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Bhaskara M, Anjorin O, Wang M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal microRNAs in Cardiac Regeneration. Cells 2023; 12:2815. [PMID: 38132135 PMCID: PMC10742005 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy is one of the most promising modalities for cardiac repair. Accumulated evidence suggests that the therapeutic value of MSCs is mainly attributable to exosomes. MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) replicate the beneficial effects of MSCs by regulating various cellular responses and signaling pathways implicated in cardiac regeneration and repair. miRNAs constitute an important fraction of exosome content and are key contributors to the biological function of MSC-Exo. MSC-Exo carrying specific miRNAs provides anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and angiogenic effects within the infarcted heart. Studying exosomal miRNAs will provide an important insight into the molecular mechanisms of MSC-Exo in cardiac regeneration and repair. This significant information can help optimize cell-free treatment and overcome the challenges associated with MSC-Exo therapeutic application. In this review, we summarize the characteristics and the potential mechanisms of MSC-derived exosomal miRNAs in cardiac repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meijing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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2
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Li Q, Feng Q, Zhou H, Lin C, Sun X, Ma C, Sun L, Guo G, Wang D. Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e454. [PMID: 38124785 PMCID: PMC10732331 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) significantly impacts global society since it is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapies have been extensively investigated. EV delivery is involved in mediating the progression of CVDs and has great potential to be biomarker and therapeutic molecular carrier. Besides, EVs from stem cells and cardiac cells can effectively protect the heart from various pathologic conditions, and then serve as an alternative treatment for CVDs. Moreover, the research of using EVs as delivery carriers of therapeutic molecules, membrane engineering modification of EVs, or combining EVs with biomaterials further improves the application potential of EVs in clinical treatment. However, currently there are only a few articles summarizing the application of EVs in CVDs. This review provides an overview of the role of EVs in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of CVDs. It also focuses on how EVs promote the repair of myocardial injury and therapeutic methods of CVDs. In conclusion, it is of great significance to review the research on the application of EVs in the treatment of CVDs, which lays a foundation for further exploration of the role of EVs, and clarifies the prospect of EVs in the treatment of myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Li
- Department of CardiologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Qiang Feng
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Hengzong Zhou
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Chao Lin
- School of Grain Science and TechnologyJilin Business and Technology CollegeChangchunChina
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- School of Grain Science and TechnologyJilin Business and Technology CollegeChangchunChina
| | - Chaoyang Ma
- Hepatology Hospital of Jilin ProvinceChangchunChina
| | - Liqun Sun
- Department of PathogenobiologyJilin University Mycology Research CenterCollege of Basic Medical SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Gongliang Guo
- Department of CardiologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
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3
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Li S, Mok GSP, Dai Y. Lipid bilayer-based biological nanoplatforms for sonodynamic cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 202:115110. [PMID: 37820981 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has been developed as a promising alternative therapeutic modality for cancer treatment, involving the synergetic application of sonosensitizers and low-intensity ultrasound. However, the antitumor efficacy of SDT is significantly limited due to the poor performance of conventional sonosensitizers in vivo and the constrained tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent breakthroughs in lipid bilayer-based nanovesicles (LBBNs), including multifunctional liposomes, exosomes, and isolated cellular membranes, have brought new insights into the advancement of SDT. Despite their distinct sources and preparation methods, the lipid bilayer structure in common allows them to be functionalized in many comparable ways to serve as ideal nanocarriers against challenges arising from the tumor-specific sonosensitizer delivery and the complicated TME. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in LBBN-based SDT, with particular attention on how LBBNs can be engineered to improve the delivery efficiency of sonosensitizers and overcome physical, biological, and immune barriers within the TME for enhanced sonodynamic cancer therapy. We anticipate that this review will offer valuable guidance in the construction of LBBN-based nanosonosensitizers and contribute to the development of advanced strategies for next-generation sonodynamic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhao Li
- Cancer Centre and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Greta S P Mok
- Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (BIG), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yunlu Dai
- Cancer Centre and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China.
