian cancer progression by activating the ERK1/2 pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:54. [PMID: 38311733 PMCID: PMC10838463 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest mortality rate among all gynecological malignancies. A hypoxic microenvironment is a common feature of solid tumors, including ovarian cancer, and an important driving factor of tumor cell survival and chemo- and radiotherapy resistance. Previous research identified the hypoxia-associated gene angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) as both a pro-angiogenic and pro-metastatic factor in tumors. Hence, this work aimed to further elucidate the contribution of ANGPTL4 to OC progression. METHODS The expression of hypoxia-associated ANGPTL4 in human ovarian cancer was examined by bioinformatics analysis of TCGA and GEO datasets. The CIBERSORT tool was used to analyze the distribution of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in ovarian cancer cases in TCGA. The effect of ANGPTL4 silencing and overexpression on the proliferation and migration of OVCAR3 and A2780 OC cells was studied in vitro, using CCK-8, colony formation, and Transwell assays, and in vivo, through subcutaneous tumorigenesis assays in nude mice. GO enrichment analysis and WGCNA were performed to explore biological processes and genetic networks associated with ANGPTL4. The results obtained were corroborated in OC cells in vitro by western blotting. RESULTS Screening of hypoxia-associated genes in OC-related TCGA and GEO datasets revealed a significant negative association between ANGPTL4 expression and patient survival. Based on CIBERSORT analysis, differential representation of 14 distinct tumor-infiltrating immune cell types was detected between low- and high-risk patient groups. Silencing of ANGPTL4 inhibited OVCAR3 and A2780 cell proliferation and migration in vitro and reduced the growth rate of xenografted OVCAR3 cells in vivo. Based on results from WGCNA and previous studies, western blot assays in cultured OC cells demonstrated that ANGPTL4 activates the Extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway and this results in upregulation of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, and MMP2 expression. Suggesting that the above mechanism mediates the pro-oncogenic actions of ANGPTL4T in OC, the pro-survival effects of ANGPTL4 were largely abolished upon inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling with PD98059. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that the hypoxia-associated gene ANGPTL4 stimulates OC progression through activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. These findings may offer a new prospect for targeted therapies for the treatment of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University; Suzhou Municipal Hospital, No.26, Daoqian Street, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University; Suzhou Municipal Hospital, No.26, Daoqian Street, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University; Suzhou Municipal Hospital, No.26, Daoqian Street, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyue Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University; Suzhou Municipal Hospital, No.26, Daoqian Street, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University; Suzhou Municipal Hospital, No.26, Daoqian Street, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifeng Qian
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University; Suzhou Municipal Hospital, No.26, Daoqian Street, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guannan Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University; Suzhou Municipal Hospital, No.26, Daoqian Street, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University; Suzhou Municipal Hospital, No.26, Daoqian Street, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shunyu Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University; Suzhou Municipal Hospital, No.26, Daoqian Street, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China.
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Fang T, Jiang J, Yu W, Li R, Tian H. DARS2 promotes the occurrence of lung adenocarcinoma via the ERK/c-Myc signaling pathway. Thorac Cancer 2023; 14:3511-3521. [PMID: 37950542 PMCID: PMC10733159 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DARS2 expression is upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) which correlates with tumor patient stage and prognosis. The mechanism of DARS2 involvement in LUAD still needs to be further explored. METHODS In this study, we found that DARS2 expression in LUAD tissue was significantly higher than that in normal tissue. At the same time, the Kaplan-Meier curve showed that the survival prognosis of LUAD patients with high expression of DARS2 was significantly worse than low expression of DARS2. The expression of DARS2 was detected in LUAD and adjacent normal tissues by IHC staining, histochemical scoring and a survival curve was generated. In addition, we demonstrated that the knockdown and overexpression of DARS2 significantly affected the proliferation, invasion, and migration of LUAD cells in vitro and in vivo. Finally, western blot and rescue assay were performed on LUAD cells to further explore and verify the signaling pathway. RESULTS DARS2 expression was significantly upregulated in LUAD tissues and cell lines. What is more, the increased expression of DARS2 was closely related to proliferation, invasion and metastasis. The tumorigenic assay in nude mice further showed that the tumorigenic ability of nude mice was significantly improved with the increase in DARS2 expression. Finally, we determined that DARS2 plays its role in LUAD by targeting the ERK/c-Myc signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our data revealed the oncogenic role of DARS2 in LUAD, indicating that DARS2 may be a predictive biomarker and novel therapeutic target for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Wenhao Yu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Rongyang Li
