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Birkenfeld V, Gorb SN, Krings W. Mandible elemental composition and mechanical properties from distinct castes of the leafcutter ant Atta laevigata (Attini; Formicidae). Interface Focus 2024; 14:20230048. [PMID: 38618230 PMCID: PMC11008964 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Leafcutter ant colonies are divided into castes with the individuals performing different tasks, based mostly on size. With the mandibles, the small minims care for the brood or the fungus, whereas the larger minors and mediae cut and transport plant material, with the ant size positively related to the material size. The mechanical properties and composition of the mandible cuticle have been previously tested in the soldiers as the largest caste, revealing that the cutting edges contained high contents of the cross-linking transition metal zinc (Zn). With regard to the smaller castes, no data are present. To study how the mandible size and function relates to its mechanical properties, we here tested the mandibles of minims, minors and mediae by nanoindentation. We found that the hardness (H) and Young's modulus (E) values increased with increasing ant size and that the mandible cutting edges in each caste have the highest H- and E-values. To gain insight into the origins of these properties, we characterized the elemental composition by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, revealing that minors and mediae possessed higher content of Zn in the cutting edges in contrast to the minims containing significantly less Zn. This shows, that Zn content relates to higher mechanical property values. Additionally, it shows that all of these parameters can differ within a single species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Birkenfeld
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wencke Krings
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, Universität Leipzig, Liebigstraße 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Bast EM, Marshall NT, Myers KO, Marsh LW, Hurtado MW, Van Zandt PA, Lehnert MS. Diverse material properties and morphology of moth proboscises relates to the feeding habits of some macromoth and other lepidopteran lineages. Interface Focus 2024; 14:20230051. [PMID: 38618232 PMCID: PMC11008959 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects have evolved unique structures that host a diversity of material and mechanical properties, and the mouthparts (proboscis) of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are no exception. Here, we examined proboscis morphology and material properties from several previously unstudied moth lineages to determine if they relate to flower visiting and non-flower visiting feeding habits. Scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional imaging were used to study proboscis morphology and assess surface roughness patterns on the galeal surface, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to study patterns of cuticular autofluorescence, which was quantified with colour analysis software. We found that moth proboscises display similar autofluorescent signals and morphological patterns in relation to feeding habits to those previously described for flower and non-flower visiting butterflies. The distal region of proboscises of non-flower visitors is brush-like for augmented capillarity and exhibited blue autofluorescence, indicating the possible presence of resilin and increased flexibility. Flower visitors have smoother proboscises and show red autofluorescence, an indicator of high sclerotization, which is adaptive for floral tube entry. We propose the lepidopteran proboscis as a model structure for understanding how insects have evolved a suite of morphological and material adaptations to overcome the challenges of acquiring fluids from diverse sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M. Bast
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Stark, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Natalie T. Marshall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Stark, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Kendall O. Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Stark, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Lucas W. Marsh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Stark, North Canton, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew S. Lehnert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Stark, North Canton, OH, USA
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3
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Wang K, Lu Y, Bai M, Sun Y, Hao Y. The Microscopic Morphology of Mouthparts and Their Sensilla in the Mycophagous Ladybeetle Illeis chinensis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Insects 2024; 15:46. [PMID: 38249052 PMCID: PMC10816638 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The morphological diversity of insect mouthparts is closely related to changes in food sources and diets. Research into the structures of insect mouthparts may help to establish a fundamental basis for a better understanding of insect feeding mechanisms. In this study, we examined the fine morphology of the mouthparts of Illeis chinensis using scanning electron microscopy. We paid particular attention to the types, quantities, and distribution of sensilla on the mouthparts. Our results showed that the basic components of the mouthparts of I. chinensis are the same as those in other lady beetles, i.e., the labrum, mandible, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx. We also found structural specialization indicating adaptation to fungal feeding. On the mouthparts, there are eight kinds of sensilla and two kinds of glandular structures, including sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla campaniformia, sensilla placodea, sensilla digitiformia, Böhm bristles, perforated plates, and cuticular pores. This is the first time that sensilla digitiformia has been reported in ladybirds. Finally, variations in mouthparts among ladybirds with differing diets, as well as the putative functions of each of the mouthparts and sensilla, were discussed. This research can provide a reference for understanding the functions of the mouthparts in ladybird feeding behavior and thereby contribute to the development of precise insect behavior regulation and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.L.); (M.B.)
