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Mao S. Emerging role and the signaling pathways of uncoupling protein 2 in kidney diseases. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2381604. [PMID: 39090967 PMCID: PMC11299446 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2381604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was involved in the pathogenesis and development of kidney diseases. Many signaling pathways and factors regulate the expression of UCP2. We aimed to investigate the precise role of UCP2 and its signaling pathways in kidney diseases. METHODS We summarized the available evidence to yield a more detailed conclusion of the signal transduction pathways of UCP2 and its role in the development and progression of kidney diseases. RESULTS UCP2 could interact with 14.3.3 family proteins, mitochondrial phospholipase iPLA2γ, NMDAR, glucokinase, PPARγ2. There existed a signaling pathway between UCP2 and NMDAR, PPARγ. UCP2 can inhibit the ROS production, inflammatory response, and apoptosis, which may protect against renal injury, particularly AKI. Meanwhile UCP2 can decrease ATP production and inhibit the secretion of insulin, which may alleviate chronic renal damages, such as diabetic nephropathy and kidney fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Homeostasis of UCP2 is helpful for kidney health. UCP2 may play different roles in different kinds of renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Shen C, Ding X, Ruan J, Ruan F, Hu W, Huang J, He C, Yu Y, Zuo Z. Black phosphorus quantum dots induce myocardial inflammatory responses and metabolic disorders in mice. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:53-64. [PMID: 37980037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
As an ultrasmall derivative of black phosphorus (BP) sheets, BP quantum dots (BP-QDs) have been effectively used in many fields. Currently, information on the cardiotoxicity induced by BP-QDs remains limited. We aimed to evaluate BP-QD-induced cardiac toxicity in mice. Histopathological examination of heart tissue sections was performed. Transcriptome sequencing, real-time quantitative PCR (RT‒qPCR), western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays were used to detect the mRNA and/or protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and glucose/lipid metabolism pathway-related genes. We found that heart weight and heart/body weight index (HBI) were significantly reduced in mice after intragastric administration of 0.1 or 1 mg/kg BP-QDs for 28 days. In addition, obvious inflammatory cell infiltration and increased cardiomyocyte diameter were observed in the BP-QD-treated groups. Altered expression of proinflammatory cytokines and genes related to the NF-κB signaling pathway further confirmed that BP-QD exposure induced inflammatory responses. In addition, BP-QD treatment also affected the PI3K-AKT, PPARγ, thermogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and cardiac muscle contraction signaling pathways. The expression of genes related to glucose/lipid metabolism signaling pathways was dramatically affected by BP-QD exposure, and the effect was primarily mediated by the PPAR signaling pathway. Our study provides new insights into the toxicity of BP-QDs to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Chronic Glomerular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Chronic Glomerular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinpeng Ruan
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Chronic Glomerular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fengkai Ruan
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Chronic Glomerular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weiping Hu
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Chronic Glomerular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiyi Huang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Chronic Glomerular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chengyong He
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Chronic Glomerular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Chronic Glomerular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Chronic Glomerular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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3
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Le J, Chen Y, Yang W, Chen L, Ye J. Metabolic basis of solute carrier transporters in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:437-454. [PMID: 38322335 PMCID: PMC10840401 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Solute carriers (SLCs) constitute the largest superfamily of membrane transporter proteins. These transporters, present in various SLC families, play a vital role in energy metabolism by facilitating the transport of diverse substances, including glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, and ions. They actively participate in the regulation of glucose metabolism at various steps, such as glucose uptake (e.g., SLC2A4/GLUT4), glucose reabsorption (e.g., SLC5A2/SGLT2), thermogenesis (e.g., SLC25A7/UCP-1), and ATP production (e.g., SLC25A4/ANT1 and SLC25A5/ANT2). The activities of these transporters contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Notably, SLC5A2 has emerged as a valid drug target for T2DM due to its role in renal glucose reabsorption, leading to groundbreaking advancements in diabetes drug discovery. Alongside SLC5A2, multiple families of SLC transporters involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis hold potential applications for T2DM therapy. SLCs also impact drug metabolism of diabetic medicines through gene polymorphisms, such as rosiglitazone (SLCO1B1/OATP1B1) and metformin (SLC22A1-3/OCT1-3 and SLC47A1, 2/MATE1, 2). By consolidating insights into the biological activities and clinical relevance of SLC transporters in T2DM, this review offers a comprehensive update on their roles in controlling glucose metabolism as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Le
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yilong Chen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianping Ye
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Research Center for Basic Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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4