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Hui Tian
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
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Arnesen S, Polaski J, Blanchard Z, Osborne K, Welm A, O’Connell R, Gertz J. Estrogen receptor alpha mutations regulate gene expression and cell growth in breast cancer through microRNAs. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad027. [PMID: 37275275 PMCID: PMC10233889 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ER) mutations occur in up to 30% of metastatic ER-positive breast cancers. Recent data has shown that ER mutations impact the expression of thousands of genes not typically regulated by wildtype ER. While the majority of these altered genes can be explained by constant activity of mutant ER or genomic changes such as altered ER binding and chromatin accessibility, as much as 33% remain unexplained, indicating the potential for post-transcriptional effects. Here, we explored the role of microRNAs in mutant ER-driven gene regulation and identified several microRNAs that are dysregulated in ER mutant cells. These differentially regulated microRNAs target a significant portion of mutant-specific genes involved in key cellular processes. When the activity of microRNAs is altered using mimics or inhibitors, significant changes are observed in gene expression and cellular proliferation related to mutant ER. An in-depth evaluation of miR-301b led us to discover an important role for PRKD3 in the proliferation of ER mutant cells. Our findings show that microRNAs contribute to mutant ER gene regulation and cellular effects in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Arnesen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jacob T Polaski
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Zannel Blanchard
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kyle S Osborne
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ryan M O’Connell
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jason Gertz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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5
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Gutiérrez-Galindo E, Yilmaz ZH, Hausser A. Membrane trafficking in breast cancer progression: protein kinase D comes into play. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1173387. [PMID: 37293129 PMCID: PMC10246754 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1173387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a serine/threonine kinase family that controls important cellular functions, most notably playing a key role in the secretory pathway at the trans-Golgi network. Aberrant expression of PKD isoforms has been found mainly in breast cancer, where it promotes various cellular processes such as growth, invasion, survival and stem cell maintenance. In this review, we discuss the isoform-specific functions of PKD in breast cancer progression, with a particular focus on how the PKD controlled cellular processes might be linked to deregulated membrane trafficking and secretion. We further highlight the challenges of a therapeutic approach targeting PKD to prevent breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynep Hazal Yilmaz
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Hausser
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Tsai YS, Chareddy YS, Price BA, Parker JS, Pecot CV. An integrated model for predicting KRAS dependency. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011095. [PMID: 37141389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical approvals of KRAS G12C inhibitors have been a revolutionary advance in precision oncology, but response rates are often modest. To improve patient selection, we developed an integrated model to predict KRAS dependency. By integrating molecular profiles of a large panel of cell lines from the DEMETER2 dataset, we built a binary classifier to predict a tumor's KRAS dependency. Monte Carlo cross validation via ElasticNet within the training set was used to compare model performance and to tune parameters α and λ. The final model was then applied to the validation set. We validated the model with genetic depletion assays and an external dataset of lung cancer cells treated with a G12C inhibitor. We then applied the model to several Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. The final "K20" model contains 20 features, including expression of 19 genes and KRAS mutation status. In the validation cohort, K20 had an AUC of 0.94 and accurately predicted KRAS dependency in both mutant and KRAS wild-type cell lines following genetic depletion. It was also highly predictive across an external dataset of lung cancer lines treated with KRAS G12C inhibition. When applied to TCGA datasets, specific subpopulations such as the invasive subtype in colorectal cancer and copy number high pancreatic adenocarcinoma were predicted to have higher KRAS dependency. The K20 model has simple yet robust predictive capabilities that may provide a useful tool to select patients with KRAS mutant tumors that are most likely to respond to direct KRAS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihsuan S Tsai