- Northeast Asia Biodiversity Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuanxing Sun
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yanan Hao
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.)
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4
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Zha S, Wang Z, Li X, Chen Z, Wang J, Li H, Cai W, Tian L. Microstructural Adaptation for Prey Manipulation in the Millipede Assassin Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae). Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1299. [PMID: 37887009 PMCID: PMC10604205 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Species in Ectrichodiinae are known for their prey specialization on millipedes. However, knowledge of the morphological adaptations to this unique feeding habit was limited. In the current study, we examined the microstructures of the antennae, mouthparts, and legs of four millipede feeding ectrichodiines, Ectrychotes andreae (Thunberg, 1888), Haematoloecha limbata Miller, 1953, Labidocoris pectoralis (Stål, 1863), and Neozirta eidmanni (Taueber, 1930), and compared them with those of three species of tribelocephalines, a group closely related to Ectrichodiinae. On the antennae, we found four types of antennal sensilla. On the mouthparts, we recognized four types of labial sensilla. Sampled ectrichodiines have distinctly more and denser slightly transverse ridges on the external side of mandibles than tribelocephalines. E. andreae and H. limbata possess numerous small papillae fringed with densely arranged finger-print-like grains on the trochanter and femur; these probably facilitate the immobilization of prey. Overall, our study illustrates, at a microstructural level, the remarkable morphological adaption of prey manipulation in ectrichodiine, and has enhanced our understanding about stenophagy in the family Reduviidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zha
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Zhiyao Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (W.C.)
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Jianyun Wang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China;
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Wanzhi Cai
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (W.C.)
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5
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Yi G, Ba R, Luo J, Zou L, Huang M, Li Y, Li H, Li X. Simultaneous Detection and Distribution of Five Juvenile Hormones in 58 Insect Species and the Absolute Configuration in 32 Insect Species. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:7878-7890. [PMID: 37191197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) plays an important role in regulating various insect physiological processes. Herein, a novel method (chiral and achiral) for the simultaneous detection of five JHs was established by processing a whole insect without complicated hemolymph extraction. The proposed method was used to determine the distribution of JHs in 58 insect species and the absolute configuration of JHs in 32 species. The results showed that JHSB3 was uniquely synthesized in Hemiptera, JHB3 was unique to Diptera, and JH I and JH II were unique to Lepidoptera. JH III was present in most insect species surveyed, with social insects having generally higher JH III titers. Interestingly, JHSB3 and JHB3, both double epoxidation JHs, were found in insects with sucking mouthparts. The absolute conformation of JH III and the 10C of the detected JHs were all R stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Rikang Ba
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Lixia Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Mingfeng Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Honghong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuesheng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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6
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Barton S, Virgo J, Krenn HW. The Mouthparts of Female Blood-Feeding Frog-Biting Midges (Corethrellidae, Diptera). Insects 2023; 14:insects14050461. [PMID: 37233088 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Females of frog-biting midges (Corethrellidae) obtain their blood meals from male calling frogs. While the morphology of the feeding apparatus is well studied in hematophagous Diptera that impact humans, frog-biting midges have received far less attention. We provide a detailed micromorphological examination of the piercing blood-sucking proboscis and maxillary palpus in three Corethrella species using scanning electron microscopy and histological semi-thin sectioning. We also compare the sensilla found on the proboscis tip and the palpus of Corethrella with other piercing blood-sucking Diptera. Corethrella spp. have a proboscis length of about 135 µm, equipped with delicate mandibular piercing structures composing the food canal together with the labrum and hypopharynx. Their proboscis composition is plesiomorphic and more similar to other short-proboscid hematophagous Culicomorpha (e.g., Simuliidae), in contrast to the phylogenetically more closely related long-proboscid Culicidae. As in other short-proboscid taxa, the salivary canal in Corethrella spp. transitions into an open salivary groove with one mandible forming a seal, whereas in Culicidae the salivary canal is closed until the tip of the proboscis. We discuss the possible functional constraints of very short, piercing blood-sucking proboscises (e.g., dimensions of host blood cells) that may limit the size of the food canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Barton