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4
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Amini H, Namjoo AR, Narmi MT, Mardi N, Narimani S, Naturi O, Khosrowshahi ND, Rahbarghazi R, Saghebasl S, Hashemzadeh S, Nouri M. Exosome-bearing hydrogels and cardiac tissue regeneration. Biomater Res 2023; 27:99. [PMID: 37803483 PMCID: PMC10559618 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, cardiovascular disease in particular myocardial infarction (MI) has become the predominant cause of human disability and mortality in the clinical setting. The restricted capacity of adult cardiomyocytes to proliferate and restore the function of infarcted sites is a challenging issue after the occurrence of MI. The application of stem cells and byproducts such as exosomes (Exos) has paved the way for the alleviation of cardiac tissue injury along with conventional medications in clinics. However, the short lifespan and activation of alloreactive immune cells in response to Exos and stem cells are the main issues in patients with MI. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to develop therapeutic approaches with minimum invasion for the restoration of cardiac function. MAIN BODY Here, we focused on recent data associated with the application of Exo-loaded hydrogels in ischemic cardiac tissue. Whether and how the advances in tissue engineering modalities have increased the efficiency of whole-based and byproducts (Exos) therapies under ischemic conditions. The integration of nanotechnology and nanobiology for designing novel smart biomaterials with therapeutic outcomes was highlighted. CONCLUSION Hydrogels can provide suitable platforms for the transfer of Exos, small molecules, drugs, and other bioactive factors for direct injection into the damaged myocardium. Future studies should focus on the improvement of physicochemical properties of Exo-bearing hydrogel to translate for the standard treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Amini
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51548/53431, Iran
| | - Atieh Rezaei Namjoo
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Taghavi Narmi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Mardi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Narimani
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ozra Naturi
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Didar Khosrowshahi
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51548/53431, Iran.
| | - Solmaz Saghebasl
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51548/53431, Iran.
| | - Shahriar Hashemzadeh
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51548/53431, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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5
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Laura Francés J, Pagiatakis C, Di Mauro V, Climent M. Therapeutic Potential of EVs: Targeting Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1907. [PMID: 37509546 PMCID: PMC10377624 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their different biological functions, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have great potential from a therapeutic point of view. They are released by all cell types, carrying and delivering different kinds of biologically functional cargo. Under pathological events, cells can increase their secretion of EVs and can release different amounts of cargo, thus making EVs great biomarkers as indicators of pathological progression. Moreover, EVs are also known to be able to transport and deliver cargo to different recipient cells, having an important role in cellular communication. Interestingly, EVs have recently been explored as biological alternatives for the delivery of therapeutics, being considered natural drug delivery carriers. Because cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, in this review, we will discuss the up-to-date knowledge regarding the biophysical properties and biological components of EVs, focusing on myocardial infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, three very different types of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Pagiatakis
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Vittoria Di Mauro
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Si Q, Wu L, Pang D, Jiang P. Exosomes in brain diseases: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e287. [PMID: 37313330 PMCID: PMC10258444 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters of about 100 nm that are naturally secreted by cells into body fluids. They are derived from endosomes and are wrapped in lipid membranes. Exosomes are involved in intracellular metabolism and intercellular communication. They contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites from the cell microenvironment and cytoplasm. The contents of exosomes can reflect their cells' origin and allow the observation of tissue changes and cell states under disease conditions. Naturally derived exosomes have specific biomolecules that act as the "fingerprint" of the parent cells, and the contents changed under pathological conditions can be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Exosomes have low immunogenicity, are small in size, and can cross the blood-brain barrier. These characteristics make exosomes unique as engineering carriers. They can incorporate therapeutic drugs and achieve targeted drug delivery. Exosomes as carriers for targeted disease therapy are still in their infancy, but exosome engineering provides a new perspective for cell-free disease therapy. This review discussed exosomes and their relationship with the occurrence and treatment of some neuropsychiatric diseases. In addition, future applications of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders were evaluated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Si
- Department of EndocrinologyTengzhou Central People's HospitalTengzhouChina
| | - Linlin Wu
- Department of OncologyTengzhou Central People's HospitalTengzhouChina
| | - Deshui Pang
- Department of EndocrinologyTengzhou Central People's HospitalTengzhouChina
| | - Pei Jiang
- Translational Pharmaceutical LaboratoryJining First People's HospitalShandong First Medical UniversityJiningChina
- Institute of Translational PharmacyJining Medical Research AcademyJiningChina
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7
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Dwivedi M, Ghosh D, Saha A, Hasan S, Jindal D, Yadav H, Yadava A, Dwivedi M. Biochemistry of exosomes and their theranostic potential in human diseases. Life Sci 2023; 315:121369. [PMID: 36639052 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are classified as special extracellular vesicles in the eukaryotic system having diameters ranging from 30 to 120 nm. These vesicles carry various endogenous molecules including DNA, mRNA, microRNA, circular RNA, and proteins, crucial for numerous metabolic reactions and can be proposed as therapeutic or diagnostic targets for several disorders. The donor exosomes release their content to recipient cells and further establish the significant intercellular communication showing biological effects by triggering environmental alterations. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal and dendritic cells have demonstrated their therapeutic potential against organ injury. Yet, various intricacies are involved in exosomal transport and its inclusion in cancer and other disease pathogenesis needs to be explored. The exosomes represent profound potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic carriers in various pathophysiological conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases, chronic cancers, infectious diseases, female reproductive diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In the current study, we demonstrate the advancements in the implication of exosomes as one of the irrefutable prognostic biological targets in human health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India.
