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Geskin LJ, Kwinta BD, Garcia-Saleem TJ, Akilov OE, Enz PA, Guenova E, Ortiz-Romero PL, Papadavid E, Quaglino P, Rozati S, Stonesifer CJ, Burns A, Stringer WS, Tarin E, Scarisbrick JJ. International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas Pandemic Section (ICLYPS) analysis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 88:935-937. [PMID: 36375717 PMCID: PMC9652157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larisa J Geskin
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Bradley D Kwinta
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | | | - Oleg E Akilov
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paula A Enz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pablo L Ortiz-Romero
- Hospital 12 de Octubre, Institute i+12, CIBERONC, Medical School, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Evangelia Papadavid
- Attikon General University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Sima Rozati
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Connor J Stonesifer
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Austin Burns
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William S Stringer
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Eloy Tarin
- Service of Dermatology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia J Scarisbrick
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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2
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Kerrouch H, Khalidi M, Frikh R, Hjira N, Boui M. Primary Cutaneous Lymphoma and risk for severe COVID‐19 : A prospective study of 48 cases in Morocco. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:e512-e514. [PMID: 35278240 PMCID: PMC9114926 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Kerrouch
- Dermatology Venerology Department Military Hospital Instruction Mohammed V University Mohammed V Rabat Morocco
| | - Meryem Khalidi
- Dermatology Venerology Department Military Hospital Instruction Mohammed V University Mohammed V Rabat Morocco
| | - Rachid Frikh
- Dermatology Venerology Department Military Hospital Instruction Mohammed V University Mohammed V Rabat Morocco
| | - Naoufal Hjira
- Dermatology Venerology Department Military Hospital Instruction Mohammed V University Mohammed V Rabat Morocco
| | - Mohammed Boui
- Dermatology Venerology Department Military Hospital Instruction Mohammed V University Mohammed V Rabat Morocco
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3
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Sánchez-Velázquez A, Bauer-Alonso A, Estrach T, Vega-Díez D, Garcia-Muret P, Haya L, Peñate Y, Acebo E, Fernández de Misa R, Blanes M, Suh-Oh HJ, Izu R, Silva-Díaz E, Sarriugarte J, Román-Curto C, Botella-Estrada R, Mateu-Puchades A, Prieto-Torres L, Morillas V, Morillo M, Sánchez-Caminero P, Calzado L, Pérez-Ferriols A, Pérez A, Domínguez JD, Navedo M, Muniesa C, Combalia A, Arroyo-Andrés J, Descalzo MA, García-Doval I, Ortiz-Romero PL. Patients with primary cutaneous lymphoma are at risk for severe COVID-19. Data from the Spanish Primary Cutaneous Lymphoma Registry. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:e624-e626. [PMID: 34062018 PMCID: PMC8242655 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Sánchez-Velázquez
- Department of Dermatology, Institute i+12, CIBERONC, Medical School, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Bauer-Alonso
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Estrach
- Department of Dermatology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinico, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Vega-Díez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Garcia-Muret
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Haya
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Peñate
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - E Acebo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - R Fernández de Misa
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - M Blanes
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - H J Suh-Oh
- SERGAS-UVIGO, DIPO Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - R Izu
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - E Silva-Díaz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Sarriugarte
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - C Román-Curto
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - R Botella-Estrada
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario la Fé, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Mateu-Puchades
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Prieto-Torres
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Lozano Blesa, Valencia, Spain
| | - V Morillas
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Morillo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Rocío, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Sánchez-Caminero
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Sevilla, Spain
| | - L Calzado
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Torrejón, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Pérez-Ferriols
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Pérez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora De Valme, Valencia, Spain
| | - J D Domínguez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario del Henares, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Navedo
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Muniesa
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Combalia
- Department of Dermatology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinico, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Arroyo-Andrés
- Department of Dermatology, Institute i+12, CIBERONC, Medical School, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Descalzo
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Piel Sana AEDV, León, Spain
| | - I García-Doval
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Piel Sana AEDV, León, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Madrid, Spain
| | - P L Ortiz-Romero
