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Alves de Lima e Silva A, Rio-Tinto A. Ebselen: A Promising Repurposing Drug to Treat Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2024; 2024:9109041. [PMID: 38586592 PMCID: PMC10998725 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9109041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial multiresistance to drugs is a rapidly growing global phenomenon. New resistance mechanisms have been described in different bacterial pathogens, threatening the effective treatment of even common infectious diseases. The problem worsens in infections associated with biofilms because, in addition to the pathogen's multiresistance, the biofilm provides a barrier that prevents antimicrobial access. Several "non-antibiotic" drugs have antimicrobial activity, even though it is not their primary therapeutic purpose. However, due to the urgent need to develop effective antimicrobials to treat diseases caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens, there has been an increase in research into "non-antibiotic" drugs to offer an alternative therapy through the so-called drug repositioning or repurposing. The prospect of new uses for existing drugs has the advantage of reducing the time and effort required to develop new compounds. Moreover, many drugs are already well characterized regarding toxicity and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. Ebselen has shown promise for use as a repurposing drug for antimicrobial purposes. It is a synthetic organoselenium with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytoprotective activity. A very attractive factor for using ebselen is that, in addition to potent antimicrobial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration is very low for microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Alves de Lima e Silva
- Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Microorganisms, Biomedical Institute, DMP, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 20211-030, Brazil
| | - André Rio-Tinto
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Cocci and Microbiota, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
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Flores-Oropeza MA, Ochoa SA, Cruz-Córdova A, Chavez-Tepecano R, Martínez-Peñafiel E, Rembao-Bojórquez D, Zavala-Vega S, Hernández-Castro R, Flores-Encarnacion M, Arellano-Galindo J, Vélez D, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J. Comparative genomic analysis of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains from women with recurrent urinary tract infection. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1340427. [PMID: 38328583 PMCID: PMC10848155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1340427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli are costly public health problems impacting patients' quality of life. Aim In this work, a comparative genomics analysis of three clinical RUTI strains isolated from bladder biopsy specimens was performed. Materials and methods One hundred seventy-two whole genomes of urinary tract E. coli strains were selected from the NCBI database. The search for virulence factors, fitness genes, regions of interest, and genetic elements associated with resistance was manually carried out. The phenotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance, haemolysis, motility, and biofilm formation was performed. Moreover, adherence and invasion assays with human bladder HTB-5 cells, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed. Results The UTI-1_774U and UTI-3_455U/ST1193 strains were associated with the extraintestinal pathotypes, and the UTI-2_245U/ST295 strain was associated with the intestinal pathotype, according to a phylogenetic analysis of 172 E. coli urinary strains. The three RUTI strains were of clinical, epidemiological, and zoonotic relevance. Several resistance genes were found within the plasmids of these strains, and a multidrug resistance phenotype was revealed. Other virulence genes associated with CFT073 were not identified in the three RUTI strains (genes for type 1 and P fimbriae, haemolysin hlyA, and sat toxin). Quantitative adherence analysis showed that UTI-1_774U was significantly (p < 0.0001) more adherent to human bladder HTB-5 cells. Quantitative invasion analysis showed that UTI-2_245U was significantly more invasive than the control strains. No haemolysis or biofilm activity was detected in the three RUTI strains. The TEM micrographs showed the presence of short and thin fimbriae only in the UTI-2_245U strain. Conclusion The high variability and genetic diversity of the RUTI strains indicate that are a mosaic of virulence, resistance, and fitness genes that could promote recurrence in susceptible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Flores-Oropeza
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara A. Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Eva Martínez-Peñafiel
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Rembao-Bojórquez
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Zavala-Vega
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio Clínico y Banco de Sangre, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Hernández-Castro
- Departmento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcos Flores-Encarnacion
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Celular, Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | - José Arellano-Galindo