- Unit Integrative Zoology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Virgo
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44805 Bochum, Germany
| | - Harald W Krenn
- Unit Integrative Zoology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Koehnsen A, Gorb SN, Büsse S. A switchable joint in the head of dragonfly larvae (Insecta: Odonata) as key to the multifunctionality of the prehensile labial mask. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37186461 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Dragonfly and damselfly larvae (Insecta: Odonata) capture prey by rapid protraction of a raptorial mouthpart, based on a modified labium. Yet, in insects with biting-chewing mouthparts, the labium has an essential role in food handling. These two distinct functions -prey capturing and handling-lead to a mechanical problem in Odonata larvae: while the labium is always protracted in a straight line during prey capture, food handling requires more dexterity. In this study, we investigate the role of the labium in the feeding process and analyse the mechanics of the labial joints in the dragonfly larva Anax imperator. Our results show that the labium features a multiaxial joint connecting the basal segment (postmentum) and the head. During feeding, a combination of rotations around different axes is used to handle and orient prey, which is unique among biting-chewing mouthparts. Furthermore, we identified structures at the joint which likely restrict lateral motion during the predatory strike. Our results provide a further understanding of the unique prey-capturing apparatus of odonate larvae capable of controlling a 'switchable' multiaxial to a restricted monoaxial joint. This concept highlights the evolution of a highly modified raptorial mouthpart appendage where the degrees of freedom can be actively restricted to allow for the respectively needed functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Koehnsen
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Büsse
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Zha S, Wang Z, Tian L, Zhao Y, Bai X, Chen Z, Cai W, Li X, Li H. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Antennae and Mouthparts of Mezira yunnana Hsiao (Hemiptera: Aradidae): Specialized Microstructures Reflecting Adaptation to Mycetophagy. Insects 2023; 14:333. [PMID: 37103148 PMCID: PMC10145762 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Many species of the family Aradidae (also known as flat bugs) feed on fungal mycelia and fruiting bodies. In order to better understand the morphological adaptation to this unique feeding habit, we examined the microstructure of antennae and mouthparts of an aradid species, Mezira yunnana Hsiao, using scanning electron microscope, and documented the fungal feeding process under laboratory conditions. The antennal sensilla include three subtypes of sensilla trichodea, three subtypes of sensilla basiconica, two subtypes of sensilla chaetica, sensilla campaniformia, and sensilla styloconica. The apex of the second segment of flagellum has a large number of various sensilla forming a sensilla cluster. The labial tip is distally constricted, which is rarely observed in other Pentatomomorpha species. The labial sensilla include three subtypes of sensilla trichodea, three subtypes of sensilla basiconica, and a sensilla campaniformia. The tip of the labium has only three pairs of sensilla basiconica III and small comb-shaped cuticular processes. The external surface of the mandibular apex has 8-10 ridge-like central teeth. A series of key morphological structures associated with mycetophagous feeding habit were identified, which will facilitate future studies on adaptive evolution of species in Pentatomomorpha as well as in other heteropteran lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zha
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyao Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yisheng Zhao
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoshuan Bai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanzhi Cai
