1
|
Delie AM, Bogale EK, Anagaw TF, Tiruneh MG, Fenta ET, Adal O, Kebede N. Global prevalence and predictors of scabies among prisoners: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1894. [PMID: 39010037 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scabies is a widespread issue in prisons due to overcrowded living conditions and limited healthcare resources. A recent study published in the Journal of Infection and Public Health discovered that the prevalence of scabies varies greatly among prisoners in different regions and facilities. This review aimed to determine the global prevalence and predictors of scabies among prisoners by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis checklist to report the findings of our systematic review and meta-analysis. Relevant databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and other grey literature databases were used to search and retrieve articles. The study included both published and unpublished research written in English languages for studies reporting the prevalence of human scabies among prisoners. This review has been registered on PROSPERO. The heterogeneity of the data was evaluated using the I2 statistic. A meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 17 software, with a 95% confidence interval. The researchers also conducted publication bias and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS The review included 7 studies involving 1, 309,323 prisoners. All included studies involved cross-sectional study design. The prevalence of scabies among prisoners ranges from 0.72% in Italy to 41.01% in Cameroon. The global pooled prevalence of human scabies among prisoners was found to be 6.57% (95% CI; 2.16-19.94). According to subgroup analysis, the overall prevalence of scabies among African prisoners was 19.55% (95% CI; 9.44-40.45), while the prevalence among prisoners outside of Africa was 1.57% (95% CI; 0.77-3.19). The length of time spent in prison, sharing of clothing or beds, and hygiene practices were found to be factors that were significantly associated with the likelihood of prisoners developing human scabies. CONCLUSION The overall prevalence of human scabies is high among prisoners worldwide. Prisoners who spent more time in prison shared clothing or beds, and had poor hygiene practices were more likely to develop human scabies. Thus, efforts should be made by policymakers and program administrators to decrease the prevalence of scabies in prisons. The protocol for this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with registration number CRD42024516064.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amare Mebrat Delie
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.
| | - Eyob Ketema Bogale
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Fentabel Anagaw
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Misganaw Guadie Tiruneh
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eneyew Talie Fenta
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
| | - Ousman Adal
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Natnael Kebede
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, College of Medicine Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Daştan AE, Vahabi A, Öztürk V, Özmen MA, Coşkunol E, Aktuğlu K. Scabies infestation might predispose surgical site infection: Case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2024; 119:109747. [PMID: 38723439 PMCID: PMC11101899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Human scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite, leading to skin damage and subsequent mechanical irritation from scratching. This impaired skin integrity predisposes individuals to skin infections. While the association between scabies and skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes is well-documented, there is limited literature on the risk of surgical site infections in such cases. CASE PRESENTATION This case report aims to explore this risk by presenting a case of surgical site infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes following surgery for a complex elbow injury in a patient with scabies infestation. DISCUSSION Scabies infestation leads to direct spread of bacteria and contributes to bacterial infection. Furthermore, complement inhibition and dysbiosis induced by the scabies may facilitate the occurrence of these bacterial infections. CONCLUSION Skin infections are frequently encountered in scabies infestations. Preferred incision should be evaluated meticulously before surgery. Further studies are needed to reach a definitive conclusion on this subject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Engin Daştan
- Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turkey
| | - Arman Vahabi
- Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turkey.
| | - Volga Öztürk
- Turgutlu State Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Alp Özmen
- Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turkey
| | - Erhan Coşkunol
- Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turkey.