| | - Diya Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anwesha Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Saba Hasan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Divya Jindal
- Center for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Hitendra Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Anuradha Yadava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Medha Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
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8
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Singh V. F 1F o adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase is a potential drug target in non-communicable diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3849-3862. [PMID: 36715790 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
F1Fo adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, also known as the complex V, is the central ATP-producing unit in the cells arranged in the mitochondrial and plasma membranes. F1Fo ATP synthase also regulates the central metabolic processes in the human body driven by proton motive force (Δp). Numerous studies have immensely contributed toward highlighting its regulation in improving energy homeostasis and maintaining mitochondrial integrity, which otherwise gets compromised in illnesses. Yet, its role in the implication of non-communicable diseases remains unknown. F1Fo ATP synthase dysregulation at gene level leads to reduced activity and delocalization in the cristae and plasma membranes, which is directly associated with non-communicable diseases: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and renal diseases. Individual subunits of the F1Fo ATP synthase target ligand-based competitive or non-competitive inhibition. After performing a systematic literature review to understand its specific functions and its novel drug targets, the present article focuses on the central role of F1Fo ATP synthase in primary non-communicable diseases. Next, it discusses its involvement through various pathways and the effects of multiple inhibitors, activators, and modulators specific to non-communicable diseases with a futuristic outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Singh
- Centre for Life Sciences, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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9
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Comprehensive evaluation of circRNAs in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy before and after liver transplantation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109495. [PMID: 36462338 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is a common complication of liver cirrhosis. Many patients with cirrhotic livers do not die from liver failure but from abnormal hemodynamics secondary to liver cirrhosis. Liver transplantation is one of the most effective treatments for liver diseases. Recent studies have found that liver transplantation can reverse CCM and improve cardiac function; however, its role and remedial mechanism remain unclear. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have become an important marker for diagnosing diseases. The differential expression of circRNAs is associated with heart diseases. In this study, we used gene sequencing to detect the circRNA expression profile of patients with CCM before and after liver transplantation and predicted the differential circRNA target genes. The results showed that a total of 1495 circRNAs were dysregulated after liver transplantation, 1319 genes were downregulated, and 176 were upregulated (P < 0.05, log2 (fold change) > 2.0). The qRT-PCR results showed that circ-ASAP1, circ-N4BP2L2, circ-EXOC6B were significantly downregulated (P < 0.05), which were consistent with the RNA sequencing data, and circ-ASAP1 had the most significant difference. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways might be involved in the pathogenesis of CCM. By constructing a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network, hsa-miR-197-3p, hsa-miR-483-3p, and hsa-miR-885-3p, particularly key miRNA (hsa-miR-483-3p), were found to be the major potential genes involved in CCM regulation. In summary, this study suggested that circRNAs play a crucial regulatory role in the occurrence of CCM before and after liver transplantation, and their potential biological function might be the key to diagnosis and treatment.
