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Wang Y, Tian Z, Huang S, Dang N. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. and Its Extracts for Psoriasis: Efficacy and Mechanism. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:3767-3781. [PMID: 38144417 PMCID: PMC10749103 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s439534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory autoimmune skin condition that is clinically marked by chronic erythema and scaling. The traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. (TwHF) is commonly used in the treatment of immune-related skin illnesses, such as psoriasis. In clinical studies, PASI (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) were dramatically decreased by TwHF and its extracts. Their benefits for psoriasis also include relief from psoriasis symptoms such as itching, dryness, overall lesion scores and quality of life. And the pathological mechanisms include anti-inflammation, immunomodulation and potentially signaling pathway modulations, which are achieved by modulating type-3 inflammatory cytokines including IL-22, IL-23, and IL-17 as well as immune cells like Th17 lymphocytes, γδT cells, and interfering with IFN-SOCS1, NF-κB and IL- 36α signaling pathways. TwHF and its extracts may cause various adverse drug reactions, such as gastrointestinal responses, aberrant hepatocytes, reproductive issues, and liver function impairment, but at adequate doses, they are regarded as an alternative therapy for the treatment of psoriasis. In this review, the effectiveness and mechanisms of TwHF and its extracts in psoriasis treatment are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaochun Tian
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningning Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Zhao Z, Wang H, Yao L, Zhang X, Yu Q, Gu J, Shi Y. Efficient local delivery of FK506 using blocking patches in psoriasis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:676-687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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Yang J, Zhan M, Chen Z, Li L, Lu J, Yang M, Gao X. Diosmetin ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis by regulating apoptosis and inflammation via toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B pathway. DERMATOL SIN 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ds.ds_31_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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4
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Lu ST, Kelly KA, Feldman SR. An overview of benvitimod for the treatment of psoriasis: a narrative review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 23:327-333. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.2016699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Lu
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Katherine A Kelly
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, Nc USA
- Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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5
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Pinter A, Green LJ, Selmer J, Praestegaard M, Gold LS, Augustin M. A pooled analysis of randomized, controlled, phase 3 trials investigating the efficacy and safety of a novel, fixed dose calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate cream for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 36:228-236. [PMID: 34628687 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plaque psoriasis is a common, chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease clinically characterized by erythema and scaling desquamation. As over 90% of psoriasis patients benefit from topical therapies, local treatments continue to play an eminent role in management strategies. One such topical treatment is the fixed dose combination of calcipotriol (CAL) and betamethasone dipropionate (BDP). OBJECTIVES Pooled analysis of two different phase 3 clinical trails to compare superiority regarding efficacy, safety and quality of life (QoL) between CAL/BDP PAD-cream and CAL/BDP TS. METHODS The data from two phase 3, multicentre, randomized, investigator-blind, active and vehicle-controlled trials enrolling patients with psoriasis were pooled and analysed. Investigational products included a CAL/BDP cream based on PAD™ Technology (PAD-cream) designed for high skin penetration and increased patient preference, an active control (marketed CAL/BDP topical suspension/gel, in the following abbreviated as CAL/BDP TS) and cream vehicle, which were applied once daily for 8 weeks. RESULTS Efficacy and safety of the novel CAL/BDP PAD-cream formulation for the topical treatment of psoriasis demonstrated superiority for all efficacy end points after 8 weeks of treatment. PGA treatment success for CAL/BDP PAD-cream (43.2%) was greater than CAL/BDP TS (31.9%; P < 0.0001), the mean per cent reduction in mPASI for CAL/BDP PAD-cream was 64.6% compared to 56.4% for CAL/BDP TS (P < 0.0001) and DLQI 0/1 was obtained by 43.8% in the CAL/BDP PAD-cream group versus 34.2% in the CAL/BDP TS group (P = 0.0005). There was no adverse drug reaction reported with a frequency of >1%, associated with the CAL/BDP PAD-cream. CONCLUSIONS The novel fixed dose combination CAL/BDP PAD-cream offers greater efficacy, superior patient QoL and equivalent favourable safety for the topical treatment of psoriasis, in comparison to the currently available topical suspension/gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinter
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - L J Green
