1
|
Horbaly H. Covariance in human limb joint articular morphology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 182:401-411. [PMID: 37702982 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Limb synovial joints exhibit complex shapes that must accommodate often-antagonistic demands of function, mobility, and stability. These demands presumably dictate coordination among joint articular shapes, but the structure of morphological covariance within and among joints is unknown. This study analyzes the human shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee to determine how articular covariance is structured in relation to joint structure, accessory cartilage, and function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surface models were created from the CT scans of 200 modern skeletons from the University of Tennessee Donated Skeletal Collection. Three-dimensional landmarks were collected on the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints. Two-block partial least squares were conducted to determine associations between surfaces of conarticular shapes, functionally analogous articulations, and articulations belonging to the same bone. RESULTS Except for the components of the shoulder, all conarticular pairs exhibit covariance, though the strength of these relationships appears unrelated to the amount of accessory cartilage in the joint. Only the analogous articulations of the humerus and femur exhibit significant covariance, but it is unlikely that this pattern is due to function alone. Stronger covariance within the lower limb than the upper limb is consistent broader primate patterns of within-limb integration. DISCUSSION With the exception of the elbow, complementary joint function does not appear to promote strong covariance between articulations. Analogous humeral and femoral surfaces are also serially homologous, which may result in the articular associations observed between these bones. Broadly, these patterns highlight the indirect relationship between joint congruence and covariance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haley Horbaly
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ziermann JM, Boughner JC, Esteve-Altava B, Diogo R. Anatomical comparison across heads, fore- and hindlimbs in mammals using network models. J Anat 2021; 239:12-31. [PMID: 33629373 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal body parts evolve with variable degrees of integration that nonetheless yield functional adult phenotypes: but, how? The analysis of modularity with Anatomical Network Analysis (AnNA) is used to quantitatively determine phenotypic modules based on the physical connection among anatomical elements, an approach that is valuable to understand developmental and evolutionary constraints. We created anatomical network models of the head, forelimb, and hindlimb of two taxa considered to represent a 'generalized' eutherian (placental: mouse) and metatherian (marsupial: opossum) anatomical configuration and compared them with our species, which has a derived eutherian configuration. In these models, nodes represent anatomical units and links represent their physical connection. Here, we aimed to identify: (1) the commonalities and differences in modularity between species, (2) whether modules present a potential phylogenetic character, and (3) whether modules preferentially reflect either developmental or functional aspects of anatomy, or a mix of both. We predicted differences between networks of metatherian and eutherian mammals that would best be explained by functional constraints, versus by constraints of development and/or phylogeny. The topology of contacts between bones, muscles, and bones + muscles showed that, among all three species, skeletal networks were more similar than musculoskeletal networks. There was no clear indication that humans and mice are more alike when compared to the opossum overall, even though their musculoskeletal and skeletal networks of fore- and hindlimbs are slightly more similar. Differences were greatest among musculoskeletal networks of heads and next of forelimbs, which showed more variation than hindlimbs, supporting previous anatomical studies indicating that in general the configuration of the hindlimbs changes less across evolutionary history. Most observations regarding the anatomical networks seem to be best explained by function, but an exception is the adult opossum ear ossicles. These ear bones might form an independent module because the incus and malleus are involved in forming a functional primary jaw that enables the neonate to attach to the teat, where this newborn will complete its development. Additionally, the human data show a specialized digit 1 module (thumb/big toe) in both limb types, likely the result of functional and evolutionary pressures, as our ape ancestors had highly movable big toes and thumbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Borja Esteve-Altava
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSI), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agosto ER, Auerbach BM. Evolvability and Constraint in the Primate Basicranium, Shoulder, and Hip and the Importance of Multi-trait Evolution. Evol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-021-09532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Algewatta HR, Perera P, Karawita H, Dayawansa N, Manawadu D, Liyanage M. Updates on the Morphometric Characterization of Indian Pangolin ( Manis crassicaudata) in Sri Lanka. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:E25. [PMID: 33375659 PMCID: PMC7824598 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate morphological description and analysis based on reliable data are unavailable for the geographically isolated population of M. crassicaudata in Sri Lanka. This study provides the most updated morphological description of M. crassicaudata with special reference to body measurements directly obtained from 27 specimens collected island-wide. Morphological parameters were recorded under three age classes that were defined based on their body weight (BW) and total body length (TBL); juvenile (BW: <4.3 kg TBL: <56.0 cm), subadult (BW: 4.3-7.3 kg TBL: 56-101 cm), and adult (BW: >7.3 kg TBL: >101 cm) and gender to reveal sexual dimorphism based on morphometric parameters. The TBL of adult males ranged between 137 and 177 cm while body weight ranged between 20.4 and 48.8 kg. The average count of body scales was 511 ± 21. The body scales were found arranged in 13 longitudinal rows with the highest number of scales observed on the vertebral scale row (16 ± 1). Three major scale morphs were identified; broad rhombic scales, elongated kite-shaped scales, and folded shaped scales. Broad rhombic shaped scales was the dominant scale type (80.49%) on the body (405 ± 7). The tail-length to body-length ratio of an Indian pangolin was 0.87. The tail length of an Indian pangolin is a reliable predictor of the TBL and has potential implications in quick field data gathering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirusha Randimal Algewatta
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (H.R.A.); (H.K.)