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10
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Tonry C, Russel-Hallinan A, McCune C, Collier P, Harbinson M, Dixon L, Watson CJ. Circulating biomarkers for management of cancer therapeutics related cardiac dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 119:710-728. [PMID: 35640873 PMCID: PMC10153425 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapeutics related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer survivors. Effective clinical management of CTRCD is impeded by a lack of sensitive diagnostic and prognostic strategies. Circulating molecular markers could potentially address this need as they are often indicative of cardiac stress before cardiac damage can be detected clinically. A growing understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms for CTRCD has inspired research efforts to identify novel pathophysiologically-relevant biomarkers that may also guide development of cardio-protective therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this review is to evaluate current circulating biomarkers of cardiac stress and their potential role in diagnosis and management of CTRCD. We also discuss some emerging avenues for CTRCD-focused biomarker investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Tonry
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Russel-Hallinan
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Claire McCune
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Chris J Watson
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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11
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Spadaccio C, Nenna A, Rose D, Piccirillo F, Nusca A, Grigioni F, Chello M, Vlahakes GJ. The Role of Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesisin Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Revascularization. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:1024-1048. [PMID: 35357670 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Surgical myocardial revascularization is associated with long-term survival benefit in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. However, the exact biological mechanisms underlying the clinical benefits of myocardial revascularization have not been elucidated yet. Angiogenesis and arteriogenesis biologically leading to vascular collateralization are considered one of the endogenous mechanisms to preserve myocardial viability during ischemia, and the presence of coronary collateralization has been regarded as one of the predictors of long-term survival in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Some experimental studies and indirect clinical evidence on chronic CAD confirmed an angiogenetic response induced by myocardial revascularization and suggested that revascularization procedures could constitute an angiogenetic trigger per se. In this review, the clinical and basic science evidence regarding arteriogenesis and angiogenesis in both CAD and coronary revascularization is analyzed with the aim to better elucidate their significance in the clinical arena and potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Spadaccio
- Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. .,Cardiac Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital & University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Cardiac Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - David Rose
- Cardiac Surgery, Lancashire Cardiac Centre, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, UK
| | | | | | | | - Massimo Chello
- Cardiac Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Gus J Vlahakes
- Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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12
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Tang J, Cui X, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Guo J, Soliman BG, Lu Y, Qin Z, Wang Q, Zhang H, Lim KS, Woodfield TBF, Zhang J. Injection-Free Delivery of MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Myocardial Infarction Therapeutics. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2100312. [PMID: 34310068 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As emerging therapeutic factors, extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer significant potential for myocardial infarction (MI) treatment. Current delivery approaches for EVs involve either intra-myocardial or intravenous injection, where both have inherent limitations for downstream clinical applications such as secondary tissue injury and low delivery efficiency. Herein, an injection-free approach for delivering EVs onto the heart surface to treat MI is proposed. By spraying a mixture of EVs, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) precursors, and photoinitiators followed by visible light irradiation for 30 s, EVs are physically entrapped within the GelMA hydrogel network covering the surface of the heart, resulting in an enhanced retention rate. Moreover, EVs are gradually released from the hydrogel network through a combination of diffusion and/or enzymatic degradation of the hydrogel, and they are effectively taken up by the sprayed tissue area. More importantly, the released EVs further migrate deep into myocardium tissue, which exerts an improved therapeutic effect. In an MI-induced mice model, the group treated with EVs-laden GelMA hydrogels shows significant recovery in cardiac function after 4 weeks. The work demonstrates a new strategy for delivering EVs into cardiac tissues for MI treatment in a localized manner with high retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Tang
- Department of Cardiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Musculoskeletal Medicine University of Otago Christchurch 8011 New Zealand
| | - Zenglei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Cardiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Department of Cardiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Bram G Soliman
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Musculoskeletal Medicine University of Otago Christchurch 8011 New Zealand
| | - Yongzheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Cardiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Qiguang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 61004 China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences Keck Graduate Institute Claremont CA 91711 USA
| | - Khoon S Lim
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Musculoskeletal Medicine University of Otago Christchurch 8011 New Zealand
| | - Tim B F Woodfield
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Musculoskeletal Medicine University of Otago Christchurch 8011 New Zealand
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
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13
