LRG-1 promotes fat graft survival through the RAB31-mediated inhibition of hypoxia-induced apoptosis

Analysis of Physiological Oxygen Concentrations in Different Abdominal Fat Layers by Body Mass Index

BACKGROUND

Physiological oxygen concentration in adipose tissue is closely linked to metabolic disorders such as chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. However, the nature of the variation in the oxygen levels of adipose tissue with body mass index (BMI) and depths of abdominal fat remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the patterns of oxygen concentration in adipose tissue layers according to BMI.

METHODS

In this study, patients undergoing abdominal fat removal surgery were divided into the normal-weight (NW) or overweight-obese (OW) groups based on their BMI. Oxygen concentrations in abdominal superficial (sSAT) and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (dSAT) were measured. The oxygen consumption rate, mean cell area, and capillary density in both tissue layers were compared between the two groups. Furthermore, the interaction between these three variables, BMI, and adipose tissue oxygen concentration, was analyzed using linear regression.

RESULTS

A total of 42 patients were recruited in this study and we observed that oxygen concentration in the sSAT was significantly lower than in the dSAT, irrespective of BMI. In terms of the oxygen concentration in the dSAT, OW's was significantly lower than that of NW's. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between dSAT oxygen concentration and BMI, mean adipocyte area, and vascular density.

CONCLUSION

Individuals who are obese have significantly lower oxygen levels in the deep abdominal adipose tissue, and this is influenced by BMI, adipocyte area, and capillary density.

NO LEVEL ASSIGNED

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

A Study on the Acquisition and Identification of Beige Adipocytes and Exosomes as Well as Their Inflammatory Regulation by Promoting Macrophage Polarization

BACKGROUND

The fat retention rate is associated with postoperative inflammation. However, fat survival is still unpredictable even when supplemented with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Beige adipocytes play a role in regulating pathological inflammation. Thus, we assumed that exosomes may promote macrophage polarization to regulate inflammation when we simulated postgrafted inflammation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction.

METHODS

3T3-L1 preadipocytes were used to differentiate into beige adipocytes, which were stimulated by special culture media, and then, exosomes were isolated from the supernatant. We identified them by morphology, protein and gene expression, or size distribution. Next, we utilized exosomes to stimulate LPS-induced macrophages and evaluated the changes in inflammatory cytokines and macrophage polarization.

RESULTS

The induced cells contained multilocular lipid droplets and expressed uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and beige adipocyte-specific gene. The exosomes, which were approximately 111.5 nm and cup-like, were positive for surface markers. Additionally, the levels of proinflammatory-related indicators in the LPS+exosomes (LPS+Exos) group were increased after inflammation was activated for 6 h. When inflammation lasted 16 h, exosomes decreased the expression of proinflammatory-related indicators and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory-related indicators compared with the group without exosomes.

CONCLUSION

The method described in this article can successfully obtain beige adipocytes and exosomes. The results suggest that beige adipocyte exosomes can promote inflammatory infiltration and polarize more macrophages to the M1 type in the early period of inflammation, accelerating the occurrence of the inflammation endpoint and the progression of macrophage switching from M1 to M2, while inflammation develops continuously.

NO LEVEL ASSIGNED

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

CCNB1 may as a biomarker for the adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells in the postoperative fat transplantation of breast cancer

Background

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are closely associated with the survival rate of transplanted fat in breast reconstruction after breast cancer surgery. Nevertheless, the intrinsic mechanisms regulating ADSCs adipogenic differentiation remain ambiguous. The aim of our study was to explore the relevant genes and pathways to elucidate the potential mechanisms of adipogenic differentiation in ADSCs.

Methods

The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset GSE61302 was downloaded and analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Key genes and signaling pathways were obtained through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional and enrichment analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and hub gene analyses were performed with the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database and Cytoscape software. Finally, the transcription levels of hub genes in the adipogenic differentiated group and undifferentiated group of ADSCs were compared via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Results

In total, 1,091 DEGs were identified through bioinformatics analysis of the adipogenic differentiated group and undifferentiated group. If was then found that the 10 downregulated key genes, CCNB1, NUSAP1, DLGAP5, TTK, CCNB2, KIF23, BUB1B, CDC20, CDCA8, and KIF11 may play important roles in the adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs. Subsequent in vitro experimental verification also revealed that the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of cyclin B1 in adipogenic differentiated cells and undifferentiated cells were significantly different at the early stage (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference at the late stage (P>0.05).

Conclusions

As a key gene, CCNB1 might be a potential biomarker in the adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs at the early stage.