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yogitha S Chareddy
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brandon A Price
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joel S Parker
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chad V Pecot
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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7
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Potential role for protein kinase D inhibitors in prostate cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:341-349. [PMID: 36843036 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PrKD), a novel serine-threonine kinase, belongs to a family of calcium calmodulin kinases that consists of three isoforms: PrKD1, PrKD2, and PrKD3. The PrKD isoforms play a major role in pathologic processes such as cardiac hypertrophy and cancer progression. The charter member of the family, PrKD1, is the most extensively studied isoform. PrKD play a dual role as both a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor depending on the cellular context. The duplicity of PrKD can be highlighted in advanced prostate cancer (PCa) where expression of PrKD1 is suppressed whereas the expressions of PrKD2 and PrKD3 are upregulated to aid in cancer progression. As understanding of the PrKD signaling pathways has been better elucidated, interest has been garnered in the development of PrKD inhibitors. The broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor staurosporine acts as a potent PrKD inhibitor and is the most well-known; however, several other novel and more specific PrKD inhibitors have been developed over the last two decades. While there is tremendous potential for PrKD inhibitors to be used in a clinical setting, none has progressed beyond preclinical trials due to a variety of challenges. In this review, we focus on PrKD signaling in PCa and the potential role of PrKD inhibitors therein, and explore the possible clinical outcomes based on known function and expression of PrKD isoforms at different stages of PCa.
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8
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Varga A, Nguyen MT, Pénzes K, Bátai B, Gyulavári P, Gurbi B, Murányi J, Csermely P, Csala M, Vántus T, Sőti C. Protein Kinase D3 (PKD3) Requires Hsp90 for Stability and Promotion of Prostate Cancer Cell Migration. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020212. [PMID: 36672148 PMCID: PMC9857065 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer metastasis is a significant cause of mortality in men. PKD3 facilitates tumor growth and metastasis, however, its regulation is largely unclear. The Hsp90 chaperone stabilizes an array of signaling client proteins, thus is an enabler of the malignant phenotype. Here, using different prostate cancer cell lines, we report that Hsp90 ensures PKD3 conformational stability and function to promote cancer cell migration. We found that pharmacological inhibition of either PKDs or Hsp90 dose-dependently abrogated the migration of DU145 and PC3 metastatic prostate cancer cells. Hsp90 inhibition by ganetespib caused a dose-dependent depletion of PKD2, PKD3, and Akt, which are all involved in metastasis formation. Proximity ligation assay and immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated a physical interaction between Hsp90 and PKD3. Inhibition of the chaperone-client interaction induced misfolding and proteasomal degradation of PKD3. PKD3 siRNA combined with ganetespib treatment demonstrated a specific involvement of PKD3 in DU145 and PC3 cell migration, which was entirely dependent on Hsp90. Finally, ectopic expression of PKD3 enhanced migration of non-metastatic LNCaP cells in an Hsp90-dependent manner. Altogether, our findings identify PKD3 as an Hsp90 client and uncover a potential mechanism of Hsp90 in prostate cancer metastasis. The molecular interaction revealed here may regulate other biological and pathological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Varga
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Minh Tu Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Pénzes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Bátai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SU Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Gyulavári
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- IQVIA Hungary, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bianka Gurbi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Murányi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Csermely
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Csala
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Vántus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Sőti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (C.S.)