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Cui H, Chang Y, Cao J, Jiang X, Li M. Liver immune and lipid metabolism disorders in mice induced by triphenyl phosphate with or without high fructose and high fat diet. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136543. [PMID: 36150489 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently detected in food and human samples, and epidemiological studies have found that human exposure to aryl-OPFRs (triphenyl phosphate, TPP) is associated with lipid metabolism. Although toxicity studies suggest a potential obesity risk from TPP exposure, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the subchronic dietary effects on mouse liver significantly changed proteins (SCPs) and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms of TPP with or without a high-fructose and high-fat (HFF) diet. Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to low-dose TPP (corresponding to the oral reference dose, 10 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day) and high-dose TPP (1000 μg/kg bw/day) for 12 weeks. The results showed that exposure to TPP generated changes of liver function and organelle damage as well as increases in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. TPP exposure at a low dose damaged the liver immune system via major histocompatibility complex-related proteins involved in antigen processing and presentation. TPP exposure at a high dose caused disorders of the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and steroid hormones, thereby inducing lipid accumulation in the liver. Although 10 μg/kg TPP did not cause serious lipid metabolism disorders in the liver, significant overexpression of fatty acid-binding protein 5, malic enzyme 1, and other related SCPs was observed, which led to disorders of cholesterol metabolism and lipogenesis to activate the proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway and thus induced potential obesity risks. In addition, lipid metabolism disorders related to TPP were aggravated under the HFF diet, impairing liver mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum function in mice by altering the activity of cytochrome P450 enzyme subfamilies. These findings provide an in-depth understanding of the molecular toxicity mechanisms and health risks associated with subchronic exposure to TPP under different dietary regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yeqian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Liu X, Tian W, Wang L, Zhang L, Liang J, Wang L. Integrated Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNA and mRNA to Reveal Putative Candidate Genes Associated with Backfat Quality in Beijing Black Pig. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223654. [PMID: 36429246 PMCID: PMC9689697 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs' backfat quality has an important impact on the quality of pork and pork products and has a strong relationship with nutrition and sensory characteristics. This study aimed to identify the related candidate genes of backfat quality and to preliminary clarify the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying pig backfat quality phenotypes. Expression assessments of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA profiling in backfat from high-quality (firm and white) and low-quality (soft and yellow) Beijing Black pigs were performed by RNA sequencing. Significantly different expressions were observed in 610 protein-coding genes and 290 lncRNAs between the two groups. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotation showed that some candidate differentially expressed genes that participate in lipid-related pathways and pigmentation terms may play a role in backfat quality in pigs. The cis-target and trans-target genes were predicted to explore the regulatory function of lncRNAs, and integrative analyses of different expression lncRNAs targets and different expression genes were performed. The results showed the regulatory networks of lncRNA-mRNA related to backfat quality, and our study obtained strong candidate genes for backfat quality: ELOVL5, SCD, DGAT2, SLC24A5, and TYRP1, which were involved in fat metabolism, adipogenesis regulation, and pigmentation. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the molecular genetic mechanisms of backfat quality in pigs, and these findings improve the current understanding of backfat quality mechanisms and provide a foundation for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weilong Tian
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ligang Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Longchao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lixian Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-62818771
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Potential molecular mechanism of the Xiexin capsule in the intervention of dyslipidemia based on bioinformatics and molecular docking. NUTR HOSP 2022; 39:569-579. [DOI: 10.20960/nh.03918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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7
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A Preliminary Study on the Effect of Hydrogen Gas on Alleviating Early CCl 4-Induced Chronic Liver Injury in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121933. [PMID: 34943036 PMCID: PMC8750042 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a small-molecule reductant substance, hydrogen gas has an obvious antioxidant function. It can selectively neutralize hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and peroxynitrite (ONOO•) in cells, reducing oxidative stress damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrogen gas (3%) on early chronic liver injury (CLI) induced by CCl4 and to preliminarily explore the protective mechanism of hydrogen gas on hepatocytes by observing the expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in liver tissue. Here, 32 rats were divided into four groups: the control group, CCl4 group, H2 (hydrogen gas) group, and CCl4 + H2 group. The effect of hydrogen gas on early CLI was observed by serological tests, ELISA, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and oil red O staining. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting were used to observe the expression of UCP2 in liver tissues. We found that CCl4 can induce significant steatosis in hepatocytes. When the hydrogen gas was inhaled, hepatocyte steatosis was reduced, and the UCP2 expression level in liver tissue was increased. These results suggest that hydrogen gas might upregulate UCP2 expression levels, reduce the generation of intracellular oxygen free radicals, affect lipid metabolism in liver cells, and play a protective role in liver cells.