- George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J Selmer
- MC2 Therapeutics, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - L S Gold
- Dermatology Clinical Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - M Augustin
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Qiu F, Xi L, Chen S, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Zheng Y. Celastrol Niosome Hydrogel Has Anti-Inflammatory Effect on Skin Keratinocytes and Circulation without Systemic Drug Exposure in Psoriasis Mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6171-6182. [PMID: 34511913 PMCID: PMC8428181 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s323208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease, where keratinocytes play pivotal roles in its pathogenesis. We prepared Celastrol Noisome hydrogel (Cel Nio gel) for the treatment of psoriasis and aimed to study its target site as well as the mechanism. Methods Cel Nio was fabricated with thin-film hydration and sonication, then topically administered to imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis mice. The concentrations of Cel in the skin, blood and lymphatic system were determined using LC-MS. The anti-psoriasis effect of Cel Nio gel was studied, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines in blood were evaluated by flow cytometry. For the in vitro study, the uptake of Nio by HaCaT cells was quantified with flow cytometry, and the anti-inflammatory effect of Cel on HaCaT cells was detected with qPCR. The expressions of inflammatory factors and Ki-67 in skin were observed by immunofluorescence. Results Cel Nio possessed a particle size of 133 nm with encapsulation efficacy (EE%) of 83.2%. After topical administration of Cel Nio gel to mice, Cel was mainly accumulated in the skin instead of exposure in blood or lymphatic system, while the levels of inflammatory factors in blood had a significant decline. In addition, the preparation of Nio enhanced the uptake by HaCaT cells, and Cel obviously reduced the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines in HaCaT cells. Moreover, Cel Nio gel significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines and Ki-67 in the skin. Conclusion Cel Nio gel achieved the anti-psoriatic effect by inhibiting the inflammation and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in the skin and further suppressing the systemic inflammation, thus could be a novel topical drug delivery system to treat psoriasis with topical and systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengshuang Chen
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
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7
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Gago-López N, Lagunas Arnal C, Perez JJ, Wagner EF. Topical application of an amygdalin analogue reduces inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation in a psoriasis mouse model. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1662-1674. [PMID: 33998705 PMCID: PMC8597152 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease without cure. Systemic and biological therapies are the most effective treatments for patients with severe psoriasis. However, these drugs can cause serious side effects from extended use. Safe and effective topical drugs are needed to decrease psoriatic plaques and reduce the risk of adverse effects. Amygdalin analogues are stable small molecules that showed benefits in psoriasis xenografts to immune‐deficient mice by systemic application. However, whether topical application of these amygdalin analogues could reduce the progression of the psoriatic phenotype in an immune‐competent organism is unknown. Here, we analyse the efficiency of topical application of an amygdalin analogue cream on a well‐established genetic and immune‐competent mouse model of psoriasis. Topical application of an amygdalin analogue cream ameliorates psoriasis‐like disease in mice, reduces epidermal hyperplasia and skin inflammation. Amygdalin analogue treatment leads to reduced expression of local pro‐inflammatory cytokines, but systemic pro‐inflammatory cytokines that are highly expressed in psoriasis patients such as IL‐17A, IL6 or G‐CSF are also decreased. Furthermore, expression of important mediators of psoriasis initiation and epidermal hyperplasia, such as TNFa, S100A9 and TSLP, is decreased in lesional epidermis after amygdalin analogue treatment. In conclusion, we show that amygdalin analogue reduces the proliferative capacity of psoriasis‐like stimulated keratinocytes and their inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro. These results suggest that topical application of amygdalin analogues may represent a safe and effective treatment for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Gago-López
- Genes, Development and Disease group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO, Madrid, Spain.,Melanoma group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Lagunas Arnal