| | - Priyan Perera
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (H.R.A.); (H.K.)
- IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group, C/o Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
- College of Science, Health, Engineering, and Education, Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Hasitha Karawita
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (H.R.A.); (H.K.)
| | - Nihal Dayawansa
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 0070, Sri Lanka;
| | - Dinushika Manawadu
- Department of National Zoological Gardens, Dehiwala 10350, Sri Lanka; (D.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Malith Liyanage
- Department of National Zoological Gardens, Dehiwala 10350, Sri Lanka; (D.M.); (M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Randau M, Sanfelice D, Goswami A. Shifts in cranial integration associated with ecological specialization in pinnipeds (Mammalia, Carnivora). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190201. [PMID: 31032062 PMCID: PMC6458409 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of trait integration reflect the underlying genetic and developmental architecture of morphology and significantly influence the direction of evolution. Nevertheless, the relationship between integration and disparity is complex and unlikely to be uniform across large phylogenetic and ecological scales. To date, there are little data comparing patterns of integration across major ecological transitions, limiting understanding of the processes driving changes in trait integration and their consequences. Here, we investigated patterns of cranial integration and disparity across pinnipeds, three closely related carnivoran families that have undergone a secondary adaptation to the aquatic niche with varying levels of ecological differentiation. With a three-dimensional geometric morphometric dataset of 677 specimens spanning 15 species, we compared five models of trait integration, and examined the effects of sexual dimorphism and allometry on model support. Pinnipeds varied greatly in patterns of cranial integration compared to terrestrial carnivorans. Interestingly, this variation is concentrated in phocids, which may reflect the broader range of ecological and life-history specializations across phocid species, and greater independence from the terrestrial habitat observed in that group, relative to otariids. Overall, these results indicate that major ecological transitions, and presumably large changes in selection pressures, may drive changes in phenotypic trait integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Sanfelice
- Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Restinga, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wood TWP, Nakamura T. Problems in Fish-to-Tetrapod Transition: Genetic Expeditions Into Old Specimens. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:70. [PMID: 30062096 PMCID: PMC6054942 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fish-to-tetrapod transition is one of the fundamental problems in evolutionary biology. A significant amount of paleontological data has revealed the morphological trajectories of skeletons, such as those of the skull, vertebrae, and appendages in vertebrate history. Shifts in bone differentiation, from dermal to endochondral bones, are key to explaining skeletal transformations during the transition from water to land. However, the genetic underpinnings underlying the evolution of dermal and endochondral bones are largely missing. Recent genetic approaches utilizing model organisms—zebrafish, frogs, chickens, and mice—reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying vertebrate skeletal development and provide new insights for how the skeletal system has evolved. Currently, our experimental horizons to test evolutionary hypotheses are being expanded to non-model organisms with state-of-the-art techniques in molecular biology and imaging. An integration of functional genomics, developmental genetics, and high-resolution CT scanning into evolutionary inquiries allows us to reevaluate our understanding of old specimens. Here, we summarize the current perspectives in genetic programs underlying the development and evolution of the dermal skull roof, shoulder girdle, and appendages. The ratio shifts of dermal and endochondral bones, and its underlying mechanisms, during the fish-to-tetrapod transition are particularly emphasized. Recent studies have suggested the novel cell origins of dermal bones, and the interchangeability between dermal and endochondral bones, obscuring the ontogenetic distinction of these two types of bones. Assimilation of ontogenetic knowledge of dermal and endochondral bones from different structures demands revisions of the prevalent consensus in the evolutionary mechanisms of vertebrate skeletal shifts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W P Wood
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Conaway MA, Schroeder L, von Cramon-Taubadel N. Morphological integration of anatomical, developmental, and functional postcranial modules in the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:661-670. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Conaway
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology; University at Buffalo; Buffalo New York 14261
| | - Lauren Schroeder
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology; University at Buffalo; Buffalo New York 14261
- Department of Anthropology; University of Toronto Mississauga; L5L 1C6, Ontario Canada
| | - Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology; University at Buffalo; Buffalo New York 14261
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Randau M, Goswami A. Unravelling intravertebral integration, modularity and disparity in Felidae (Mammalia). Evol Dev 2017; 19:85-95. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Randau
