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Reinwald C, Bauder JA, Karolyi F, Neulinger M, Jaros S, Metscher B, Krenn HW. Evolutionary functional morphology of the proboscis and feeding apparatus of hawk moths (Sphingidae: Lepidoptera). J Morphol 2022; 283:1390-1410. [PMID: 36059242 PMCID: PMC9825987 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of the proboscis and associated feeding organs was studied in several nectar-feeding hawk moths, as well as a specialized honey-feeder and two supposedly nonfeeding species. The proboscis lengths ranged from a few millimeters to more than 200 mm. Despite the variation in proboscis length and feeding strategy, the principle external and internal composition of the galeae, the stipes pump, and the suction pump were similar across all species. The morphology of the smooth and slender proboscis is highly conserved among all lineages of nectar-feeding Sphingidae. Remarkably, they share a typical arrangement of the sensilla at the tip. The number and length of sensilla styloconica are independent from proboscis length. A unique proboscis morphology was found in the honey-feeding species Acherontia atropos. Here, the distinctly pointed apex displays a large subterminal opening of the food canal, and thus characterizes a novel type of piercing proboscis in Lepidoptera. In the probably nonfeeding species, the rudimentary galeae are not interlocked and the apex lacks sensilla styloconica; galeal muscles, however, are present. All studied species demonstrate an identical anatomy of the stipes, and suction pump, regardless of proboscis length and diet. Even supposedly nonfeeding Sphingidae possess all organs of the feeding apparatus, suggesting that their proboscis rudiments might still be functional. The morphometric analyses indicate significant positive correlations between galea lumen volume and stipes muscle volume as well as the volume of the food canal and the muscular volume of the suction pump. Size correlations of these functionally connected organs reflect morphological fine-tuning in the evolution of proboscis length and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Florian Karolyi
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Sarah Jaros
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Brian Metscher
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Harald W. Krenn
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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2
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Naghiloo S, Nikzat-Siahkolaee S, Esmaillou Z. Size-matching as an important driver of plant-pollinator interactions. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:583-591. [PMID: 33655638 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in ecology is to understand and predict the functional outcome of interaction networks. Size-matching between plants and pollinators is one of the key functional traits expected to play a major role in structuring plant-pollinator interactions. However, the community-wide patterns of size-matching remain largely unexplored. We studied the association between the degree of size-matching and foraging efficiency, pollination efficiency and the probability of pairwise interactions in a community of Lamiaceae. Our study revealed that foraging efficiency is maximal when bee proboscis length corresponds to the corolla tube depth of the flower visited. Pollination efficiency was maximal when the bee body height corresponds to the corolla width of the flower visited. While the degree of size-matching did not influence the probability of interaction, it significantly influenced the strength of the interaction in terms of visitation frequency. We suggest a size-matching index as a reliable metric to predict the frequency of interactions as well as the effectiveness of visits in terms of foraging efficiency and pollination efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naghiloo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Nikzat-Siahkolaee
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Esmaillou
- Department of Horticulture, Urmia University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Melin A, Altwegg R, Manning JC, Colville JF. Allometric relationships shape foreleg evolution of long-legged oil bees (Melittidae: Rediviva). Evolution 2020; 75:437-449. [PMID: 33314060 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exaggerated traits of pollinators have fascinated biologists for centuries. To understand their evolution, and their role in coevolutionary relationships, an essential first step is to understand how traits scale allometrically with body size, which may reveal underlying developmental constraints. Few pollination studies have examined how traits can adaptively diverge despite allometric constraints. Here, we present a comparative study of narrow-sense static and evolutionary allometry on foreleg length and body size of oil-collecting bees. Concurrently, we assess the relationship between scaling parameters and spur lengths of oil-secreting host flowers. Across species and populations, we found low variation in static slopes (nearly all <1), possibly related to stabilizing selection, but the static intercept varied substantially generating an evolutionary allometry steeper than static allometry. Variation in static intercepts was explained by changes in body size (∼28% species; ∼68% populations) and spur length (remaining variance: ∼36% species; ∼94% populations). The intercept-spur length relationship on the arithmetic scale was positive but forelegs did not track spur length perfectly in a one-to-one relationship. Overall, our study provides new insights on how phenotypic evolution in the forelegs of oil-collecting bees is related to the variability of the allometric intercept and adaptation to host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalie Melin
- Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Claremont, South Africa.,African Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Res Altwegg
- Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John C Manning
- Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Claremont, South Africa.,Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Jonathan F Colville
- Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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de Barros FC, Grizante MB, Zampieri FAM, Kohlsdorf T. Peculiar relationships among morphology, burrowing performance and sand type in two fossorial microteiid lizards. ZOOLOGY 2020; 144:125880. [PMID: 33310388 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Associations among ecology, morphology and locomotor performance have been intensively investigated in several vertebrate lineages. Knowledge on how phenotypes evolve in natural environments likely benefits from identification of circumstances that might expand current ecomorphological equations. In this study, we used two species of Calyptommatus lizards from Brazilian Caatingas to evaluate if specific soil properties favor burrowing performance. As a derived prediction, we expected that functional associations would be easily detectable at the sand condition that favors low-resistance burrowing. We collected two endemic lizards and soil samples in their respective localities, obtained morphological data and recorded performance of both species in different sand types. As a result, the two species burrowed faster at the fine and homogeneous sand, the only condition where we detected functional associations between morphology and locomotion. In this sand type, lizards from both Calyptommatus species that have higher trunks and more concave heads were the ones that burrowed faster, and these phenotypic traits did not morphologically discriminate the two Calyptommatus populations studied. We discuss that integrative approaches comprising manipulation of environmental conditions clearly contribute to elucidate processes underlying phenotypic evolution in fossorial lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio C de Barros
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, ICAQF, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil.
| | - Mariana B Grizante
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, Brazil
| | - Felipe A M Zampieri
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Tiana Kohlsdorf
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil.
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5
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Klumpers SGT, Stang M, Klinkhamer PGL. Foraging efficiency and size matching in a plant-pollinator community: the importance of sugar content and tongue length. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:469-479. [PMID: 30609161 PMCID: PMC6850310 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing question in ecology is how species interactions are structured within communities. Although evolutionary theory predicts close size matching between floral nectar tube depth and pollinator proboscis length of interacting species, such size matching has seldom been shown and explained in multispecies assemblages. Here, we investigated the degree of size matching among Asteraceae and their pollinators and its relationship with foraging efficiency. The majority of pollinators, especially Hymenoptera, choose plant species on which they had high foraging efficiencies. When proboscides were shorter than nectar tubes, foraging efficiency rapidly decreased because of increased handling time. When proboscides were longer than nectar tubes, a decreased nectar reward rather than an increased handling time made shallow flowers more inefficient to visit. Altogether, this led to close size matching. Overall, our results show the importance of nectar reward and handling time as drivers of plant-pollinator network structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia G T Klumpers
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Martina Stang
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Bauder JAS, Karolyi F. Superlong Proboscises as Co-adaptations to Flowers. INSECT MOUTHPARTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29654-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Mukherjee S, Banerjee S, Basu P, Saha GK, Aditya G. Butterfly-plant network in urban landscape: Implication for conservation and urban greening. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Düster JV, Gruber MH, Karolyi F, Plant JD, Krenn HW. Drinking with a very long proboscis: Functional morphology of orchid bee mouthparts (Euglossini, Apidae, Hymenoptera). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:25-35. [PMID: 29248673 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Neotropical orchid bees (Euglossini) possess the longest proboscides among bees. In this study, we compared the feeding behavior and functional morphology of mouthparts in two similarly large-sized species of Euglossa that differ greatly in proboscis length. Feeding observations and experiments conducted under semi-natural conditions were combined with micro-morphological examination using LM, SEM and micro CT techniques. The morphometric comparison showed that only the components of the mouthparts that form the food tube differ in length, while the proximal components, which are responsible for proboscis movements, are similar in size. This study represents the first documentation of lapping behaviour in Euglossini. We demonstrate that Euglossa bees use a lapping-sucking mode of feeding to take up small amounts of fluid, and a purely suctorial technique for larger fluid quantities. The mouthpart movements are largely similar to that in other long-tongued bees, except that the postmentum in Euglossa can be extended, greatly enhancing the protraction of the glossa. This results in a maximal functional length that is about 50% longer than the length of the food canal composing parts of the proboscis. The nectar uptake and the sensory equipment of the proboscis are discussed in context to flower probing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jellena V Düster
