Parishin alleviates vascular ageing in mice by upregulation of Klotho

Pharmacodynamic components and molecular mechanism of Gastrodia elata Blume in treating hypertension: Absorbed components, network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking and in vivo experimental verification

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume (RGE) is a valuable traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in the clinical practice. The Compendium of Materia Medica records that RGE has the effect of flatting liver wind out. It has sedative, analgesic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, anti-hypertensive, anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-arrhythmic and anti-platelet aggregation effects. RGE is often used to relieve and treat vertigo, headache, hypertension, convulsions, and epilepsy in TCM clinic for thousands of years. Accumulated evidences have suggested that hypertension disease is related to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) disturbance. However, the potential pharmacodynamic components and anti-hypertensive mechanisms of RGE are unclear now.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The active component and mechanism of RGE in treating hypertension were elucidated to strengthen the quality control and development of anti-hypertensive drugs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anti-hypertensive active components of RGE were analyzed by multi-dimensional qualitative analysis method including ethanol extract, in-vitro intestinal absorption, in-vivo plasma. The ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS) analysis technology was adopted to identify these components. Network pharmacology was applied to predicted anti-hypertensive active components, target proteins and pathways. Molecular docking was used to evaluate the potential molecular binding modes between 68 components and nine proteins. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) model was adopted to evaluate the activity of reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP). Levels of renin, angiotcnsin II (Ang II) and aldosterone (ALD) in serum were determined by Elisa kit. Immunohistochemical were adopted to compare the changes of Ang II receptor 1 (AT1R) protein levels in SHR model and RGE groups.

RESULTS

The multi-dimensional components qualitative analysis method of RGE was established. The results showed that 79, 70 and 30 components were identified in RGE ethanol extract, in-vitro intestinal absorption and in-vivo plasma, respectively. These components were mainly parishins, nucleosides, amino acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, organic acids et al. Network pharmacology results showed that anti-hypertensive active components were nucleosides and organic acids. It was speculated that RGE could exert its anti-hypertensive effect by regulating aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, renin-angiotensin system pathways and related target proteins. Molecular docking results showed that 21 components including parishins, nucleosides and phenolic acids were potential active components of anti-hypertensive. Taking together, parishin A, B, E, C, D, adenosine, N6-(4-hydroxybenzyl) adenosine, guanosine, ferulic acid were the main anti-hypertensive active components of RGE. Pharmacodynamic results showed that RGE (0.7 g·kg-1) at low dosage could reduce SBP and DBP of SHR in vivo. Meanwhile, RGE (1.4 g·kg-1) markedly reduced the contents of renin, angiotcnsin II and ALD (p < 0.05) of SHR. Immunohistochemical data demonstrated that RGE (0.7 g·kg-1) could downregulate the protein expression of AT1R. In general, RGE can significantly reduce blood pressure of SHR by regulating RAAS.

CONCLUSION

The multi-dimensional components qualitative analysis combining network pharmacology and molecular docking technology provide a new perspective for discovering potential anti-hypertensive components of RGE. RGE possess anti-hypertensive activity by regulating multiple targets of RAAS. Thus, it has the potential to develop into the novel raw material of anti-hypertensive drugs.

Parishin Alleviates Pulmonary Fibrosis by Reducing CD38 Levels in Naturally Aging Mice

Parishin, a natural compound, has demonstrated significant potential in mitigating age-related phenotypes and improving outcomes in age-associated diseases. Given that aging is a major risk factor for numerous chronic conditions, including pulmonary fibrosis, we investigated parishin's effects on cellular senescence and lung health. In our study, we treated mouse lung epithelial cells with parishin and observed a reduction in cellular senescence markers alongside an upregulation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Building on these in vitro findings, we administered parishin to naturally aged mice. The treatment resulted in decreased pulmonary fibrosis and reduced DNA damage in lung tissue. Notably, we found that parishin treatment led to a reduction in Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) levels, concomitant with an increase in SIRT1 expression. These findings indicate that parishin may enhance lung function in aged mice, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for treating age-related pulmonary disorders.

Glucopyranosyloxybenzyl succinates and their biological activities

Over the past decades, great efforts have been made to explore the glucopyranosyloxybenzyl succinates from Orchidaceae. At the same time, some of those compounds with new structures have led to new findings of their biological functions. The structures, classifications, distributions and bioactivities of glucopyranosyloxybenzyl succinates have been summarized in this review.