- Laboratorio de Virología Clínica y Experimental, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Vélez
- Hospital Militar de Especialidades de la Mujer y Neonatología, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia No. 3 IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Arafi V, Hasani A, Sadeghi J, Varshochi M, Poortahmasebi V, Hasani A, Hasani R. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli endeavors: an insight into the characteristic features, resistance mechanism, and treatment choice. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:226. [PMID: 37156886 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the strains diverted from the intestinal status and account mainly for uropathogenicity. This pathotype has gained specifications in structure and virulence to turn into a competent uropathogenic organism. Biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance play an important role in the organism's persistence in the urinary tract. Increased consumption of carbapenem prescribed for multidrug-resistant (MDR) and Extended-spectrum-beta lactamase (ESBL)-producing UPECs, has added to the expansion of resistance. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Centre for Disease Control (CDC) placed the Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) on their treatment priority lists. Understanding both patterns of pathogenicity, and multiple drug resistance may provide guidance for the rational use of anti-bacterial agents in the clinic. Developing an effective vaccine, adherence-inhibiting compounds, cranberry juice, and probiotics are non-antibiotical approaches proposed for the treatment of drug-resistant UTIs. We aimed to review the distinguishing characteristics, current therapeutic options and promising non-antibiotical approaches against ESBL-producing and CRE UPECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Arafi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Javid Sadeghi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Varshochi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Hasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Antibacterial Activity of Ebselen. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021610. [PMID: 36675123 PMCID: PMC9864093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebselen is a low-molecular-weight organoselenium compound that has been broadly studied for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties. These advantageous properties were initially associated with mimicking the activity of selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase, but the biomedical impact of this compound appear to be far more complex. Ebselen serves as a substrate or inhibitor with multiple protein/enzyme targets, whereas inhibition typically originates from the covalent modification of cysteine residues by opening the benzisoselenazolone ring and S-Se bond formation. The inhibition of enzymes of various classes and origins has been associated with substantial antimicrobial potential among other activities. In this contribution, we summarize the current state of the art regarding the antibacterial activity of ebselen. This activity, alone and in combination with commercial pharmaceuticals, against pathogens, including those resistant to drugs, is presented, together with the molecular mechanism behind the reactivity. The specific inactivation of thioredoxin reductase, bacterial toxins, and other resistance factors is considered to have certain therapeutic implications. Synergistic action and sensitization to common antibiotics assisted with the use of ebselen appear to be promising directions in the treatment of persistent infections.
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Chen H, Lu Q, An H, Li J, Shen S, Zheng X, Chen W, Wang L, Li J, Du Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Baumann M, Tacke M, Zou L, Wang J. The synergistic activity of SBC3 in combination with Ebselen against Escherichia coli infection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1080281. [PMID: 36588729 PMCID: PMC9797518 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1080281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli ranks as the number one clinical isolate in the past years in China according to The China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network (CHINET), and its multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic strains account for over 160 million cases of dysentery and one million deaths per year. Here, our work demonstrates that E. coli is highly sensitive to the synergistic combination of SBC3 [1,3-Dibenzyl-4,5-diphenyl-imidazol-2-ylidene silver (I) acetate] and Ebselen, which shows no synergistic toxicity on mammalian cells. The proposed mechanism for the synergistic antibacterial effect of SBC3 in combination with Ebselen is based on directly inhibiting E. coli thioredoxin reductase and rapidly depleting glutathione, resulting in the increase of reactive oxygen species that cause bacterial cell death. Furthermore, the bactericidal efficacy of SBC3 in combination with Ebselen has been confirmed in mild and acute peritonitis mice. In addition, the five most difficult to treat Gram-negative bacteria (including E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are also highly sensitive to a synergistic combination of SBC3 and Ebselen. Thus, SBC3 in combination with Ebselen has potential as a treatment for clinically important Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- The Second People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Second People’s Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Qianqian Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Haoyue An