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PP2 Ameliorates Renal Fibrosis by Regulating the NF- κB/COX-2 and PPAR γ/UCP2 Pathway in Diabetic Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7394344. [PMID: 34580604 PMCID: PMC8464423 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7394344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is characterized by glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy (DN). We aimed to evaluate the effects of PP2 on renal fibrosis of DN. GSE33744 and GSE86300 were downloaded from the GEO database. Firstly, 839 DEGs were identified between nondiabetic and diabetic mice renal glomerular samples. COX-2 was selected to assess the effects of PP2 on renal glomerulosclerosis. In db/db mice, PP2 decreased the expression of COX-2, phosphorylated p65, and fibrotic proteins, accompanied with attenuated renal glomerulosclerosis. In cultured glomerular mesangial cells, high glucose- (HG-) induced p65 phosphorylation and COX-2 expression were attenuated by PP2 or NF-κB inhibitor PDTC. PP2, PDTC, or COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 ameliorated abnormal proliferation and expression of fibrotic proteins induced by HG. Secondly, 238 DEGs were identified between nondiabetic and diabetic mice renal cortex samples. UCP2 was selected to assess the effects of PP2 on renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In db/db mice, PP2 decreased the expression of PPARγ and UCP2, accompanied with attenuated renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and EMT. In cultured proximal tubular cells, HG-induced PPARγ and UCP2 expression was inhibited by PP2 or PPARγ antagonist GW9662. PP2, GW9662, or UCP2 shRNA ameliorated HG-induced EMT. These results indicated that PP2 ameliorated renal fibrosis in diabetic mice.
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Guo L, Wei C, Yi L, Yang W, Geng Z, Chen X. Transcriptional Insights into Key Genes and Pathways Underlying Muscovy Duck Subcutaneous Fat Deposition at Different Developmental Stages. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072099. [PMID: 34359227 PMCID: PMC8300375 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Subcutaneous fat is an important factor affecting the meat quality and feed conversion rate of waterfowl. The current study compared the transcriptome data of Muscovy duck subcutaneous fat among three developmental stages, aiming at exploring the key regulatory genes for subcutaneous fat deposition. The results generated abundant candidate genes and pathways involving in subcutaneous fat deposition in Muscovy duck. This study provides an important reference for revealing the developmental mechanisms of subcutaneous fat in duck. Abstract Subcutaneous fat is a crucial trait for waterfowl, largely associated with meat quality and feed conversion rate. In this study, RNA-seq was used to identify differentially expressed genes of subcutaneous adipose tissue among three developmental stages (12, 35, and 66 weeks) in Muscovy duck. A total of 138 and 129 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between 35 and 12 weeks (wk), and 66 and 35 wk, respectively. Compared with 12 wk, subcutaneous fat tissue at 35 wk upregulated several genes related to cholesterol biosynthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis, including HSD17B7 and MSMO1, while it downregulated fatty acid beta-oxidation related genes, including ACOX1 and ACSL1. Notably, most of the DEGs (92.2%) were downregulated in 66 wk compared with 35 wk, consistent with the slower metabolism of aging duck. Protein network interaction and function analyses revealed GC, AHSG, FGG, and FGA were the key genes for duck subcutaneous fat from adult to old age. Additionally, the PPAR signaling pathway, commonly enriched between the two comparisons, might be the key pathway contributing to subcutaneous fat metabolism among differential developmental stages in Muscovy duck. These results provide several candidate genes and pathways potentially involved in duck subcutaneous fat deposition, expanding our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying subcutaneous fat deposition during development.