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Qin Z, Liu N, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Tang J. Diagnostic and Predictive Values of Circulating Extracellular Vesicle-Carried microRNAs in Ischemic Heart Disease Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:813310. [PMID: 35295267 PMCID: PMC8918773 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.813310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease patients with diabetes mellitus (IHD-DM) have a higher risk of cardiovascular events than those without DM. Rapid identification of IHD-DM can enable early access to medical treatment and reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular adverse events. In the present study, we identified and examined extracellular vesicle (EV)-carried microRNAs (miRNAs) as the possible diagnostic biomarkers of IHD-DM. Small RNA sequencing was performed to analyze the EV-carried miRNAs spectrum, and differentially expressed miRNAs were further confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Through small RNA sequencing, we identified 138 differentially expressed EV-carried miRNAs between IHD-DM patients and healthy controls. Furthermore, we identified that five EV-carried miRNAs (miR-15a-3p, miR-18a-5p, miR-133a-3p, miR-155-5p, and miR-210-3p) were significantly down-regulated and one (miR-19a-3p) was significantly up-regulated in the IHD-DM patients compared to healthy controls. The receiver–operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the above six EV-carried miRNAs have excellent diagnostic efficacy of IHD-DM. Our findings indicated that the circulating EV-miRNAs might be promising biomarkers for the convenient and rapid diagnosis of IHD-DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zenglei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongzheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinying Zhang
| | - Junnan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junnan Tang
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14
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Hsu MT, Wang YK, Tseng YJ. Exosomal Proteins and Lipids as Potential Biomarkers for Lung Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030732. [PMID: 35158999 PMCID: PMC8833740 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Exosomes (or extracellular vesicles) are known to mediate intercellular communication and to transmit molecular signals between cells. Molecules carried by exosomes have their own molecular roles in affecting surrounding and distant environment, as well as recipient cells. Molecular components of exosomes can be used as cancer biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, being promising therapeutic targets for the interruption of cellular signals. Therefore, the understanding of the molecular compositions and their functional indications of exosomes has the potential to help doctors to diagnose and monitor diseases and to allow researchers to design and develop potential targeted therapies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive protein and lipid characterization of lung cancer exosomes and to explore their molecular functions and mechanisms regulating physiological and pathological processes. This organization offers informative insight for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Abstract Exosomes participate in cell–cell communication by transferring molecular components between cells. Previous studies have shown that exosomal molecules derived from cancer cells and liquid biopsies can serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The exploration of the molecules transferred by lung cancer-derived exosomes can advance the understanding of exosome-mediated signaling pathways and mechanisms. However, the molecular characterization and functional indications of exosomal proteins and lipids have not been comprehensively organized. This review thoroughly collected data concerning exosomal proteins and lipids from various lung cancer samples, including cancer cell lines and cancer patients. As potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, exosomal proteins and lipids are available for clinical use in lung cancer. Potential therapeutic targets are mentioned for the future development of lung cancer therapy. Molecular functions implying their possible roles in exosome-mediated signaling are also discussed. Finally, we emphasized the importance and value of lung cancer stem cell-derived exosomes in lung cancer therapy. In summary, this review presents a comprehensive description of the protein and lipid composition and function of lung cancer-derived exosomes for lung cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsung Hsu
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, College of Life Science, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ke Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - Yufeng Jane Tseng
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, College of Life Science, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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15
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Chen C, Chen Q, Cheng K, Zou T, Pang Y, Ling Y, Xu Y, Zhu W. Exosomes and Exosomal Non-coding RNAs Are Novel Promises for the Mechanism-Based Diagnosis and Treatments of Atrial Fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:782451. [PMID: 34926627 PMCID: PMC8671698 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.782451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide and has a significant impact on human health and substantial costs. Currently, there is a lack of accurate biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of AF. Moreover, the long-term efficacy of the catheter ablation in the AF is unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new biomarkers and treatment strategies for the mechanism-based AF. Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles released by nearly all types of cells. Since the AF would be linked to the changes of the atrial cells and their microenvironment, and the AF would strictly influence the exosomal non-coding RNAs (exo-ncRNAs) expression, which makes them as attractive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for the AF. Simultaneously, the exo-ncRNAs have been found to play an important role in the mechanisms of the AF and have potential therapeutic prospects. Although the role of the exo-ncRNAs in the AF is being actively investigated, the evidence is still limited. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus regarding the most appropriate approach for exosome isolation and characterization. In this article, we reviewed the new methodologies available for exosomes biogenesis, isolation, and characterization, and then discussed the mechanism of the AF and various levels and types of exosomes relevant to the AF, with the special emphasis on the exo-ncRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the mechanism-based AF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenqing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Majka M, Kleibert M, Wojciechowska M. Impact of the Main Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Plasma Extracellular Vesicles and Their Influence on the Heart's Vulnerability to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cells 2021; 10:3331. [PMID: 34943838 PMCID: PMC8699798 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of cardiovascular deaths are associated with acute coronary syndrome, especially ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Therapeutic reperfusion alone can contribute up to 40 percent of total infarct size following coronary artery occlusion, which is called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Its size depends on many factors, including the main risk factors of cardiovascular mortality, such as age, sex, systolic blood pressure, smoking, and total cholesterol level as well as obesity, diabetes, and physical effort. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-coated particles released by every type of cell, which can carry content that affects the functioning of other tissues. Their role is essential in the communication between healthy and dysfunctional cells. In this article, data on the variability of the content of EVs in patients with the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors is presented, and their influence on IRI is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Majka
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Marcin Kleibert
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Wojciechowska
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.)