- Ferrer Advanced Biotherapeutics, Grupo Ferrer Internacional S.A, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Perez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna (MUW, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Bissonnette R, Stein Gold L, Rubenstein DS, Tallman AM, Armstrong A. Tapinarof in the treatment of psoriasis: A review of the unique mechanism of action of a novel therapeutic aryl hydrocarbon receptor-modulating agent. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 84:1059-1067. [PMID: 33157177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tapinarof, a novel, first-in-class, small-molecule topical therapeutic aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-modulating agent, is in clinical development for the treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. The efficacy of tapinarof in psoriasis is attributed to its specific binding and activation of AhR, a ligand-dependent transcription factor, leading to the downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 17, and regulation of skin barrier protein expression to promote skin barrier normalization. AhR signaling regulates gene expression in immune cells and skin cells and has critical roles in the regulation of skin homeostasis. Tapinarof-mediated AhR signaling underlies the mechanistic basis for the significant efficacy and acceptable tolerability observed in early-phase clinical trials of tapinarof cream in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - April Armstrong
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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9
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Elmets CA, Korman NJ, Prater EF, Wong EB, Rupani RN, Kivelevitch D, Armstrong AW, Connor C, Cordoro KM, Davis DMR, Elewski BE, Gelfand JM, Gordon KB, Gottlieb AB, Kaplan DH, Kavanaugh A, Kiselica M, Kroshinsky D, Lebwohl M, Leonardi CL, Lichten J, Lim HW, Mehta NN, Paller AS, Parra SL, Pathy AL, Siegel M, Stoff B, Strober B, Wu JJ, Hariharan V, Menter A. Joint AAD-NPF Guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with topical therapy and alternative medicine modalities for psoriasis severity measures. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 84:432-470. [PMID: 32738429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory, multisystem disease that affects up to 3.2% of the United States population. This guideline addresses important clinical questions that arise in psoriasis management and care and provides recommendations based on the available evidence. The treatment of psoriasis with topical agents and with alternative medicine will be reviewed, emphasizing treatment recommendations and the role of dermatologists in monitoring and educating patients regarding benefits as well as risks that may be associated. This guideline will also address the severity assessment methods of psoriasis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil J Korman
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Emily B Wong
- San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, Joint-Base San Antonio, Texas
| | - Reena N Rupani
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Kelly M Cordoro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Joel M Gelfand
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Alice B Gottlieb
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Matthew Kiselica
- Patient Advocate, National Psoriasis Foundation, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Mark Lebwohl
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Jason Lichten
- Patient Advocate, National Psoriasis Foundation, Portland, Oregon
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amy S Paller
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Arun L Pathy
- Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Centennial, Colorado
| | - Michael Siegel
- Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Bruce Strober
- Central Connecticut Dermatology Research, Cromwell, Connecticut; Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jashin J Wu
- Dermatology Research and Education Foundation, Irvine, California
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A Six-Year Analysis of Biological Therapy for Severe Psoriasis in a Lithuanian Reference Centre of Dermatovenereology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56060275. [PMID: 32512854 PMCID: PMC7353857 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56060275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Biological therapy is widely used for the treatment of severe psoriasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of biological therapy for patients with severe psoriasis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 79 patients with severe psoriasis, who have been treated with biological therapy between 2012 and 2018, was conducted. During this study, the following data were collected and evaluated: sex, age, body mass index (BMI), duration of illness, the results of treatment with biological therapy, concomitant therapy, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and adverse events. Results: In total, 74.7% (n = 59) of subjects were male. Their overall average age was 47.4 ± 11.4 (range: 18–73) years. Their baseline BMI was 27.6 ± 5.9, which increased to 29.6 ± 4.5 after 6 years of treatment. The mean duration of psoriasis was 25.7 ± 12.5 years. In total, 39.2% (n = 31) of subjects received infliximab, 36.7% (n = 29)—etanercept, 24.1% (n = 19)—ustekinumab. The treatment duration for infliximab, etanercept and ustekinumab was 201.6 ± 86.8, 156.2 ± 137.4 and 219.1 ± 95.7 weeks (p < 0.01), respectively. Overall, 65.8% (n = 52) of subjects were also on methotrexate; 30.8% (n = 16) of them discontinued it due to clinical improvement (31.3% (n = 5)), impaired liver function (31.3% (n = 5)), and intolerance (25% (n = 4)). Baseline PASI was 20.8 ± 8.8. PASI 50 was achieved by 96.2% (n = 76) of patients at week 11, PASI 75 by 86.1% (n = 68) at week 16, PASI 90 by 54.4% (n = 43) at week 35, and PASI 100 by 13.9% (n = 11) at week 33. The overall incidence rate of adverse events was 0.362 per patient year of follow-up. Conclusion: Biological therapy is an effective and safe treatment for patients with severe psoriasis.