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Gharib-Naseri K, de Las Heras-Saldana S, Kheravii S, Qin L, Wang J, Wu SB. Necrotic enteritis challenge regulates peroxisome proliferator-1 activated receptors signaling and β-oxidation pathways in broiler chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 7:239-251. [PMID: 33997353 PMCID: PMC8110866 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important enteric disease in poultry and has become a major concern in poultry production in the post-antibiotic era. The infection with NE can damage the intestinal mucosa of the birds leading to impaired health and, thus, productivity. To gain a better understanding of how NE impacts the gut function of infected broilers, global mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed in the jejunum tissue of NE challenged and non-challenged broilers to identify the pathways and genes affected by this disease. Briefly, to induce NE, birds in the challenge group were inoculated with 1 mL of Eimeria species on day 9 followed by 1 mL of approximately 108 CFU/mL of a NetB producing Clostridium perfringens on days 14 and 15. On day 16, 2 birds in each treatment were randomly selected and euthanized and the whole intestinal tract was evaluated for lesion scores. Duodenum tissue samples from one of the euthanized birds of each replicate (n = 4) was used for histology, and the jejunum tissue for RNA extraction. RNA-seq analysis was performed with an Illumina RNA HiSeq 2000 sequencer. The differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified and functional analysis was performed in DAVID to find protein–protein interactions (PPI). At a false discovery rate threshold <0.05, a total of 377 DEG (207 upregulated and 170 downregulated) DEG were identified. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that DEG were considerably enriched in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling (P < 0.01) and β-oxidation pathways (P < 0.05). The DEG were mostly related to fatty acid metabolism and degradation (cluster of differentiation 36 [CD36], acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member-1 [ACSBG1], fatty acid-binding protein-1 and -2 [FABP1] and [FABP2]; and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase-1 [ACSL1]), bile acid production and transportation (acyl-CoA oxidase-2 [ACOX2], apical sodium–bile acid transporter [ASBT]) and essential genes in the immune system (interferon-, [IFN-γ], LCK proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase [LCK], zeta chain of T cell receptor associated protein kinase 70 kDa [ZAP70], and aconitate decarboxylase 1 [ACOD1]). Our data revealed that pathways related to fatty acid digestion were significantly compromised which thereby could have affected metabolic and immune responses in NE infected birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Gharib-Naseri
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | | | - Sarbast Kheravii
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Lihong Qin
- Animal Science and Husbandary Branch, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin, 136100, China
| | - Jingxue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Real-Sandoval SA, Gutiérrez-López GF, Domínguez-López A, Paniagua-Castro N, Michicotl-Meneses MM, Jaramillo-Flores ME. Downregulation of proinflammatory liver gene expression by Justicia spicigera and kaempferitrin in a murine model of obesity-induced by a high-fat diet. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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12
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Pan M, Jiao S, Reinach PS, Yan J, Yang Y, Li Q, Srinivasalu N, Qu J, Zhou X. Opposing Effects of PPARα Agonism and Antagonism on Refractive Development and Form Deprivation Myopia in Guinea Pigs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5803-5815. [PMID: 30521668 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine if drug-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) signal pathway modulation affects refractive development and myopia in guinea pigs. Methods Pigmented guinea pigs were randomly divided into normal vision (unoccluded) and form deprivation myopia (FDM) groups. Each group received daily peribulbar injections of either a vehicle or (1) PPARα agonist, GW7647, clofibrate, or bezafibrate or (2) PPARα antagonist, GW6471, for 4 weeks. Baseline and posttreatment refraction and ocular biometric parameters were measured. Immunofluorescent staining of PPARα and two of its downstream readouts, cytosolic malic enzyme 1 (ME1) and apolipoproteinA II (apoA-II), was undertaken in selected scleral sections. Western blot analysis determined collagen type I expression levels. Results GW6471 induced a myopic shift in unoccluded eyes, but had no effect on form-deprived eyes. Conversely, GW7647 inhibited FDM progression without altering unoccluded eyes. Bezafibrate and clofibrate had effects on refraction similar to those of GW7647 in unoccluded and form-deprived eyes. GW6471 downregulated collagen type I expression in unoccluded eyes whereas bezafibrate inhibited collagen type I decreases in form-deprived eyes. GW6471 also reduced the density of ME1- and apoA-II-stained cells in unoccluded eyes whereas bezafibrate increased apoA-II-positive cell numbers in form-deprived eyes. Conclusions As GW7647 and GW6471 had opposing effects on myopia development, PPARα signaling modulation may be involved in this condition in guinea pigs. Fibrates are potential candidates for treating myopia since they reduced both FDM and the associated axial elongation. Bezafibrate also inhibited form deprivation-induced decreases in scleral collagen type I expression and the density of apoA-II expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaozhen Pan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiming Jiao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaofeng Yan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Yang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihang Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nethrajeith Srinivasalu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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13