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Reinwald C, Bauder JA, Karolyi F, Neulinger M, Jaros S, Metscher B, Krenn HW. Evolutionary functional morphology of the proboscis and feeding apparatus of hawk moths (Sphingidae: Lepidoptera). J Morphol 2022; 283:1390-1410. [PMID: 36059242 PMCID: PMC9825987 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of the proboscis and associated feeding organs was studied in several nectar-feeding hawk moths, as well as a specialized honey-feeder and two supposedly nonfeeding species. The proboscis lengths ranged from a few millimeters to more than 200 mm. Despite the variation in proboscis length and feeding strategy, the principle external and internal composition of the galeae, the stipes pump, and the suction pump were similar across all species. The morphology of the smooth and slender proboscis is highly conserved among all lineages of nectar-feeding Sphingidae. Remarkably, they share a typical arrangement of the sensilla at the tip. The number and length of sensilla styloconica are independent from proboscis length. A unique proboscis morphology was found in the honey-feeding species Acherontia atropos. Here, the distinctly pointed apex displays a large subterminal opening of the food canal, and thus characterizes a novel type of piercing proboscis in Lepidoptera. In the probably nonfeeding species, the rudimentary galeae are not interlocked and the apex lacks sensilla styloconica; galeal muscles, however, are present. All studied species demonstrate an identical anatomy of the stipes, and suction pump, regardless of proboscis length and diet. Even supposedly nonfeeding Sphingidae possess all organs of the feeding apparatus, suggesting that their proboscis rudiments might still be functional. The morphometric analyses indicate significant positive correlations between galea lumen volume and stipes muscle volume as well as the volume of the food canal and the muscular volume of the suction pump. Size correlations of these functionally connected organs reflect morphological fine-tuning in the evolution of proboscis length and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Florian Karolyi
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Sarah Jaros
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Brian Metscher
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Harald W. Krenn
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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10
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Jiang J, Dietrich CH, Li C, Song Y. Comparative morphology of part of the integumental fine structure of two Erythroneurine species: Singaporashinshana (Matsumura, 1932) and Empoascanarasipra Dworakowska, 1980 (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae). Zookeys 2022; 1103:1-23. [PMID: 36761786 PMCID: PMC9848861 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1103.80787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the fine structure of the mouthparts, antennae, forewings, and brochosomes of two leafhopper species belonging to the typhlocybine tribe Erythroneurini collected from the Karst area of Guizhou Province, southern China: Singaporashinshana, which prefers woody dicot hosts, and Empoascanarasipra, which feeds on grasses. As in other leafhoppers, the piercing-sucking mouthparts consist of a conical labrum, a cylindrical three-segmented labium, and a slender stylet fascicle. The labrum of both species has no sensilla and the labium has several common types of sensilla, but the two species differ in the numbers, types, and distribution of sensilla and in other aspects of the surface sculpture of the mouthparts. The stylet fascicle has distinctive dentition on both the maxillary and mandibular stylets. The antennae of the two species differ in several respects, including the sensilla and sculpture of the scape, pedicel, and flagellum, as well as the degree of sub-segmentation of the flagellum. Except for the variable scaly structure and rounded protrusions on the surface of S.shinshana, the fine structure of the forewing surfaces of the two species are similar to those of other leafhoppers. Only small spherical brochosomes were found on the body surface of S.shinshana and E.sipra. Similar studies of additional erythroneurine species are needed to determine whether differences in mouthpart and antennal fine structure may reflect adaptation to different host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jiang
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University / State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550001, ChinaGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Christopher H. Dietrich
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820, USAUniversity of IllinoisChampaignUnited States of America
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550005, ChinaGuiyang UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Yuehua Song
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University / State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550001, ChinaGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangChina
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11