| | - Kemal Aktuğlu
- Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Joseph M, Mushi V, Palilo H, Silvestri V, Kinabo C, Mshana I, Chombo S, Ndaile I, Tarimo D. Prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei infestation and its associated factors among primary school children: A school-based cross-sectional survey in the Rufiji district, Tanzania. IJID REGIONS 2024; 11:100365. [PMID: 38680841 PMCID: PMC11046246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.100365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei infestation and its associated factors among primary school children (PSC) in the Rufiji district. Methods A quantitative school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 447 PSC in the Rufiji district. The prevalence of scabies among PSC was determined by clinical examination and by microscopic examination of skin samples for the presence of S. scabiei. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data on factors associated with S. scabiei infestation. Descriptive analysis, Fisher's exact, chi-square tests, and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results The prevalence of scabies was 2.0%. Of the assessed factors, only physical contact with a person having itchy skin lesions (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=4.04, 95%CI 4.39-12.50) and infrequency of changing clothes before laundry (AOR=2.99, 95%CI 1.35-4.94) were significantly associated with scabies. The majority of participants demonstrated low levels of knowledge, with half exhibiting poor attitudes and inappropriate healthcare-seeking behaviors. Conclusions There was an ongoing transmission of scabies among PSC in the Rufiji district, with the factors associated with the transmission being physical contact with a person who had an itchy skin lesion and the infrequency of changing clothes before laundry. Therefore, there is a need for regular clinical screening and treatment of positive cases with preventive measures on contact and provision of health education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Joseph
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Vivian Mushi
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Hoseenu Palilo
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Valeria Silvestri
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Clemence Kinabo
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Irene Mshana
- Central Pathology Laboratory, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Suleiman Chombo
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ismail Ndaile
- Department of Community Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Donath Tarimo
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chiriac A, Diaconeasa A, Miulescu R, Chiriac AE, Wollina U. Scabies in infants and children - a narrative review. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:2527-2536. [PMID: 38536458 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-024-05535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Scabies is a human ectoparasitosis caused by Sarcoptes scabei var. hominis. World-wide around 300 million patients are affected. Infants and children have the highest incidence rates. Poverty and overcrowding are social factors contributing to a higher risk of transmission and treatment failure. The leading symptom of the infestation is itch. Complications are bacterial infections that are responsible for mortality. Diagnosis is clinical. Non-invasive imaging technologies like dermoscopy can be used. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is less sensitive and specific than microscopy of skin scrapings. Treatment of choice is topical permethrin 5%. Ivermectin is the only oral drug FDA-approved for scabies. It should be used in cases non-responsive to topical therapy and in case of high number of infested patients in addition to topical therapy. Pseudo-resistance to treatment is not uncommon. New drugs are on the horizon. What is Known: • Pruritus is the leading symptom causing sleep disturbances and scratching with the risk of secondary bacterial infections. • Treatment failure is related to inappropriate application of topical drugs and asymptomatic family members. What is New: • COVID-19 pandemic and migration are contributing to an increased incidence of scabies. • New compounds to treat scabies are on the horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Chiriac
- Department of Dermatology, Nicolina Medical Center, Iasi, Romania
- Apollonia University, Iasi, Romania
- Romanian Academy, P. Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - Adriana Diaconeasa
- Dermatology Ambulatory Care Center, "Grigore Alexandrescu" Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Anca E Chiriac
- Department of Dermatology, Nicolina Medical Center, Iasi, Romania
- Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Technical University of Dresden, Friedrichstrasse 41, 01067, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Domingo-Echaburu S, Hernandez-Palacios R, Orive G, Lertxundi U. A proposal to reduce the amount of permethrin entering wastewater resultant from topical use to treat scabies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171787. [PMID: 38499100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of scabies is rising in the last years. Subsequently, the use of pharmaceuticals to treat the disease has also increased. Treatment with topical permethrin is usually recommended as a first line agent. This substance is also an aquatic contaminant that is toxic for many non-target organisms, and has been included as a priority substance in the recently published proposal of the European Water Framework Directive. Current guidelines neglect the potential environmental impact of this drug, recommending that the cream should be applied head to toe and "washed off after 8-12 h". Recently, a wiping procedure before hand washing after application of the topical treatment resulted in a 66 % reduction of the amount of diclofenac released in wastewater. The authors suggested that this method could be explored for other topical treatments. In the case of scabiosis, a protocol implicating the whole body needs to be designed. The absorption of topical permethrin is low. Considering the growing incidence of scabies, the amount of the pyrethroid reaching the environment may also be increasing. Therefore, we believe that applying the wiping procedure to the case of topical permethrin deserves consideration. Other measures to minimize the amount of permethrin residues reaching wastewater by washing clothes and bed linen such as wearing single-use pijamas should also be explored. In conclusion, we need to apply a One Health approach in the treatment with scabies, without neglecting the environmental impact of pharmaceuticals. It is not rational to forget drugs once they go down the drain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Domingo-Echaburu