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11
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Segaert S, Calzavara-Pinton P, de la Cueva P, Jalili A, Lons Danic D, Pink AE, Thaçi D, Gooderham M. Long-term topical management of psoriasis: the road ahead. J DERMATOL TREAT 2020; 33:111-120. [DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1729335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo de la Cueva
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Infanta Leonor de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ahmad Jalili
- Department of Dermatology, Bürgenstock Medical Center, Obbürgen, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrew E. Pink
- St John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Diamant Thaçi
- Institute and Comprehensive Center for Inflammation Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Melinda Gooderham
- SKiN Centre for Dermatology, Probity Medical Research and Queen’s University, Peterborough, Canada
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12
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Du H, Liu P, Zhu J, Lan J, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhu J, Tao J. Hyaluronic Acid-Based Dissolving Microneedle Patch Loaded with Methotrexate for Improved Treatment of Psoriasis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43588-43598. [PMID: 31651148 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the first-line treatments for moderate to severe psoriasis, while the side effects caused by injection and oral administration of MTX greatly restrict its clinical application. Transdermal drug delivery offers a desirable alternative to the conventional approaches, but the performances of the currently available skin penetration enhancement techniques are not so satisfactory. To address these limitations, we developed a dissolving microneedle (MN) patch made of hyaluronic acid (HA) with excellent water solubility, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties. The amount of MTX encapsulated in the needles of the patch could be controlled during the fabrication process for precise dosage. Interestingly, the MTX-loaded MNs successfully penetrated imiquimod (IMQ)-induced thickened epidermis in mice and delivered the drug intralesionally. Meanwhile, fast dissolution of HA endowed the MNs with operability for patients. We found that the MTX-loaded MNs not only showed well-maintained inhibitory effect in vitro but also alleviated the psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. Moreover, the MTX-loaded MNs were significantly more efficacious than taking the same dose of drug orally. Consequently, a higher oral dose of MTX was required for a comparable amelioration, which in turn increased its systemic toxicity. Taken together, the proposed MTX-loaded dissolving MN patch strategy provides a new opportunity for efficient and safe treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyao Du
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430022 , China
| | - Pei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST) , Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, HUST , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430022 , China
| | - Jiajia Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430022 , China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430022 , China
| | - Lianbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST) , Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, HUST , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Jintao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (HUST) , Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, HUST , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Juan Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430022 , China
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13
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Yue L, Ailin W, Jinwei Z, Leng L, Jianan W, Li L, Haiming C, Ling H, Chuanjian L. PSORI-CM02 ameliorates psoriasis in vivo and in vitro by inducing autophagy via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:153054. [PMID: 31401494 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease that affects an estimated 3% of the world's population. PSORI-CM02 is an empirically developed Chinese medicine formula optimised from Yin Xie Ling, summarised by national medical master Guo-Wei Xuan, that has been used for decades to treat psoriasis in the Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine. However, its anti-psoriatic mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this study, we explored the effects of PSORI-CM02 on autophagy and the underlying mechanisms in TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT cells and in a mouse model of imiquimod-induced psoriasis. METHODS Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining and caspase-3 assays. Autophagy was detected by electron microscopy, RT-PCR and western blotting. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was analysed by western blotting and immunochemical analysis. RESULTS PSORI-CM02 induced autophagy and thus inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT cells via suppression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. In mice with IMQ-induced psoriasis, PSORI-CM02 relieved psoriasis symptoms, induced autophagy and inhibited the phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the skin. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PSORI-CM02 treats psoriasis by inducing autophagy via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yue
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Dermatology Department, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Wang Ailin
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Dermatology Department, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhang Jinwei
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Leng
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Jianan
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Li
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Haiming
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Han Ling
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lu Chuanjian
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Dermatology Department, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Human IL-23R Cytokine-Binding Homology Region-Fc Fusion Protein Ameliorates Psoriasis via the Decrease of Systemic Th17 and ILC3 Cell Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174170. [PMID: 31454926 PMCID: PMC6747249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-23 is considered an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of psoriasis because of the crucial role of the IL-23/IL-17 axis in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and it has recently been reported to be involved in ILC3 cell differentiation. In this study, we report that eukaryotically expressed rhIL23R-CHR/Fc, as an endogenous extracellular receptor analogue, could be a natural antagonist in an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mouse model, including the antagonizing effect of suppressed inflammation in the skin lesion, decreased production of pro-inflammatory cells, and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. The rhIL23R-CHR/Fc fusion protein inhibits both innate immune and adaptive immune-mediated inflammatory responses. These findings shed light on rhIL23R-CHR/Fc as a promising candidate therapy for the treatment of psoriasis.