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Koutník J, Neururer V, Gruber T, Peer S, Hermann-Kleiter N, Olson WJ, Labi V, Leitges M, Baier G, Siegmund K. Addressing the role of PKD3 in the T cell compartment with knockout mice. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:54. [PMID: 35440091 PMCID: PMC9020081 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Protein kinase D3 (PKD3) has been implicated in signal transduction downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR). However, its role for the activation of primary T lymphocytes has not been elucidated so far. Methods Expression of PKD isoforms in primary murine T cells was determined by RT-PCR and SDS-Page. A germline PKD3-knockout mouse line was analyzed for its immune response to OVA/alum intraperitoneal immunization. Phenotyping of the T cell compartment ex vivo as well as upon stimulation in vitro was performed by flow cytometry. Additionally, cytokine expression was assessed by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and Luminex technology. Results PKD expression in T cells is modulated by TCR stimulation, leading to a rapid down-regulation on mRNA and on protein level. PKD3-deficient mice respond to immunization with enhanced T follicular helper cell generation. Furthermore, peripheral PKD3-deficient CD4+ T cells express more interleukin-2 than wild type CD4+ T cells upon TCR stimulation ex vivo. However, purified naïve CD4+ T cells do not differ in their phenotype upon differentiation in vitro from wild type T cells. Moreover, we observed a shift towards an effector/memory phenotype of splenic T cells at steady state, which might explain the contradictory results obtained with pan-T cells ex vivo and naïve-sorted T cells. Conclusion While PKD3-deficiency in vivo in mice leads to a skewing of the T cell compartment towards a more activated phenotype, this kinase seems to be dispensable for naïve CD4+ T cell differentiation in vitro. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00864-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Koutník
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Neururer
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Apoptosis, Cancer, and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Peer
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - William J Olson
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Labi
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Leitges
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Craig L Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland Health Science Centre, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NF, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kerstin Siegmund
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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10
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Yan J, Xie B, Tian Y, Huang L, Zou S, Peng Z, Liu Z, Li L. iTRAQ-Based Proteome Profiling of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Insulin-Resistant Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836041. [PMID: 35281088 PMCID: PMC8914942 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the incidences of insulin resistance (IR) and IR-related complications have increased throughout the world, which also associate with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Numerous studies had been focused on the role of IR in tumorigenesis and prognosis of HCC. The proteomic analysis of IR related hepatocellular carcinoma had not been reported by now. In the present study, 196 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between insulin resistant HepG2 cells and their parental cells, of which 109 proteins were downregulated and 87 proteins were upregulated. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that these DEPs were highly enriched in process of tumorigenesis and tumor progression. PPI network analysis showed that SOX9, YAP1 and GSK3β as the key nodes, were involved in Wnt and Hippo signaling pathways. Survival analysis revealed that high expression of SOX9 and PRKD3 were strongly associated with reduced patient survival rate. parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and Western blot analysis were applied to verify the protein level of these four key nodes mentioned above, which showed the same trend as quantified by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and confirmed the reliability of our Proteome Profiling analysis. Our results indicated that IR related dysregulation of protein expression might participated in tumorigenesis and malignant phenotype of hepatocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bei Xie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuli Zou
- Department of Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Zhiheng Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linjing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Linjing Li,
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11
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Lv D, Chen J, Kang Y, Luo M, Chen H, Cui B, Wang L, Wang J, Zhou X, Feng Y, Huang L, Zhang P. Protein Kinase D3 Promotes the Reconstruction of OSCC Immune Escape Niche Via Regulating MHC-I and Immune Inhibit Molecules Expression. J Immunother 2021; 44:339-347. [PMID: 34545012 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase D3 (PKD3) has been involved in various aspects of tumorigenesis and progression in many kinds of cancer types. However, whether PKD3 regulates immune escape in tumor microenvironment is rarely reported. Here, we explored the function and mechanism of PKD3 in reconstructing the immune escape niche of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Both the Western blotting analysis in OSCC cells and the gene expression correlation analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas shows that the expression of Fas and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was positively correlated with PKD3, while major histocompatibility complex-I (MHC-I) was negatively correlated with PKD3. Knockdown of PKD3 significantly decreased the expression of Fas and PD-L1 and increased the expression of MHC-I. Furthermore, when PKD3 was overexpressed in oral precancerous cells, Fas, PD-L1, and MHC-I showed an opposite trend to that observed when PKD3 was knocked down. In addition, PKD3 knockdown decreased the secretion of transforming growth factor β, CC-chemokine ligand 21, interleukin-10 by OSCC cells. Finally, the tumor cell antigen, which was extracted from PKD3 knockdown OSCC cells, significantly induced the growth and activation of T lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that PKD3 promotes the immune escape of OSCC cells by regulating the expression of Fas, PD-L1, MHC-I, transforming growth factor β, CC-chemokine ligand 21, interleukin-10, and plays a key role in reconstructing the tumor immune escape niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
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12