A Review of Gastrodia Elata Bl.: Extraction, Analysis and Application of Functional Food

Gastrodia elata Bl. still widely known as a medicinal plant due to its anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, cardiovascular protection etc. Additionally, these medical applications cannot be separated from its antioxidant, anti-aging, regulating cell apoptosis ability, which make it have potential as a functional food as well as it has been eaten for more than 2,000 years in China. At present, although Gastrodia elata Bl. has appeared in a large number of studies, much of the research is based on drugs rather than foods. The review of Gastrodia elata Bl. from the perspective of food is one of the necessary steps to promote related development, by reviewing the literature on analytical methods of Gastrodia elata Bl. in recent years, critical components change in the extraction, analytical methods and improvement of food applications, all of aspects of it was summarized. Based on the report about physical and chemical changes in Gastrodia elata Bl. to discover the pathway of Gastrodia elata Bl. functional food development from current to the future.

Parishin A Inhibits Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma via the AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive cancer with limited treatment options. Parishin A, a natural compound derived from Gastrodia elata, possesses multiple therapeutic properties. However, its effects on OSCC remain unexplored.

PURPOSE

This study explores the anti-cancer potential of Parishin A on OSCC and its mechanisms.

METHODS

OSCC cell lines YD-10B and Ca9-22 were treated with varying Parishin A concentrations. Cell viability was detected using the CCK-8 assay, and colony formation was evaluated in agarose gel. Migration and invasion ability were assessed through wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays. The protein expression levels involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were examined via Western blotting.

RESULTS

Parishin A inhibited OSCC cell viability in both dose- and time-dependent manners, with significant reductions at 20, 40, 60, and 80 μM, without affecting normal human gingival fibroblasts. Colony formation decreased substantially at ≥40 μM higher Parishin A concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Also, migration and invasion assays showed significant suppression by Parishin A treatment concentration ≥40 μM in a dose-dependent manner, as evidenced by decreased wound closure and invasion. Western blot analyses revealed increased E-cadherin levels and decreased N-cadherin and vimentin levels, suggesting EMT inhibition. Parishin A also decreased the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, these findings support the potential of Parishin A as an anti-OSCC agent.

New insights into the role of Klotho in inflammation and fibrosis: molecular and cellular mechanisms

As the body's defense mechanism against damage and infection, the inflammatory response is a pathological process that involves a range of inflammatory cells and cytokines. A healthy inflammatory response helps the body repair by eliminating dangerous irritants. However, tissue fibrosis can result from an overly intense or protracted inflammatory response. The anti-aging gene Klotho suppresses oxidation, delays aging, and fosters development of various organs. Numerous investigations conducted in the last few years have discovered that Klotho expression is changed in a variety of clinical diseases and is strongly linked to the course and outcome of a disease. Klotho functions as a co-receptor for FGF and as a humoral factor that mediates intracellular signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), toll-like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), renin -angiotensin system (RAS), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). It also interferes with the phenotype and function of inflammatory cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, T cells, and B cells. Additionally, it regulates the production of inflammatory factors. This article aims to examine Klotho's scientific advances in terms of tissue fibrosis and the inflammatory response in order to provide novel therapy concepts for fibrotic and inflammatory disorders.

Parishin treatment alleviates cardiac aging in naturally aged mice

Background

Cardiac aging progressively decreases physiological function and drives chronic/degenerative aging-related heart diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to postpone the aging process of heart and create products that combat aging.

Aims & methods

The objective of this study is to examine the effects of parishin, a phenolic glucoside isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Gastrodia elata, on anti-aging and its underlying mechanism. To assess the senescent biomarkers, cardiac function, cardiac weight/body weight ratio, cardiac transcriptomic changes, and cardiac histopathological features, heart tissue samples were obtained from young mice (12 weeks), aged mice (19 months) treated with parishin, and aged mice that were not treated.

Results

Parishin treatment improved cardiac function, ameliorated aging-induced cardiac injury, hypertrophy, and fibrosis, decreased cardiac senescence biomarkers p16Ink4a, p21Cip1, and IL-6, and increased the "longevity factor" SIRT1 expression in heart tissue. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that parishin treatment alleviated the cardiac aging-related Gja1 downregulation and Cyp2e1, Ccna2, Cdca3, and Fgf12 upregulation in the heart tissues. The correlation analysis suggested a strong connection between the anti-aging effect of parishin and its regulation of gut microbiota and metabolism in the aged intestine.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates the protective role and underlying mechanism of parishin against cardiac aging in naturally aged mice.