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Burgos-Ramos E, Canelles S, Rodríguez A, Frago LM, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Chowen JA, Frühbeck G, Argente J, Barrios V. The increase in fiber size in male rat gastrocnemius after chronic central leptin infusion is related to activation of insulin signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 470:48-59. [PMID: 28962893 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Insulin potentiates leptin effects on muscle accrual and glucose homeostasis. However, the relationship between leptin's central effects on peripheral insulin sensitivity and the associated structural changes remain unclear. We hypothesized that central leptin infusion modifies muscle size through activation of insulin signaling. Muscle insulin signaling, enzymes of fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and fiber area were analyzed in the gastrocnemius of chronic central infused (L), pair-fed (PF) and control rats. PCNA-positive nuclei, fiber area, GLUT4 and glycogen levels and activation of Akt and mechanistic target of rapamycin were increased in L, with no changes in PF. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-β mRNA levels and non-esterified fatty acid and triglyceride content were reduced and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1b expression and mitochondrial complexes augmented in L. These results suggest that leptin promotes an increase in muscle size associated with improved insulin signaling favored by lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Burgos-Ramos
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Área de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Sandra Canelles
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Qing X, Zeng D, Wang H, Ni X, Lai J, Liu L, Khalique A, Pan K, Jing B. Analysis of hepatic transcriptome demonstrates altered lipid metabolism following Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 prevention in chickens with subclinical necrotic enteritis. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:93. [PMID: 29678171 PMCID: PMC5910604 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subclinical necrotic enteritis (SNE) widely outbreaks in chickens which inflicted growth-slowing, causing enormous social and economic burdens. To better understand the molecular underpinnings of SNE on lipid metabolism and explore novel preventative strategies against SNE, we studied the regulatory mechanism of a potential probiotic, Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 on the lipid metabolism pathways involved in chickens with SNE. Methods One hundred eighty one-day-old chickens were randomly divided into three groups and arranged with basal diet (control and SNE group). Added with BS15 (1 × 106 cfu/g) or Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) liquid medium for 28 days. The hepatic gene expression of each group was then measured using high-throughput analysis methods (RNA-Seq). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression changes of the related genes. Results The results showed that there are eleven lipid metabolic pathways were found during the prevention of BS15 treatment in SNE chickens by RNA-Seq, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway and arachidonic acid metabolism. BS15 notably facilitated the expressions of fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2), acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 1 (ACSBG1), perilipin 1 (PLIN1) and perilipin 2 (PLIN2), which were involved in PPAR signaling pathway of SNE chickens. Besides, suppression of phospholipase A2 group IVA (PLA2G4A) in arachidonic acid metabolism was observed in SNE chickens after BS15 prevention. The expression patterns of FABP2, ACSBG1, PLIN1, PLIN2 and PLA24G in qRT-PCR validation were consistent with RNA-Seq results. Conclusions These findings indicate that SNE may affect the hepatic lipid metabolism of chickens. Meanwhile, BS15 pretreatment may provide a prospective natural prophylaxis strategy against SNE through improving the PPAR signaling pathway and arachidonic acid metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0741-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Qing
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hesong Wang
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jing Lai
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Abdul Khalique
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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15