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Zhang CM, Niu Y, Hu GL, Lu JQ. Ultramorphological Comparison of Proboscis and Associated Sensilla of Scotogramma trifolii and Protoschinia scutosa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insects 2021; 12:insects12110992. [PMID: 34821792 PMCID: PMC8617949 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The clover cutworm, Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg, and the spotted clover moth, Protoschinia scutosa (Denis & Schiffermuller), are worldwide polyphagous pests, and the larvae feed mainly on the leaf backs of many agricultural crops. However, the food sources and feeding habits of the adults are still poorly known. We investigated the ultramorphology of the proboscis and associated sensilla of S. trifolii and P. scutosa using scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the proboscises of S. trifolii and P. scutosa are structurally similar, both including three sensillum types and three zones (Zone 1–3). The sensillum chaeticum is non-porous hair-like, the sensillum basiconicum is a short smooth cone with a sensory pore on the blunt tip, and each sensillum styloconicum is composed of a uniporous sensory cone inserted into a ribbed stylus. In addition, the movement and fluid uptake mechanisms of the proboscis and the possible function of sensilla are briefly discussed. Abstract The proboscis is an important feeding organ for the glossatan moths, mainly adapted to the flower and non-flower visiting habits. The clover cutworm, Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg, and the spotted clover moth, Protoschinia scutosa (Denis & Schiffermuller), are serious polyphagous pests, attacking numerous vegetables and crops, resulting in huge economic losses. However, the feeding behavior and mechanisms of the adult stage remain unsatisfactorily explored. In this study, the proboscis morphology of S. trifolii and P. scutosa are described in detail using scanning electron microscopy, with the aim of investigating the morphological differences and feeding behavior of these two species. The proboscises of S. trifolii and P. scutosa are similar in morphology and structure and are divided into three zones (Zone 1–3) based on the morphological changes of the dorsal legulae. Three sensillum types are located on the proboscises of both species, sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica, and sensilla styloconica. Significant differences were observed in the length of the proboscis and each zone between these two species, as well as in sensilla size and number. Based on the morphology of the proboscis and associated sensilla, S. trifolii and P. scutosa are potential flower visitors, which was also reinforced by the pollen observed at the proboscis tip. These results will strengthen our understanding of the structure of the proboscis related to the feeding behavior of Noctuidae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ji-Qi Lu
- Correspondence: (G.-L.H.); (J.-Q.L.)
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Michailova P, Ilkova J, Kovalenko PA, Gorobchyshyn VA, Kozeretska IA, Convey P. External Morphology of Larvae of Belgica antarctica Jacobs, 1900 (Diptera, Chironomidae) Obtained from Two Locations in Maritime Antarctica. Insects 2021; 12:insects12090792. [PMID: 34564232 PMCID: PMC8469298 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The chironomid midge Belgica antarctica Jacobs is endemic to the western Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands. We provide the first detailed photomicrographic images of the fourth-instar larval head capsule and posterior parapods. We assessed variation in the morphology of larvae from two different collection locations off the coast of the western Antarctic Peninsula and compared it with that available in the literature. A number of differences were identified relating to the size of the larvae, the number of teeth on the mandibles, the number of antennal segments and the length of the antennal blade. Malformations of the mandible and mentum are reported for the first time in this species. Abstract The external morphology of the fourth-instar larva of the Antarctic endemic chironomid midge Belgica antarctica is described. Larvae were collected from Jougla Point (Wiencke Island) and an un-named island close to Enterprise Island, off the coast of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Light microscopy was used to examine and document photographically the structures of the mouthparts (mandible, mentum, premandible, labrum), antennae, pecten epipharyngis, clypeus, frontal apotome and posterior parapods. Measurements of the mouthparts are presented. The data obtained are compared with that available in the literature. A number of differences were identified relating to the size of the larvae, the number of teeth on the mandibles, the number of antennal segments and the length of the antennal blade. Malformations of the mandible and mentum are reported for the first time in this species. Features of larvae of taxonomic value that can be used to determine the species in larval stages are presented. These are of utility in using the larvae to reveal relationships with other species. Larvae are also important in ecological and genotoxicological studies, which require accurate species level identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskeva Michailova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tzar Osvoboditel b., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.M.); (J.I.)
| | - Julia Ilkova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tzar Osvoboditel b., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.M.); (J.I.)