- Invasive Cardiology Unit, Independent Public Specialist Western Hospital John Paul II, Daleka 11, 05-825 Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Poland
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17
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Wang B, Cao C, Han D, Bai J, Guo J, Guo Q, Li D, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Tang J, Shen D, Zhang J. Dysregulation of miR-342-3p in plasma exosomes derived from convalescent AMI patients and its consequences on cardiac repair. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112056. [PMID: 34435593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma exosomes derived from healthy people have been shown to be beneficial in terms of protecting against ischemia-reperfusion injury or acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, a pathological condition may severely affect the constitution and biological activity of exosomes. In our study, we isolated plasma exosomes from healthy volunteers and convalescent AMI patients (3-7 d after onset). Compared to exosomes from healthy controls (Nor-Exo), exosomes from convalescent AMI patients (AMI-Exo) exhibited an impaired ability to repair damaged cardiomyocytes both in vitro and in vivo. miRNA sequencing and PCR analysis indicated that miR-342-3p was significantly downregulated in AMI-Exo. Moreover, miR-342-3p alleviated H2O2-induced injury and reduced apoptosis and autophagy in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, while in vivo restoration of miR-342-3p expression enhanced the reparative function of AMI-Exo. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the SOX6 and TFEB genes were two direct and functional targets of miR-342-3p. Taken together, during the early convalescent phase after AMI, dysregulated miR-342-3p in plasma exosomes might be responsible for their impaired cardioprotective potential. miR-342-3p contributed to exosome-mediated heart repair by inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and autophagy through targeting SOX6 and TFEB, respectively. Our work provided novel insights on the role of plasma exosomes in the natural process of cardiac repair after AMI and suggestions for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Chang Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Dongjian Han
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Demin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zenglei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yunzhe Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Junnan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Deliang Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, PR China.
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18
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Jayaraman S, Gnanasampanthapandian D, Rajasingh J, Palaniyandi K. Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Potential Therapeutic Roles in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:723236. [PMID: 34447796 PMCID: PMC8382889 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.723236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to myocardial abnormalities, cardiac ailments are considered to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to a recent study, membranous vesicles that are produced naturally, termed as "exosomes", have emerged as the potential candidate in the field of cardiac regenerative medicine. A wide spectrum of stem cells has also been investigated in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Exosomes obtained from the stem cells are found to be cardioprotective and offer great hope in the treatment of CVD. The basic nature of exosomes is to deal with the intracellular delivery of both proteins and nucleic acids. This activity of exosomes helps us to rely on them as the attractive pharmaceutical delivery agents. Most importantly, exosomes derived from microRNAs (miRNAs) hold great promise in assessing the risk of CVD, as they serve as notable biomarkers of the disease. Exosomes are small, less immunogenic, and lack toxicity. These nanovesicles harbor immense potential as a therapeutic entity and would provide fruitful benefits if consequential research were focused on their upbringing and development as a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the field of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Dhanavathy Gnanasampanthapandian
- Cancer Science Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research & Medicine-Cardiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Kanagaraj Palaniyandi
- Cancer Science Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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19
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Qiao K, Chen Q, Cao Y, Li J, Xu G, Liu J, Cui X, Tian K, Zhang W. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Articular Cartilage Lesions and Degenerative Joint Diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:698614. [PMID: 34422779 PMCID: PMC8371972 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.698614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two leading contributors to the global disability are cartilage lesions and degenerative joint diseases, which are characterized by the progressive cartilage destruction. Current clinical treatments often fail due to variable outcomes and an unsatisfactory long-term repair. Cell-based therapies were once considered as an effective solution because of their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppression characteristics as well as their differentiation capacity to regenerate the damaged tissue. However, stem cell-based therapies have inherent limitations, such as a high tumorigenicity risk, a low retention, and an engraftment rate, as well as strict regulatory requirements, which result in an underwhelming therapeutic effect. Therefore, the non-stem cell-based therapy has gained its popularity in recent years. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), in particular, like the paracrine factors secreted by stem cells, have been proven to play a role in mediating the biological functions of target cells, and can achieve the therapeutic effect similar to stem cells in cartilage tissue engineering. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the therapeutic role of EVs in cartilage lesions and degenerative joint diseases can be discussed both in terms of time and favorability. In this review, we summarized the physiological environment of a joint and its pathological alteration after trauma and consequent changes in EVs, which are lacking in the current literature studies. In addition, we covered the potential working mechanism of EVs in the repair of the cartilage and the joint and also discussed the potential therapeutic applications of EVs in future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qiao
- First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiguo Cao
- First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Li
- First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Gang Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiaqing Liu
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kang Tian
- First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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20
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Pulmonary arterial hypertension induces the release of circulating extracellular vesicles with oxidative content and alters redox and mitochondrial homeostasis in the brains of rats. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:918-931. [PMID: 33875858 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by increased resistance of the pulmonary vasculature and afterload imposed on the right ventricle (RV). Two major contributors to the worsening of this disease are oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment. This study aimed to explore the effects of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH on redox and mitochondrial homeostasis in the RV and brain and how circulating extracellular vesicle (EV) signaling is related to these phenomena. Wistar rats were divided into control and MCT groups (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), and EVs were isolated from blood on the day of euthanasia (21 days after MCT injections). There was an oxidative imbalance in the RV, brain, and EVs of MCT rats. PAH impaired mitochondrial function in the RV, as seen by a decrease in the activities of mitochondrial complex II and citrate synthase and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) protein expression, but this function was preserved in the brain. The key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, namely, proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha and sirtuin 1, were poorly expressed in the EVs of MCT rats, and this result was positively correlated with MnSOD expression in the RV and negatively correlated with MnSOD expression in the brain. Based on these findings, we can conclude that the RV is severely impacted by the development of PAH, but this pathological injury may signal the release of circulating EVs that communicate with different organs, such as the brain, helping to prevent further damage through the upregulation of proteins involved in redox and mitochondrial function.