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Zhou M, He S, Ping F, Li W, Zhu L, Cui X, Feng L, Zhao X, Zhang H, Li Y, Sun Q. Uncoupling Protein 2 and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Gene Polymorphisms in Association with Diabetes Susceptibility in Chinese Han Population with Variant Glucose Tolerance. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:4636783. [PMID: 29849618 PMCID: PMC5907424 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4636783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of polymorphisms in uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) with glucolipid metabolism in Chinese Han population. METHODS Five hundred eighty-nine subjects were divided into normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group (n = 198) and abnormal glucose tolerance group (n = 358). HbA1c, blood lipid profile, plasma glucose, and insulin were determined. Insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR and Matsuda index (ISIM)) and insulin secretion indexes (HOMA-β, early and total phase disposition index) were evaluated. Eight potential functional SNPs in UCP2 and 7 in PPARγ were selected. SNPs were genotyped on Sequenom MassARRAY platform. RESULTS The GG genotype of rs2920502 in PPARγ was associated with decreased risk of impaired glucose tolerance (G allele: OR: 0.818, 95%CI: 0.526-0.969, P = 0.042; GG: OR: 0.715, 95%CI: 0.527-0.97, P = 0.031). The TT genotype of rs3856806 in PPARγ was associated with increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance (T allele: OR: 1.46, 95%CI: 1.055-2.017, P = 0.022; TT: OR: 1.58, 95%CI: 1.104-2.761, P = 0.032). The GG genotype of rs2920502 in PPARγ had better blood glucose and increased insulin secretion and had lower HOMA-IR than GC/CC genotypes. CONCLUSION It probably could prevent insulin resistance in early stage by classifying the genotype of rs649446 and rs7109266 in UCP2. The GG genotype of rs2920502 in PPARγ had a decreased risk for diabetes. The TT genotype of rs3856806 in PPARγ had an increased risk for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meicen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Shuli He
- Department of Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fan Ping
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Nankou Community Health Service Centers, Changping District, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Xiangli Cui
- Nankou Community Health Service Centers, Changping District, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Linbo Feng
- Nankou Railway Hospital, Changping District, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhao
- Nankou Railway Hospital, Changping District, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Huabing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuxiu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
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16
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Zhou MC, Yu P, Sun Q, Li YX. Expression profiling analysis: Uncoupling protein 2 deficiency improves hepatic glucose, lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-fed mice by modulating expression of genes in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway. J Diabetes Investig 2015; 7:179-89. [PMID: 27042269 PMCID: PMC4773664 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), which was an important mitochondrial inner membrane protein associated with glucose and lipid metabolism, widely expresses in all kinds of tissues including hepatocytes. The present study aimed to explore the impact of UCP2 deficiency on glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity and its effect on the liver‐associated signaling pathway by expression profiling analysis. Materials and Methods Four‐week‐old male UCP2−/− mice and UCP2+/+ mice were randomly assigned to four groups: UCP2−/− on a high‐fat diet, UCP2−/− on a normal chow diet, UCP2+/+ on a high‐fat diet and UCP2+/+ on a normal chow diet. The differentially expressed genes in the four groups on the 16th week were identified by Affymetrix gene array. Results The results of intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance showed that blood glucose and β‐cell function were improved in the UCP2−/− group on high‐fat diet. Enhanced insulin sensitivity was observed in the UCP2−/− group. The differentially expressed genes were mapped to 23 pathways (P < 0.05). We concentrated on the ‘peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway’ (P = 3.19 × 10−11), because it is closely associated with the regulation of glucose and lipid profiles. In the PPAR signaling pathway, seven genes (PPARγ, Dbi, Acsl3, Lpl, Me1, Scd1, Fads2) in the UCP2−/− mice were significantly upregulated. Conclusions The present study used gene arrays to show that activity of the PPAR signaling pathway involved in the improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver of UCP2‐deficient mice on a long‐term high‐fat diet. The upregulation of genes in the PPAR signaling pathway could explain our finding that UCP2 deficiency ameliorated insulin sensitivity. The manipulation of UCP2 protein expression could represent a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Cen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology Key Laboratory of Endocrinology Ministry of Health Peking Union Medical College Hospital Beijing China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacy the Third People's Hospital Qinhuangdao China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Endocrinology Key Laboratory of Endocrinology Ministry of Health Peking Union Medical College Hospital Beijing China
| | - Yu-Xiu Li
- Department of Endocrinology Key Laboratory of Endocrinology Ministry of Health Peking Union Medical College Hospital Beijing China
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