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Loza-Valdes A, Mayer AE, Kassouf T, Trujillo-Viera J, Schmitz W, Dziaczkowski F, Leitges M, Schlosser A, Sumara G. A phosphoproteomic approach reveals that PKD3 controls PKA-mediated glucose and tyrosine metabolism. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/8/e202000863. [PMID: 34145024 PMCID: PMC8321662 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D3 (PKD3) regulates hepatic metabolism in a PKA-dependent manner and reveals many other putative PKD3 targets in the liver. Members of the protein kinase D (PKD) family (PKD1, 2, and 3) integrate hormonal and nutritional inputs to regulate complex cellular metabolism. Despite the fact that a number of functions have been annotated to particular PKDs, their molecular targets are relatively poorly explored. PKD3 promotes insulin sensitivity and suppresses lipogenesis in the liver of animals fed a high-fat diet. However, its substrates are largely unknown. Here we applied proteomic approaches to determine PKD3 targets. We identified more than 300 putative targets of PKD3. Furthermore, biochemical analysis revealed that PKD3 regulates cAMP-dependent PKA activity, a master regulator of the hepatic response to glucagon and fasting. PKA regulates glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism in the liver, by targeting key enzymes in the respective processes. Among them the PKA targets phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. Consistently, we showed that PKD3 is activated by glucagon and promotes glucose and tyrosine levels in hepatocytes. Therefore, our data indicate that PKD3 might play a role in the hepatic response to glucagon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Loza-Valdes
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexander E Mayer
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Toufic Kassouf
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jonathan Trujillo-Viera
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Werner Schmitz
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Filip Dziaczkowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Leitges
- Tier 1, Canada Research Chair in Cell Signaling and Translational Medicine, Division of BioMedical Sciences/Faculty of Medicine, Craig L Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Health Science Centre, St. Johns, Canada
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Sumara
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany .,Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Zhang X, Connelly J, Chao Y, Wang QJ. Multifaceted Functions of Protein Kinase D in Pathological Processes and Human Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030483. [PMID: 33807058 PMCID: PMC8005150 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases operating in the signaling network of the second messenger diacylglycerol. The three family members, PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3, are activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli and transduce cell signals affecting many aspects of basic cell functions including secretion, migration, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and immune response. Dysregulation of PKD in expression and activity has been detected in many human diseases. Further loss- or gain-of-function studies at cellular levels and in animal models provide strong support for crucial roles of PKD in many pathological conditions, including cancer, metabolic disorders, cardiac diseases, central nervous system disorders, inflammatory diseases, and immune dysregulation. Complexity in enzymatic regulation and function is evident as PKD isoforms may act differently in different biological systems and disease models, and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences and their biological significance in vivo is essential for the development of safer and more effective PKD-targeted therapies. In this review, to provide a global understanding of PKD function, we present an overview of the PKD family in several major human diseases with more focus on cancer-associated biological processes.
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14
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarabi A, Hushmandi K, Moghadam ER, Hashemi F, Daneshi S, Hashemi F, Tavakol S, Mohammadinejad R, Najafi M, Dudha N, Garg M. C-Myc Signaling Pathway in Treatment and Prevention of Brain Tumors. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:2-20. [PMID: 33069197 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666201016121005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several factors such as the presence of blood-brain barrier (BBB), sensitive location in the brain, and unique biological features challenge the treatment of brain tumors. The conventional drugs are no longer effective in the treatment of brain tumors, and scientists are trying to find novel therapeutics for brain tumors. In this way, identification of molecular pathways can facilitate finding an effective treatment. c-Myc is an oncogene signaling pathway capable of regulation of biological processes such as apoptotic cell death, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and so on. These pleiotropic effects of c-Myc have resulted in much fascination with its role in different cancers, particularly brain tumors. In the present review, we aim to demonstrate the upstream and down-stream mediators of c-Myc in brain tumors such as glioma, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and medulloblastoma. The capacity of c-Myc as a prognostic factor in brain tumors will be investigated. Our goal is to define an axis in which the c-Myc signaling pathway plays a crucial role and to provide direction for therapeutic targeting in these signaling networks in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Universite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- DVM. Graduated, Young Researcher and Elite Club, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Fardin Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of physiotherapy, Faculty of rehabilitation, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Namrata Dudha
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, School of Sciences, Noida International University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida-201313, India
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15
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The Shuganhuazheng Formula in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Study Based on Network Pharmacology and In Vivo Experiments. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2020:8173147. [PMID: 33414839 PMCID: PMC7752265 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8173147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Among breast cancer subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the highest degree of malignancy and the worst prognosis. The Shuganhuazheng formula (SGHZF) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula for the treatment of TNBC, but the mechanism of SGHZF in the treatment of TNBC remains unclear. In this study, the therapeutic effect and mechanism of SGHZF against TNBC were preliminarily determined based on in vivo experimental verification and network pharmacology. In terms of therapeutic effects, the antitumour effect was verified by measuring and calculating tumour volume, and the expression of proto-oncogene c-Myc was verified by PCR. In terms of the mechanism, potential therapeutic targets were identified by overlapping the SGHZF-related and TNBC-related targets. After comprehensively analysing the results of the protein-protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology (GO) function, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, Akt and HIF-1α were selected for verification by using immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. The results of the study indicated that SGHZF can inhibit breast tumour growth in mice and that the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of Akt and HIF-1α expression.