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Juntong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Shuchu Shen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jihong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Youqin Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Yueqing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Marcus Baumann
- The School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthias Tacke
- The School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland,*Correspondence: Lili Zou, ; Jun Wang, ; Matthias Tacke,
| | - Lili Zou
- The Second People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Second People’s Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Lili Zou, ; Jun Wang, ; Matthias Tacke,
| | - Jun Wang
- The People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Lili Zou, ; Jun Wang, ; Matthias Tacke,
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Xiong Y, Wang L, Xu W, Li L, Tang Y, Shi C, Li X, Niu Y, Sun C, Ren C. Electrostatic induced peptide hydrogel containing PHMB for sustained antibacterial activity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dong C, Chen W, Zou L, Liu B, Deng K, Guo D, Wang P, Chen H, Wang H, Wang J. The Assessment on Synergistic Activity of Ebselen and Silver Ion Against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:963901. [PMID: 35958130 PMCID: PMC9363147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.963901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a foodborne zoonotic bacterium that is pathogenic to guinea pigs, rabbits, and mice. It also causes pseudotuberculosis in humans. However, it still lacked the scientific basis for control. Here, we found out that Ebselen (EbSe) exhibited synergistic antibacterial activity with silver nitrate (Ag+) against Y. pseudotuberculosis YpIII strain with high efficacy in vitro using UV-visible light absorption spectrum, 5,5’-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), laser scanning confocal microscope, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting assays. The depletion of total glutathione (GSH) amount and inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity in thiol-dependent redox system revealed the destructiveness of EbSe-Ag+-caused intracellular oxidative stress. Furthermore, a YpIII-caused mice gastroenteritis model was constructed. EbSe-Ag+ significantly reduced bacterial loads with low toxicity. It also down-regulated the expression levels of interferon (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, up-regulated the expression level of IL-10 on-site. All the in vivo results demonstrated the antibacterial activity and immune-modulatory property of EbSe-Ag+. Collectively, these results provided academic fundament for further analysis and development of EbSe-Ag+ as the antibacterial agents for pseudotuberculosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjiang Dong
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Lili Zou
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Zou,
| | - Binbin Liu
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Kaihong Deng
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Dingrui Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Peng Wang
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Affiliated Second People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Helen Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Helen Wang,
| | - Jun Wang
- The People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Jun Wang,
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A dZnONPs Enhanced Hybrid Injectable Photocrosslinked Hydrogel for Infected Wounds Treatment. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080463. [PMID: 35892722 PMCID: PMC9329969 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds caused by related diseases such as ischemia, diabetes, and venous stasis are often hard to manage, mainly because of their susceptibility to infection and the lack of healing-promoting growth factors. Functional hydrogel is a promising material for wound treatment due to its regulable swelling rate and its ability to absorb wound exudate, which can keep the wound isolated from the outside world to prevent infection. In this study, a photocrosslinked physicochemical double-network hydrogel with injectable, antibacterial, and excellent mechanical properties was prepared. The dZnONPs enhanced hybrid injectable photocrosslinked double-network hydrogel (Ebs@dZnONPs/HGT) was synthetized starting from acylated hyaluronic acid and tannic acid via free radical reaction and hydrogen bonding, following doped with ebselen (Ebs) loaded dendritic zinc oxide nanoparticles (dZnONPs) to prepare the Ebs@dZnONPs/HGT hydrogel. The physicochemical characterization confirmed that the Ebs@dZnONPs/HGT hydrogel had excellent mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and injectable properties, and could fit irregular wounds well. In vitro experiments revealed that the Ebs@dZnONPs/HGT hydrogel presented credible cytocompatibility and prominent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In vivo experiments further demonstrated that the Ebs@dZnONPs/HGT hydrogel had excellent biosafety and could improve re-epithelialization in the wound area, thus significantly accelerating wound healing.