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Science, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria H Gruber
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Science, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Karolyi
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Science, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Harald W Krenn
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Science, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Krenn HW, Bauder JAS. Morphological fine tuning of the feeding apparatus to proboscis length in Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). J Morphol 2017; 279:396-408. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald W. Krenn
- Department of Integrative Zoology; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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10
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Haverkamp A, Bing J, Badeke E, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Innate olfactory preferences for flowers matching proboscis length ensure optimal energy gain in a hawkmoth. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11644. [PMID: 27173441 PMCID: PMC4869250 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cost efficient foraging is of especial importance for animals like hawkmoths or hummingbirds that are feeding 'on the wing', making their foraging energetically demanding. The economic decisions made by these animals have a strong influence on the plants they pollinate and floral volatiles are often guiding these decisions. Here we show that the hawkmoth Manduca sexta exhibits an innate preference for volatiles of those Nicotiana flowers, which match the length of the moth's proboscis. This preference becomes apparent already at the initial inflight encounter, with the odour plume. Free-flight respiration analyses combined with nectar calorimetry revealed a significant caloric gain per invested flight energy only for preferred-matching-flowers. Our data therefore support Darwin's initial hypothesis on the coevolution of flower length and moth proboscis. We demonstrate that this interaction is mediated by an adaptive and hardwired olfactory preference of the moth for flowers offering the highest net-energy reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haverkamp
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Bing
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Elisa Badeke
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S. Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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11
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Oliveira MO, Freitas BM, Scheper J, Kleijn D. Size and Sex-Dependent Shrinkage of Dutch Bees during One-and-a-Half Centuries of Land-Use Change. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148983. [PMID: 26863608 PMCID: PMC4749255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Land-use change and global warming are important factors driving bee decline, but it is largely unknown whether these drivers have resulted in changes in the life-history traits of bees. Recent studies have shown a stronger population decline of large- than small-bodied bee species, suggesting there may have been selective pressure on large, but not on small species to become smaller. Here we test this hypothesis by analyzing trends in bee body size of 18 Dutch species over a 147-year period using specimens from entomological collections. Large-bodied female bees shrank significantly faster than small-bodied female bees (6.5% and 0.5% respectively between 1900 and 2010). Changes in temperature during the flight period of bees did not influence the size-dependent shrinkage of female bees. Male bees did not shrink significantly over the same time period. Our results could imply that under conditions of declining habitat quantity and quality it is advantageous for individuals to be smaller. The size and sex-dependent responses of bees point towards an evolutionary response but genetic studies are required to confirm this. The declining body size of the large bee species that currently dominate flower visitation of both wild plants and insect-pollinated crops may have negative consequences for pollination service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikail O. Oliveira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA/MPEG, Belém, PA, 66075–110, Brazil
| | - Breno M. Freitas
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pici Campus, Fortaleza, CE, 60356–000, Brazil
| | - Jeroen Scheper
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Team, Alterra, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - David Kleijn
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Team, Alterra, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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12
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Lehnert MS, Beard CE, Gerard PD, Kornev KG, Adler PH. Structure of the lepidopteran proboscis in relation to feeding guild. J Morphol 2015; 277:167-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Lehnert
- Department of Biological Sciences; Kent State University at Stark; North Canton Ohio 44720
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Charles E. Beard
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Patrick D. Gerard
- Department of Mathematical Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Konstantin G. Kornev
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Peter H. Adler
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
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