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21
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Ohayon L, Zhang X, Dutta P. The role of extracellular vesicles in regulating local and systemic inflammation in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105692. [PMID: 34182130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are heterogeneous structures surrounded by cell membranes and carry complex contents including nucleotides, proteins, and lipids. These proteins include cytokines and chemokines that are important for exaggerating local and systemic inflammation in disease. Extracellular vesicles are mainly categorized as exosomes and micro-vesicles, which are directly shed from the endosomal system or originated from the cell membrane, respectively. By transporting several bioactive molecules to recipient cells and tissues, extracellular vesicles have favorable, neutral, or detrimental impacts on their targets, such as switching cell phenotype, modulating gene expression, and controlling biological pathways such as inflammatory cell recruitment, activation of myeloid cells and cell proliferation. Extracellular vesicles mediate these functions via both autocrine and paracrine signaling. In the cardiovascular system, extracellular vesicles can be secreted by multiple cell types like cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, and affect functions of cells or tissues in distant organs. These effects involve maintaining homeostasis, regulating inflammation, and triggering pathological process in cardiovascular disease. In this review, we mainly focus on the role of micro-vesicles and exosomes, two important subtypes of extracellular vesicles, in local and systemic inflammation in cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and heart failure. We summarize recent findings and knowledge on the effect of extracellular vesicles in controlling both humoral and cellular immunity, and the therapeutic approaches to harness this knowledge to control exacerbated inflammation in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ohayon
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Partha Dutta
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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22
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New Insights and Novel Therapeutic Potentials for Macrophages in Myocardial Infarction. Inflammation 2021; 44:1696-1712. [PMID: 33866463 PMCID: PMC8460536 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has long been the leading cause of death worldwide, and myocardial infarction (MI) accounts for the greatest proportion of CVD. Recent research has revealed that inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of CVD and other manifestations of atherosclerosis. Overwhelming evidence supports the view that macrophages, as the basic cell component of the innate immune system, play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Limited but indispensable resident macrophages have been detected in the healthy heart; however, the number of cardiac macrophages significantly increases during cardiac injury. In the early period of initial cardiac damage (e.g., MI), numerous classically activated macrophages (M1) originating from the bone marrow and spleen are rapidly recruited to damaged sites, where they are responsible for cardiac remodeling. After the inflammatory stage, the macrophages shift toward an alternatively activated phenotype (M2) that promotes cardiac repair. In addition, extensive studies have shown the therapeutic potential of macrophages as targets, especially for emerging nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems. In the present review, we focused on the role of macrophages in the development and progression of MI, factors regulating macrophage activation and function, and the therapeutic potential of macrophages in MI.