- Department of Genetics; Evolution and Environment; University College London; Darwin Building 218A, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Genetics; Evolution and Environment; University College London; Darwin Building 218A, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
- Department of Earth Sciences; University College London; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Regional differentiation of felid vertebral column evolution: a study of 3D shape trajectories. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-016-0304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Hu Y, Ghigliotti L, Vacchi M, Pisano E, Detrich HW, Albertson RC. Evolution in an extreme environment: developmental biases and phenotypic integration in the adaptive radiation of antarctic notothenioids. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:142. [PMID: 27356756 PMCID: PMC4928320 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past 40 million years water temperatures have dramatically dropped in the Southern Ocean, which has led to the local extinction of most nearshore fish lineages. The evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins in notothenioids, however, enabled these ancestrally benthic fishes to survive and adapt as temperatures reached the freezing point of seawater (−1.86 °C). Antarctic notothenioids now represent the primary teleost lineage in the Southern Ocean and are of fundamental importance to the local ecosystem. The radiation of notothenioids has been fostered by the evolution of “secondary pelagicism”, the invasion of pelagic habitats, as the group diversified to fill newly available foraging niches in the water column. While elaborate craniofacial modifications have accompanied this adaptive radiation, little is known about how these morphological changes have contributed to the evolutionary success of notothenioids. Results We used a 3D-morphometrics approach to investigate patterns of morphological variation in the craniofacial skeleton among notothenioids, and show that variation in head shape is best explained by divergent selection with respect to foraging niche. We document further an accelerated rate of morphological evolution in the icefish family Channichthyidae, and show that their rapid diversification was accompanied by the evolution of relatively high levels of morphological integration. Whereas most studies suggest that extensive integration should constrain phenotypic evolution, icefish stand out as a rare example of increased integration possibly facilitating evolutionary potential. Finally, we show that the unique feeding apparatus in notothenioids in general, and icefish in particular, can be traced to shifts in early developmental patterning mechanisms and ongoing growth of the pharyngeal skeleton. Conclusion Our work suggests that ecological opportunity is a major factor driving craniofacial variation in this group. Further, the observation that closely related lineages can differ dramatically in integration suggests that this trait can evolve quickly. We propose that the evolution of high levels of phenotypic integration in icefishes may be considered a key innovation that facilitated their morphological evolution and subsequent ecological expansion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0704-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Hu
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA. .,Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Laura Ghigliotti
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marino Vacchi
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eva Pisano
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - H William Detrich
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University Marine Science Center, Nahant, MA, 01908, USA
| | - R Craig Albertson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The fossil record of phenotypic integration and modularity: A deep-time perspective on developmental and evolutionary dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4891-6. [PMID: 25901310 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403667112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation is the raw material for natural selection, but the factors shaping variation are still poorly understood. Genetic and developmental interactions can direct variation, but there has been little synthesis of these effects with the extrinsic factors that can shape biodiversity over large scales. The study of phenotypic integration and modularity has the capacity to unify these aspects of evolutionary study by estimating genetic and developmental interactions through the quantitative analysis of morphology, allowing for combined assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic effects. Data from the fossil record in particular are central to our understanding of phenotypic integration and modularity because they provide the only information on deep-time developmental and evolutionary dynamics, including trends in trait relationships and their role in shaping organismal diversity. Here, we demonstrate the important perspective on phenotypic integration provided by the fossil record with a study of Smilodon fatalis (saber-toothed cats) and Canis dirus (dire wolves). We quantified temporal trends in size, variance, phenotypic integration, and direct developmental integration (fluctuating asymmetry) through 27,000 y of Late Pleistocene climate change. Both S. fatalis and C. dirus showed a gradual decrease in magnitude of phenotypic integration and an increase in variance and the correlation between fluctuating asymmetry and overall integration through time, suggesting that developmental integration mediated morphological response to environmental change in the later populations of these species. These results are consistent with experimental studies and represent, to our knowledge, the first deep-time validation of the importance of developmental integration in stabilizing morphological evolution through periods of environmental change.
Collapse
|