| | - Pavlo A. Kovalenko
- State Institution Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 37 Lebedeva Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine;
- Correspondence:
| | - Volodymyr A. Gorobchyshyn
- State Institution Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 37 Lebedeva Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Iryna A. Kozeretska
- National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine, 16 Taras Shevchenko b., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK;
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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Krings W, Karabacak H, Gorb SN. From the knitting shop: the first physical and dynamic model of the taenioglossan radula (Mollusca: Gastropoda) aids in unravelling functional principles of the radular morphology. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210377. [PMID: 34520692 PMCID: PMC8440039 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The radula is the structure used for food processing in Mollusca. It can consist of a membrane with stiffer teeth, which is, together with alary processus, muscles and odontophoral cartilages, part of the buccal mass. In malacology, it is common practice to infer potential tooth functions from morphology. Thus, past approaches to explain functional principles are mainly hypothesis driven. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a workflow testing hypotheses on the function of teeth and buccal mass components and interaction of structures, which can contribute to understanding the structure as a whole. Here, in a non-conventional approach, we introduce a physical and dynamic radular model, based on morphological data of Spekia zonata (Gastropoda, Paludomidae). Structures were documented, computer-modelled, three-dimensional-printed and assembled to gather a simplistic but realistic physical and dynamic radular model. Such a bioinspired design enabled studying of radular kinematics and interaction of parts when underlain supporting structures were manipulated in a similar manner as could result from muscle contractions. The presented work is a first step to provide a constructional manual, paving the way for even more realistic physical radular models, which could be used for understanding radular functional morphology and for the development of novel gripping devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencke Krings
- Department of Mammalogy and Paleoanthropology, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hasan Karabacak
- Department of Mammalogy and Paleoanthropology, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Speth Z, Kaur G, Mazolewski D, Sisomphou R, Siao DDC, Pooraiiouby R, Vasquez-Gross H, Petereit J, Gulia-Nuss M, Mathew D, Nuss AB. Characterization of Anopheles stephensi Odorant Receptor 8, an Abundant Component of the Mouthpart Chemosensory Transcriptome. Insects 2021; 12:593. [PMID: 34208911 PMCID: PMC8304465 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Several mosquito species within the genus Anopheles are vectors for human malaria, and the spread of this disease is driven by the propensity of certain species to feed preferentially on humans. The study of olfaction in mosquitoes is important to understand dynamics of host-seeking and host-selection; however, the majority of these studies focus on Anopheles gambiae or An. coluzzii, both vectors of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. Other malaria vectors may recognize different chemical cues from potential hosts; therefore, in this study, we investigated An. stephensi, the south Asian malaria mosquito. We specifically focused on the mouthparts (primarily the maxillary palp and labella) that have been much less investigated compared to the antennae but are also important for host-seeking. To provide a broad view of chemoreceptor expression, RNAseq was used to examine the transcriptomes from the mouthparts of host-seeking females, blood-fed females, and males. Notably, AsOr8 had a high transcript abundance in all transcriptomes and was, therefore, cloned and expressed in the Drosophila empty neuron system. This permitted characterization with a panel of odorants that were selected, in part, for their presence in the human odor profile. The responsiveness of AsOr8 to odorants was highly similar to An. gambiae Or8 (AgOr8), except for sulcatone, which was detected by AsOr8 but not AgOr8. Subtle differences in the receptor sensitivity to specific odorants may provide clues to species- or strain-specific approaches to host-seeking and host selection. Further exploration of the profile of An. stephensi chemosensory proteins may yield a better understanding of how different malaria vectors navigate host-finding and host-choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Speth
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (Z.S.); (G.K.); (D.M.)
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (D.D.C.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Gurlaz Kaur
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (Z.S.); (G.K.); (D.M.)
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (D.D.C.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Devin Mazolewski
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (Z.S.); (G.K.); (D.M.)
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (D.D.C.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Rayden Sisomphou
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (D.D.C.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Danielle Denise C. Siao
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (D.D.C.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Rana Pooraiiouby
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (D.D.C.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Hans Vasquez-Gross
- Nevada Bioinformatics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (H.V.-G.); (J.P.)
| | - Juli Petereit
- Nevada Bioinformatics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (H.V.-G.); (J.P.)