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15
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Alex P, Williams S, Sutton L, Yesudas T, Sutton C, Thomas S, Centola M. Efficacy and safety of HAT1 compared with calcipotriol in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate chronic plaque psoriasis: results from an open-label randomized comparative pilot clinical study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2019; 45:318-322. [PMID: 31419323 PMCID: PMC7154690 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is commonly treated with topical corticosteroids, oral cytotoxic drugs and biologic agents, which can be associated with significant adverse effects (AEs), high cost and response attenuation. Additionally, patients often use alternative therapies ad hoc, which can be challenging to integrate into a treatment regimen, owing to a lack of adequately powered controlled trials assessing efficacy and safety. We developed a novel topical botanical complex, herbal anti‐inflammatory treatment (HAT1), through extensive preclinical in vitro and in vivo modelling to define key mechanisms of action and clinical potential. To assess the efficacy and safety of HAT1 in psoriasis, we performed a 10‐week, open‐label, pilot clinical trial comparing topical treatment of HAT1 with calcipotriol 0.005% in adult patients with mild to moderate psoriasis. Primary and secondary endpoints included the percentage of patients obtaining improvement of ≥ 75% in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 75), Physician’s Global Assessment (PGA) response, and evaluation of tolerability and safety of HAT1. In the HAT1 arm, 85.7% of study patients reached PASI 75 compared with 21.4% in the calcipotriol comparator group. Additionally, 78.6% of patients in the HAT1 arm achieved a ‘clear’ or ‘minimal’ PGA response. HAT1 was well tolerated, with no AEs observed throughout the trial. These results suggest that HAT1 reduces psoriasis disease activity in a clinically relevant manner. Ongoing studies, including well‐powered, double‐blind, randomized controlled trials will be required to assess the potential of HAT1 in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alex
- Haus Clinical Research Program, Haus Bioceuticals, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - S Williams
- Haus Clinical Research Program, Haus Bioceuticals, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - L Sutton
- Haus Clinical Research Program, Haus Bioceuticals, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - T Yesudas
- Haus Clinical Research Program, Haus Bioceuticals, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - C Sutton
- Haus Clinical Research Program, Haus Bioceuticals, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - S Thomas
- Haus Clinical Research Program, Haus Bioceuticals, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - M Centola
- Haus Clinical Research Program, Haus Bioceuticals, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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16
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Buerger C. Epidermal mTORC1 Signaling Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis and Could Serve as a Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2786. [PMID: 30555471 PMCID: PMC6284005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although modern biologics targeting different inflammatory mediators show promising therapeutic success, comprehensive knowledge about the molecular events in psoriatic keratinocytes that contribute to the pathogenesis and could serve as therapeutic targets is still scarce. However, recent efforts to understand the deregulated signal transduction pathways have led to the development of small molecule inhibitors e.g., tofacitinib targeting the Jak/Stat cascade that opens additional therapeutic options. Recently, the PI3-K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway has emerged as an important player in the control of epidermal homeostasis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, especially the epidermal manifestation of the disease and discusses current approaches to target the pathway therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Buerger
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Clinic of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Seifarth FG, Lax JEM, Harvey J, DiCorleto PE, Husni ME, Chandrasekharan UM, Tytell M. Topical heat shock protein 70 prevents imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:1129-1135. [PMID: 29616455 PMCID: PMC6111098 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with systemic manifestations and potential genetic etiology. The newest treatments utilize antibodies against one of several cytokines known to underlie the inflammatory signaling molecules that produce the skin and systemic symptoms. However, these agents must be regularly injected, and they may compromise the normal responses of the immune system. Furthermore, they do not address the causes of the abnormal immunoregulatory responses of the disease because the etiology is not yet completely understood. In this short-term treatment study, the potential anti-inflammatory activity of an alfalfa-derived Hsp70-containing skin cream (aHsp70) was tested on imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like lesions in wild-type mice. Treatment of the mice with the aHsp70 skin cream simultaneously with the imiquimod application mitigated the induction of psoriatic-like lesions and correlated with altered expression of various skin cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico G Seifarth
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kalispell Regional Healthcare, 1333 Surgical Services Drive, Kalispell, MT, 59901, USA
| | - Julia E-M Lax
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Alfa Biogene International B.V., Eemnesserweg 56, 3741 GB, Baarn, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Harvey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Paul E DiCorleto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Division of Research and Sponsored Programs, Kent State University, 202G Schwartz Center, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - M Elaine Husni
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Unnikrishnan M Chandrasekharan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Michael Tytell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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18