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16
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Liu Y, Song H, Zhou Y, Ma X, Xu J, Yu Z, Chen L. The oncogenic role of protein kinase D3 in cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:735-739. [PMID: 33403031 PMCID: PMC7778554 DOI: 10.7150/jca.50899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D3 (PRKD3), a serine/threonine kinase, belongs to protein kinase D family, which contains three members: PRKD1, PRKD2, and PRKD3. PRKD3 is activated by many stimuli including phorbol esters, and G-protein-coupled receptor agonists. PRKD3 promotes cancer cell proliferation, growth, migration, and invasion in various tumor types including colorectal, gastric, hepatic, prostate, and breast cancer. Accumulating data supports that PRKD3 is a promising therapeutic target for treatment of cancer. This review discusses the functions and mechanisms of PRKD3 in promoting tumorigenesis and tumor progression of various tumor types as well as the latest developments of small-molecule inhibitors selection for PRKD/PRKD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Institute of cancer, Department of biochemistry, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, P. R.China
| | - Yehui Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, P. R.China
| | - Zhenghong Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, P. R.China
| | - Liming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Institute of cancer, Department of biochemistry, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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17
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Liu Y, Song H, Yu S, Huang KH, Ma X, Zhou Y, Yu S, Zhang J, Chen L. Protein Kinase D3 promotes the cell proliferation by activating the ERK1/c-MYC axis in breast cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2135-2144. [PMID: 31944568 PMCID: PMC7011155 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading death cause of cancer death for all women. Previous study suggested that Protein Kinase D3 (PRKD3) was involved in breast cancer progression. In addition, the protein level of PRKD3 in triple‐negative breast adenocarcinoma was higher than that in normal breast tissue. However, the oncogenic mechanisms of PRKD3 in breast cancer is not fully investigated. Multi‐omic data showed that ERK1/c‐MYC axis was identified as a major pivot in PRKD3‐mediated downstream pathways. Our study provided the evidence to support that the PRKD3/ERK1/c‐MYC pathway play an important role in breast cancer progression. We found that knocking out PRKD3 by performing CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering technology suppressed phosphorylation of both ERK1 and c‐MYC but did not down‐regulate ERK1/2 expression or phosphorylation of ERK2. The inhibition of ERK1 and c‐MYC phosphorylation further led to the lower protein level of c‐MYC and then reduced the expression of the c‐MYC target genes in breast cancer cells. We also found that loss of PRKD3 reduced the rate of the cell proliferation in vitro and tumour growth in vivo, whereas ectopic (over)expression of PRKD3, ERK1 or c‐MYC in the PRKD3‐knockout breast cells reverse the suppression of the cell proliferation and tumour growth. Collectively, our data strongly suggested that PRKD3 likely promote the cell proliferation in the breast cancer cells by activating ERK1‐c‐MYC axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Song
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyi Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinxing Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yehui Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jingzhong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Tianjin Guokeyigong Science and Technology Development Company Limited, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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