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Debagoiena Integrated Health Organisation, Pharmacy Service, Nafarroa Hiribidea 16, 20500 Arrasate, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Rafael Hernandez-Palacios
- Internal Medicine Service, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Araba Mental Health Network, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Unax Lertxundi
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba Mental Health Network, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Pharmacy Service, c/Alava 43, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Betlloch-Mas I, Boluda-Verdú E, Jara-Rico N, Sánchez-García V, Berbegal-De Gracia L, Chiner-Vives E. Scabies in Infants: Series of 51 Cases. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:443. [PMID: 38671660 PMCID: PMC11048914 DOI: 10.3390/children11040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
We conducted a two-year retrospective evaluation of infants aged under two years with a confirmed, clinical, or suspected diagnosis of scabies in a healthcare center in Alicante (Spain) to determine possible factors associated with diagnostic delay and poor treatment response. We collected epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and treatment variables. After describing our findings as mean values and percentages, we compared categorical variables using the Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test, and we compared continuous variables with the Chi2 test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. We included 51 infants (19 boys and 32 girls) with a mean age of 15 months. The main source of contagion was the family; half of the infants lived with four or more people. According to the International Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies, confirmed scabies was diagnosed in 45% of cases and clinical scabies in 47%, and 45% of cases had a diagnostic delay. Lesions mainly affected the hands, feet, and trunk, with papules in 92% of cases and burrows in 55%. The predominant symptoms were pruritus (94%) and irritability (69%). Regarding treatment, 98% of the infants received topical permethrin and 35% received oral ivermectin. Treatment failed in 76% of infants. Living in large family units was associated with a higher risk of contagion and therapeutic failure. Diagnostic delay was associated with previous misdiagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Betlloch-Mas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Carretera Alicante-Valencia N-332, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain;
- Department of Dermatology, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital, 03010 Alicante, Spain; (N.J.-R.); (V.S.-G.); (L.B.-D.G.)
- ISABIAL Research Institute, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Elena Boluda-Verdú
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Carretera Alicante-Valencia N-332, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain;
| | - Noelia Jara-Rico
- Department of Dermatology, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital, 03010 Alicante, Spain; (N.J.-R.); (V.S.-G.); (L.B.-D.G.)
- ISABIAL Research Institute, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Verónica Sánchez-García
- Department of Dermatology, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital, 03010 Alicante, Spain; (N.J.-R.); (V.S.-G.); (L.B.-D.G.)
- ISABIAL Research Institute, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Berbegal-De Gracia
- Department of Dermatology, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital, 03010 Alicante, Spain; (N.J.-R.); (V.S.-G.); (L.B.-D.G.)
- ISABIAL Research Institute, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Eusebi Chiner-Vives
- Department of Pulmonology, San Juan de Alicante University Hospital, 03010 Alicante, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan SS, Fuller LC. Is there a growing global threat of scabies treatment failure? An opportunity to discuss health inequity within UK dermatology. Br J Dermatol 2024; 190:139-140. [PMID: 37976288 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This editorial addresses the rising number of scabies cases seen globally, including within Europe. The authors address scabies treatment failure as a potential contributing factor and the reasons behind this. The authors go on to address the wider social and economic detriments of health in the UK and how these need to be addressed if we are to successfully tackle the rising number of scabies cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidra S Khan
- The Dermatology Service, Withington Community Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Morris GC, Haddow L, Sashidharan P. Is scabies an increasing problem in the UK, and how should the UK Health Security Agency and sexual health services respond? Sex Transm Infect 2024; 100:60. [PMID: 38233022 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2023-055991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lewis Haddow
- Wolverton Centre for Sexual Health, Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Parameswaran Sashidharan
- Homerton Sexual Health Service, Clifden Centre, Homerton Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu Z, Wu Z, Sun F, Shi X. Relieving severe itching caused by scabies with tofacitinib: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e8140. [PMID: 37953900 PMCID: PMC10636535 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a case of relieving severe itching caused by scabies with tofacitinib. We show that the tofacitinib can quickly alleviate the itching caused by scabies, and this case may indicate a new option for comprehensive treatment of scabies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenze Yu
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated AoYang Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhangjiagangJiangsuChina
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated AoYang Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhangjiagangJiangsuChina
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated AoYang Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhangjiagangJiangsuChina
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| |
Collapse
|