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Verallo-Rowell VM, Katalbas SS, Evangelista MTP, Dayrit JF. Review Update on Topical Therapy for Psoriasis. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-018-0209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Iversen L, Dauden E, Segaert S, Freeman K, Magina S, Rigopoulos D, Thaci D. Reformulations of well-known active ingredients in the topical treatment of psoriasis vulgaris can improve clinical outcomes for patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1271-1284. [PMID: 28419600 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the majority of patients with psoriasis vulgaris are treated exclusively with topical therapies, research to develop more effective topical therapies that are associated with higher patient satisfaction has lagged behind the development of systemic agents. The aim of this literature review was to determine whether there is documented evidence that applying an innovative approach to improving the formulation of active ingredients commonly used in the topical treatment of psoriasis can have a positive effect on clinical outcomes and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). The Embase and PubMed databases were searched for articles published between 2001 and 2016 that made direct head-to-head comparisons of different formulations of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), focusing on clinical outcomes and PROs. In total, 22 publications on APIs or API combinations met the eligibility criteria (19 head-to-head clinical trials, one pooled analysis, one health-economic modelling study and one systematic review). Significant clinical benefit associated with the use of a reformulated API over an older formulation was reported in three trials of clobetasol propionate, one trial of calcipotriol, three trials of betamethasone and five trials/pooled analyses of calcipotriol/calcipotriene + betamethasone dipropionate (Cal/BD) formulations. Significantly improved PROs associated with the use of a reformulated API over an older formulation were reported in three trials of clobetasol propionate, one trial of betamethasone valerate and two trials of Cal/BD formulations. These results demonstrate that the innovative reformulation of APIs used in the treatment of psoriasis can produce therapies that attain significantly improved clinical outcomes and PROs. This suggests that improvement in topical therapy for psoriasis need not only to be achieved by the identification of new targets and the development of new APIs, but that improvement in the vehicle used to deliver existing APIs has the potential to result in significant clinical and patient benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Iversen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - E Dauden
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Segaert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Freeman
- Bunny Hill Primary Care Centre, County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust & Sunderland Teaching Primary Care Trust, Sunderland, UK
| | - S Magina
- Department of Dermatology, CHSJoão, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - D Rigopoulos
- 2nd Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - D Thaci
- Comprehensive Centre for Inflammation Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
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20
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Iversen L, Lange M, Bissonette R, Carvalho A, van de Kerkhof P, Kirby B, Kleyn C, Lynde C, van der Walt J, Wu J. Topical treatment of psoriasis: questionnaire results on topical therapy accessibility and influence of body surface area on usage. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1188-1195. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Iversen
- Department of Dermatology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - M.M. Lange
- Department of Dermatology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - A.V.E. Carvalho
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre Hospital; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | | | - B. Kirby
- St. Vincents Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - C.E. Kleyn
- The Dermatology Centre; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester UK
| | - C.W. Lynde
- Department of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - J.J. Wu
- Department of Dermatology; Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center; Los Angeles CA USA
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21
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Young M, Aldredge L, Parker P. Psoriasis for the primary care practitioner. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2017; 29:157-178. [PMID: 28233460 DOI: 10.1002/2327-6924.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Primary care practitioners (PCPs) are playing an increasingly important role in the management and care of psoriasis. Thus, it is important for PCPs to be knowledgeable about the disease and to be able to differentiate between common myths and facts related to diagnosis and treatment. By building relationships with their patients and working collaboratively with dermatology health professionals and other specialists, PCPs can facilitate communication about the patient's treatment preferences and expectations for symptom relief, and they may be better able to work with the patient to optimize treatment adherence. This review aims to provide PCPs with a primer on psoriasis, its associated comorbidities, and its impact on patients' quality of life. Discussion topics include psoriasis epidemiology, triggering factors, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, comorbidities, and approaches to treatment. This review also highlights the importance of staying abreast of advances in the understanding of psoriasis pathogenesis as well as emerging therapeutic treatment options, because these advances may change the treatment landscape and increase patients' expectations for skin clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Young
- Modern Dermatology, Baylor-Health Texas Affiliate, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lakshi Aldredge
- Dermatology Service, Operative Care Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Patti Parker
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
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22
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Omland S, Habicht A, Damsbo P, Wilms J, Johansen B, Gniadecki R. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation first-in-man study (phase 0) to assess the safety and efficacy of topical cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitor, AVX001, in patients with mild to moderate plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1161-1167. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.H. Omland
- Department of Dermato-Venerology; Bispebjerg University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - P. Damsbo
- Avexxin AS, c/o Department of Biology; NTNU; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | | | - B. Johansen
- Department of Biology; NTNU; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - R. Gniadecki
- Department of Dermato-Venerology; Bispebjerg University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Division of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
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