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Liu T, Sun L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zheng J. Imbalanced GSH/ROS and sequential cell death. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22942. [PMID: 34725879 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in cells during metabolic processes. Excessive intracellular ROS may react with large biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and small biomolecules, that is, glutathione (GSH) and unsaturated fatty acids. GSH has physiological functions, including free radical scavenging, anti-oxidation, and electrophile elimination. The disruption of ROS/GSH balance results in the deleterious oxidation and chemical modification of biomacromolecules, which eventually leads to cell-cycle arrest and proliferation inhibition, and even induces cell death. Imbalanced ROS/GSH may result from a direct increase of ROS, consumption of GSH, intracellular oxidoreductase interference, or thioredoxin activity reduction. Some chemicals including arsenic trioxide (ATO), pyrogallol (PG), and carbobenzoxy-Leu-Leu-leucinal (MG132) could also disrupt the balance of GSH and ROS. This article reviews the occurrence and consequences of the imbalance between GSH and ROS and introduces factors responsible for the disruption of cellular ROS and GSH balance, resulting in cell death. "GSH" and "ROS" were used as keywords to search the relevant literaturess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Sun
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Abstract
Abstract
Ebselen is a well-known synthetic compound mimicking glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which catalyses some vital reactions that protect against oxidative damage. Based on a large number of in vivo and in vitro studies, various mechanisms have been proposed to explain its actions on multiple targets. It targets thiol-related compounds, including cysteine, glutathione, and thiol proteins (e.g., thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase). Owing to this, ebselen is a unique multifunctional agent with important effects on inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, cell differentiation, immune regulation and neurodegenerative disease, with anti-microbial, detoxifying and anti-tumour activity. This review summarises the current understanding of the multiple biological processes and molecules targeted by ebselen, and its pharmacological applications.
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Santi C, Scimmi C, Sancineto L. Ebselen and Analogues: Pharmacological Properties and Synthetic Strategies for Their Preparation. Molecules 2021; 26:4230. [PMID: 34299505 PMCID: PMC8306772 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebselen is the leader of selenorganic compounds, and starting from its identification as mimetic of the key antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase, several papers have appeared in literature claiming its biological activities. It was the subject of several clinical trials and it is currently in clinical evaluation for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Given our interest in the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of selenorganic derivatives with this review, we aimed to collect all the papers focused on the biological evaluation of ebselen and its close analogues, covering the timeline between 2016 and most of 2021. Our analysis evidences that, even if it lacks specificity when tested in vitro, being able to bind to every reactive cysteine, it proved to be always well tolerated in vivo, exerting no sign of toxicity whatever the administered doses. Besides, looking at the literature, we realized that no review article dealing with the synthetic approaches for the construction of the benzo[d][1,2]-selenazol-3(2H)-one scaffold is available; thus, a section of the present review article is completely devoted to this specific topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Sancineto
- Group of Catalysis and Green Organic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1, 06122 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (C.S.)
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Toxicology and pharmacology of synthetic organoselenium compounds: an update. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1179-1226. [PMID: 33792762 PMCID: PMC8012418 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we addressed the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic organoselenium compounds and some naturally occurring organoselenium amino acids. The use of selenium as a tool in organic synthesis and as a pharmacological agent goes back to the middle of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The rediscovery of ebselen and its investigation in clinical trials have motivated the search for new organoselenium molecules with pharmacological properties. Although ebselen and diselenides have some overlapping pharmacological properties, their molecular targets are not identical. However, they have similar anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, possibly, via activation of transcription factors, regulating the expression of antioxidant genes. In short, our knowledge about the pharmacological properties of simple organoselenium compounds is still elusive. However, contrary to our early expectations that they could imitate selenoproteins, organoselenium compounds seem to have non-specific modulatory activation of antioxidant pathways and specific inhibitory effects in some thiol-containing proteins. The thiol-oxidizing properties of organoselenium compounds are considered the molecular basis of their chronic toxicity; however, the acute use of organoselenium compounds as inhibitors of specific thiol-containing enzymes can be of therapeutic significance. In summary, the outcomes of the clinical trials of ebselen as a mimetic of lithium or as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 proteases will be important to the field of organoselenium synthesis. The development of computational techniques that could predict rational modifications in the structure of organoselenium compounds to increase their specificity is required to construct a library of thiol-modifying agents with selectivity toward specific target proteins.
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