- Department of Dermatology, Institute i+12, CIBERONC, Medical School, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Riches JC. Impact of COVID-19 in patients with lymphoid malignancies. World J Virol 2021; 10:97-110. [PMID: 34079692 PMCID: PMC8152455 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i3.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Since this time a concerted global effort of research and observational data gathering has meant that a great deal has been learnt about the impact of COVID-19 in patients with lymphoid malignancies. Approximately one-third of patients with lymphoid malignancies who acquire COVID-19 and have it severely enough to require hospital assessment will die from this infection. Major risk factors for a poor outcome are age and co-morbidities, but when these are taken into account lymphoma patients have a slightly greater than 2-fold increased risk compared to the general population. Notably, despite early concerns regarding the particular vulnerability of lymphoma patients due to the immunosuppressive effects of therapy, active treatment, including B-cell depleting agents such as rituximab, do not appear to be associated with an increased risk of a poorer outcome. Indeed, some treatments such as ibrutinib may be beneficial due to their modulation of the potential fatal hyperinflammatory phase of infection. There are risks associated with hemopoietic stem cell transplantation, but the collective experience is that these can be minimized by preventive strategies and that the majority of transplant recipients with COVID-19 infection will survive. Many questions remain including those regarding the outcome of COVID-19 infection in the rarer lymphoid malignancies and the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in lymphoma patients. This review aims to discuss these issues and present a summary of the current knowledge of the impact of COVID-19 in lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Charles Riches
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute - a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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5
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Wang B, Dong X, Hu J, Ma X, Han C, Wang Y, Gao L. The peripheral and core regions of virus-host network of COVID-19. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6265188. [PMID: 33956950 PMCID: PMC8136014 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two thousand nineteen novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen of COVID-19, has caused a catastrophic pandemic, which has a profound and widespread impact on human lives and social economy globally. However, the molecular perturbations induced by the SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unknown. In this paper, from the perspective of omnigenic, we analyze the properties of the neighborhood perturbed by SARS-CoV-2 in the human interactome and disclose the peripheral and core regions of virus-host network (VHN). We find that the virus-host proteins (VHPs) form a significantly connected VHN, among which highly perturbed proteins aggregate into an observable core region. The non-core region of VHN forms a large scale but relatively low perturbed periphery. We further validate that the periphery is non-negligible and conducive to identifying comorbidities and detecting drug repurposing candidates for COVID-19. We particularly put forward a flower model for COVID-19, SARS and H1N1 based on their peripheral regions, and the flower model shows more correlations between COVID-19 and other two similar diseases in common functional pathways and candidate drugs. Overall, our periphery-core pattern can not only offer insights into interconnectivity of SARS-CoV-2 VHPs but also facilitate the research on therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbo Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Xianan Dong
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Xiujuan Ma
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Chao Han
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Lin Gao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
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Abstract
Primary cutaneous lymphomas are defined as a heterogenic group of T- and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas that present initially in the skin. Patients with primary cutaneous lymphomas are at a higher risk for developing complications in case of infection with the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the established diagnostic approach, staging, and therapeutic guidelines in patients with primary cutaneous lymphomas. In the light of the current global health crisis, management of primary cutaneous lymphomas needs to be adjusted. The key to achieving this is to balance the optimal control of the lymphoma, with a minimal increase of the personal risk for COVID-19 exposure and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mateeva
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Aikaterini Patsatsi
- 2nd Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Lymphoma Unit, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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7
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Lang N, Kuruvilla J. Evolving management strategies for lymphomas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 62:1046-1056. [PMID: 33356697 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1861277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The evolving CoViD-19 pandemic has raised unprecedented challenges for physicians who face significant constraints in medical resources and cancer therapies. The management of patients with lymphoma represents a unique challenge given the heterogeneity of the patient population and treatment goals as well as the myriad choices of therapy available to clinicians. Adaptation in clinical practice with the goal of maintaining appropriate continuity and quality of care while mitigating exposure risk has forced clinicians around the world to develop new standards of practice and can pose difficult ethical choices in vulnerable patient populations. Based on recommendations formulated by several medical groups and societies, this article provides an overview of the general and specific practical considerations that apply to the care of lymphoma patients during the outbreak. We hope to provide a practical framework to help guide physicians in their therapeutic choices and facilitate the ongoing management of this specific patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemie Lang
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - John Kuruvilla
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
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8