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23
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Agarwal T, Fortunato GM, Hann SY, Ayan B, Vajanthri KY, Presutti D, Cui H, Chan AHP, Costantini M, Onesto V, Di Natale C, Huang NF, Makvandi P, Shabani M, Maiti TK, Zhang LG, De Maria C. Recent advances in bioprinting technologies for engineering cardiac tissue. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 124:112057. [PMID: 33947551 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Annually increasing incidence of cardiac-related disorders and cardiac tissue's minimal regenerative capacity have motivated the researchers to explore effective therapeutic strategies. In the recent years, bioprinting technologies have witnessed a great wave of enthusiasm and have undergone steady advancements over a short period, opening the possibilities for recreating engineered functional cardiac tissue models for regenerative and diagnostic applications. With this perspective, the current review delineates recent developments in the sphere of engineered cardiac tissue fabrication, using traditional and advanced bioprinting strategies. The review also highlights different printing ink formulations, available cellular opportunities, and aspects of personalized medicines in the context of cardiac tissue engineering and bioprinting. On a concluding note, current challenges and prospects for further advancements are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Gabriele Maria Fortunato
- Research Center "E. Piaggio" and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sung Yun Hann
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Bugra Ayan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kiran Yellappa Vajanthri
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Dario Presutti
- Institute of Physical Chemistry - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Alex H P Chan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marco Costantini
- Institute of Physical Chemistry - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentina Onesto
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Concetta Di Natale
- Center for Advanced Biomaterial for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.leTecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Center for Materials Interface, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera 56025, Pisa, Italy
| | - Majid Shabani
- Center for Materials Interface, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera 56025, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Carmelo De Maria
- Research Center "E. Piaggio" and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
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24
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New Biomarker in Chagas Disease: Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Peripheral Blood in Chronic Chagas Disease Patients Modulate the Human Immune Response. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6650670. [PMID: 33506056 PMCID: PMC7815414 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6650670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by the flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is a major public health problem. It was initially restricted to Latin America, but it is now expanding globally. Host and pathogen interactions are crucial in the establishment of disease, and since 1970, it has been known that eukaryotic cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which in turn have an important role in intercellular communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Our study proposed to characterize and compare circulating EVs isolated from the plasma of chronic Chagas disease (CCD) patients and controls. For this, peripheral blood was collected from patients and controls, and mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stimulated with parasite EVs, showing that patient cells released fewer EVs than control cells. Then, after plasma separation followed by EV total shedding enrichment, the samples were subjected to ultracentrifugation to isolate the circulating EVs, which then had their size and concentration characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). This showed that patients had a lower concentration of circulating EVs while there were no differences in size, corroborating the in vitro data. Additionally, circulating EVs were incubated with THP-1 cells (macrophages) that, after the interaction, had their supernatant analyzed by ELISA for cytokine detection. In relation to their ability to induce cytokine production, the CCD patient EVs were able to induce a differential production of IFN-γ and IL-17 in relation to controls, with differences being more evident in earlier/less severe stages of the disease. In summary, a decreased concentration of circulating EVs associated with differential activation of the immunological system in patients with CCD is related to parasite persistence and the establishment of chronic disease. It is also a potential biomarker for monitoring disease progression.
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25
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Feng K, Ma R, Zhang L, Li H, Tang Y, Du G, Niu D, Yin D. The Role of Exosomes in Thyroid Cancer and Their Potential Clinical Application. Front Oncol 2020; 10:596132. [PMID: 33335859 PMCID: PMC7736410 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.596132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) is rapidly increasing worldwide. The diagnostic accuracy and dynamics of TC need to be improved, and traditional treatments are not effective enough for patients with poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. Exosomes are membrane vesicles secreted specifically by various cells and are involved in intercellular communication. Recent studies have shown that exosomes secreted by TC cells contribute to tumor progression, angiogenesis and metastasis. Exosomes in liquid biopsies can reflect the overall molecular information of tumors, and have natural advantages in diagnosing TC. Exosomes also play an important role in tumor therapy due to their special physicochemical properties. TC patients will benefit as more exosome patterns are discovered. In this review, we discuss the role of TC-derived exosomes in tumorigenesis and development, and describe the application of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Feng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine of Henan, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Runsheng Ma
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine of Henan, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongqiang Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Tang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gongbo Du
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine of Henan, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongpeng Niu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine of Henan, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Detao Yin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
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26
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Zhang J, Cui X, Guo J, Cao C, Zhang Z, Wang B, Zhang L, Shen D, Lim K, Woodfield T, Tang J, Zhang J. Small but significant: Insights and new perspectives of exosomes in cardiovascular disease. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8291-8303. [PMID: 32578938 PMCID: PMC7412413 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major health problem worldwide, and health professionals are still actively seeking new and effective approaches for CVDs treatment. Presently, extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, have gained its popularity for CVDs treatment because of their function as messengers for inter- and extra-cellular communications to promote cellular functions in cardiovascular system. However, as a newly developed field, researchers are still trying to fully understand the role of exosomes, and their mechanism in mediating cardiac repair process. Therefore, a comprehensive review of this topic can be timely and favourable. In this review, we summarized the basic biogenesis and characterization of exosomes and then further extended the focus on the circulating exosomes in cellular communication and stem cell-derived exosomes in cardiac disease treatment. In addition, we covered interactions between the heart and other organs through exosomes, leading to the diagnostic characteristics of exosomes in CVDs. Future perspectives and limitations of exosomes in CVDs were also discussed with a special focus on exploring the potential delivery routes, targeting the injured tissue and engineering novel exosomes, as well as its potential as one novel target in the metabolism-related puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Medical Technologies Center of Research Excellence, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chang Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zenglei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Deliang Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Khoon Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Medical Technologies Center of Research Excellence, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tim Woodfield
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Medical Technologies Center of Research Excellence, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Junnan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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