| | - Monika Gulia-Nuss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
| | - Dennis Mathew
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
| | - Andrew B. Nuss
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (D.D.C.S.); (R.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
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Krenn HW, Karolyi F, Lampert P, Melin A, Colville JF. Nectar Uptake of a Long-Proboscid Prosoeca Fly (Nemestrinidae)-Proboscis Morphology and Flower Shape. Insects 2021; 12:371. [PMID: 33924274 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several Prosoeca (Nemestinidae) species use a greatly elongated proboscis to drink nectar from long-tubed flowers. We studied morphological adaptations for nectar uptake of Prosoecamarinusi that were endemic to the Northern Cape of South Africa. Our study site was a small isolated area of semi-natural habitat, where the long-tubed flowers of Babiana vanzijliae (Iridaceae) were the only nectar source of P. marinusi, and these flies were the only insects with matching proboscis. On average, the proboscis measured 32.63 ± 2.93 mm in length and less than 0.5 mm in diameter. The short labella at the tip are equipped with pseudotracheae that open at the apical margin, indicating that nectar is extracted out of the floral tube with closed labella. To quantify the available nectar resources, measurements of the nectar volume were taken before the flies were active and after observed flower visits. On average, an individual fly took up approximately 1 µL of nectar per flower visit. The measured nectar quantities and the flower geometry allowed estimations of the nectar heights and predictions of necessary proboscis lengths to access nectar in a range of flower tube lengths.
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Shi X, Zhang SF, Liu F, Zhang Z, Xu FY, Yin SY, Kong XB. Sensilla on antennae and mouthparts of adult spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:1484-1497. [PMID: 33470484 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, is an invasive forest pest that occurs across Eurasia. To further understand the mechanism of insect-host chemical communication and the feeding choices of adult I. typographus, we examined the sensilla on the antennae and mouthparts of I. typographus using scanning electron microscopy. No sexual dimorphism in sensilla type or distribution was observed. Ten subtypes of antennal sensilla were identified: sensilla trichodea Types I-III (TR1 , TR2 , and TR3 ); sensilla chaetica Types I and II (CH1 and CH2 ); sensilla basiconica Types I-III (BA1 , BA2 , and BA3 ); sensilla coeloconica (CO); and Böhm sensilla (BS). BA2 were the most abundant among the antennal sensilla in both sexes. Thirteen mouthpart sensilla subtypes were observed: sensilla trichodea Types I-IV (TR1 , TR2 , TR3 , and TR4 ); sensilla chaetica Types I-III (CH1 , CH2 , and CH3 ); sensilla digitiformia (DI); sensilla basiconica Types I-II (BA1 and BA2 ); and sensilla styloconica Types I-III (ST1 , ST2 , and ST3 ). Among these, TR4 were the most abundant in both sexes. The apex of each maxillary and labial palp carried the same sensilla (BA2 , ST1 , ST2 , and ST3 ), although the apex of the maxillary palp contained more total sensilla. The functional roles of each sensilla type are discussed based on their external structure and distribution. The results provide a theoretical basis for further studies on the olfactory and feeding behaviors and electrophysiology of adult I. typographus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Ying Xu
- Zhashui County Forest Products Industry Development Center, Shangluo, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shu-Yan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang-Bo Kong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Urcola JI, Benetti CJ, Alarie Y, Rodriguez G, Michat MC. Characterization and mapping of sensilla on the head appendages of noterid larvae (Coleoptera: Noteridae), and development of a preliminary biometric method for taxa delimitation. J Morphol 2020; 281:1210-1222. [PMID: 32865277 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of the burrowing water beetle family Noteridae are distributed worldwide and are often abundant in a broad range of aquatic habitats, playing an important role in structuring freshwater communities, yet they have remained among the most poorly studied groups of aquatic beetles. Studies on sensillar equipment of aquatic insect larvae are largely lacking, despite their potential use in phylogeny and biometric identification methods. In this article, the external morphology and distribution of sensilla on the head appendages of first instar larvae of selected genera of Noteridae were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Seven main types were distinguished based on their morphological structure: basiconica (3 subtypes), campaniformia (2 subtypes), chaetica (7 subtypes), coeloconica (6 subtypes), coniform complex (2 subtypes), placodea, and styloconica (3 subtypes). The apex of the labial palpus was found to be the most variable and informative region in regard to the number, relative position, and topology of sensilla. Fingerprint models were, therefore, generated for this region in each of the studied genera, allowing their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Urcola
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Entomology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cesar J Benetti