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Papadavid E, Scaribrick J, Ortiz Romero P, Quaglino P, Vermeer M, Knobler R, Stadler R, Bagot M. Corrigendum: Management of primary cutaneous lymphoma patients during COVID-19 pandemic: EORTC CLTF guidelines. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:2922. [PMID: 33351287 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Quoi de neuf en oncodermatologie ? Ann Dermatol Venereol 2020; 147:12S33-12S42. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(20)31106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Gundavda MK, Gundavda KK. Cancer or COVID-19? A Review of Guidelines for Safe Cancer Care in the Wake of the Pandemic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2:2691-2701. [PMID: 33251481 PMCID: PMC7679239 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, due to reasons beyond control, health care workers have struggled to deliver treatment for the patients with cancer. The concern for otherwise healthy patients with curable cancers that require timely intervention or therapy is the risk of contracting COVID-19 may outweigh the benefits of cancer treatment. Lack of international guidelines leaves health care providers with a case-to-case approach for delivering optimal cancer care in the wake of the pandemic. Transition to telemedicine has somewhat bridged the gap for in-office visits, but there is a continuing challenge of delays in cancer screening or significant decline of new diagnoses of cancers due to the pandemic. We aim to propose a balance in risk from treatment delay versus risks from COVID-19 with emphasis on treatment modality (surgery, radiation, and systemic therapy) as well as supportive care for cancer patients, and therefore have reviewed the publications and recommendations from international societies and study groups available as of October 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manit K Gundavda
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Andheri West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400053 India
| | - Kaival K Gundavda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial hospital, 93, Ground floor, Main Building, Mumbai, Maharashrta 400012 India
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Elmasry MF, Youssef R, Elbendary A, Helmy K, Abdelkader HA. Cutaneous lymphomas and COVID-19: What is known so far? Dermatol Ther 2020; 34:e14463. [PMID: 33112053 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic spreads quickly all over the world. There are no sufficient data in the literature about COVID-19 infection and cutaneous lymphomas. This review sheds the light on what is known so far about COVID-19 with a cutaneous lymphoma perspective. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) diagnosis does not represent a predisposing factor to viral infections and most of CTCL patients have indolent disease. However, physicians should be cautious with patients with aggressive primary cutaneous lymphomas and advanced CTCL. Different treatment strategies for cutaneous lymphomas should be taken into consideration during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it is highly needed to estimate the benefit-to-risk ratio on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Fathy Elmasry
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Lymphoma Clinic, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Randa Youssef
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Lymphoma Clinic, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Amira Elbendary
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Lymphoma Clinic, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Kholoud Helmy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Lymphoma Clinic, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Heba Ahmed Abdelkader
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Lymphoma Clinic, Cairo University, Egypt
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12
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Mateeva V, Vassileva S. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the management of cutaneous lymphomas. Clin Dermatol 2020; 39:169-171. [PMID: 33972047 PMCID: PMC7476449 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mateeva
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Snejina Vassileva
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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13
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Colpo A, Astolfi L, Tison T, De Silvestro G, Marson P. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the activity of a Therapeutic Apheresis unit in Italy. Transfus Apher Sci 2020; 59:102925. [PMID: 32912734 PMCID: PMC7446708 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has led to profound and rapid changes in the Italian and Veneto Region Healthcare System. This context also includes the quick reorganization which the Apheresis Unit (AU) of the Padova University Hospital, i.e. the Regional Reference Center for Therapeutic Apheresis (TA), had to face. Material and Methods The study retrospectively evaluated the TA activity (procedures performed, patients treated and consultations) during the COVID-19 pandemic, from March to April 2020, comparing the activity in the same time period in 2018 and 2019. Results In the period analyzed, a significant reduction in both the total number of procedures performed and of patients treated, respectively by 17 % and 16 % for the procedures and by 19 % and 20 % for patients treated compared to the same period of 2018 and 2019, respectively, was observed. A concomitant reduction in requests for TA consultation for new patients (both outpatients and inpatients) was observed, equal to 32 % and 21 % compared to 2018 and 2019, respectively. Conclusion Many reasons determined the observed reduction in the TA activity during the recent COVID-19 outbreak. The AU itself was quickly reorganized in terms of location and supplies to allow for the appropriate COVID-19 patients care. Many non urgent cases, after multidisciplinary discussion between Clinicians and Apheresis Specialists, were deferred, maintaining close phone and e-mail contact with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Colpo
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy.
| | - L Astolfi
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - T Tison
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - G De Silvestro
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - P Marson
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ring
- Department Dermatology and Allergy BiedersteinTechnical University Munich (TUM)MunichGermany
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