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia (PPGEnt), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Yves Alarie
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georgina Rodriguez
- CONICET-University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Biodiversity and Experimental and Applied Biology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano C Michat
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Entomology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Biodiversity and Experimental and Applied Biology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wang Y, Dai W. How Does the Intricate Mouthpart Apparatus Coordinate for Feeding in the Hemimetabolous Insect Pest Erthesina fullo? Insects 2020; 11:insects11080503. [PMID: 32759849 PMCID: PMC7469201 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary To better understand the feeding mechanism of Erthesina fullo, the fine structure of the mouthparts is examined with scanning electron microscopy, and feeding performance are observed directly under laboratory conditions for the first time. The adult feeding process involves several steps, including exploring and puncturing of the host plant epidermis, a probing phase, an engorgement phase, and removal of the mouthparts from the host tissue. Proceeding from labium towards the mandibular stylets, the movement pattern becomes increasingly stereotypical, including the sensilla on the tip of the labium probing, the labium making an elbow-like bend between the first and second segment, the base of the stylet fascicle housing in the groove of the labrum, the mandibular stylets penetrating the site and maxillary stylets feeding. The morphology of mouthparts is similar to those of other Heteroptera. The four-segmented labium has eleven types of sensilla. The mandibular stylet tips have two nodules preapically on the convex external surface. The structure and function of the mouthparts are adapted for the phytophagous feeding habit in this species. This study increases the available detailed morphological and behavioral data for Hemiptera and will potentially contribute to improving our understanding of this pest’s feeding behavior and sensory mechanisms. Abstract The yellow marmorated stink bug, Erthesina fullo (Thunberg, 1783), is a major pest of certain tree fruits in Northeast Asia. To better understand the feeding mechanism of E. fullo, the fine structure of the mouthparts, including the distribution and abundance of sensilla, are examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their functions are observed directly under laboratory conditions. The feeding performance is described in detail and illustrated for the first time. The adult feeding process involves several steps, including exploring and puncturing of the host plant epidermis, a probing phase, an engorgement phase, and removal of the mouthparts from the host tissue. Proceeding from labium towards the mandibular stylets, the movement pattern becomes increasingly stereotypical, including the sensilla on the tip of the labium probing, the labium making an elbow-like bend between the first and second segment, the base of the stylet fascicle housing in the groove of the labrum, the mandibular stylets penetrating the site and maxillary stylets feeding. In terms of morphology, the mouthparts are similar to those of other Heteroptera, consisting of a triangular pyramidal labrum, a tube-like and segmented labium with a deep groove on the anterior side, and a stylet fascicle consisting of two mandibular and two maxillary stylets. The four-segmented labium has five types of sensilla basiconica, three types of sensilla trichodea, two types of sensilla campaniformia and 1 type of sensilla coeloconica. Among them, sensilla trichodea one and sensilla basiconica one are most abundant. The tripartite apex of the labium is covered with abundant sensilla trichodea three and a few sensilla basiconica 5. The mandibular stylet tips have two nodules preapically on the dorsal margin of the convex external surface, which may help in penetrating plant tissue and anchoring the mouthparts. The externally smooth maxillary stylets interlock to form a larger food canal and a smaller salivary canal. The structure and function of the mouthparts are adapted for the phytophagous feeding habit in this species. Similarities and differences between the mouthparts of E. fullo and those of other Heteroptera are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wu Dai
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +89-29-8708-2098
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Dalenberg H, Maes P, Mott B, Anderson KE, Spivak M. Propolis Envelope Promotes Beneficial Bacteria in the Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera) Mouthpart Microbiome. Insects 2020; 11:E453. [PMID: 32708479 PMCID: PMC7412495 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees collect and apply plant resins to the interior of their nest cavity, in order to form a layer around the nest cavity called a propolis envelope. Propolis displays antimicrobial activity against honey bee pathogens, but the effect of propolis on the honey bee microbiome is unknown. Honey bees do not intentionally consume propolis, but they do manipulate propolis with their mouthparts. Because honey bee mouthparts are used for collecting and storing nectar and pollen, grooming and trophallaxis between adults, feeding larvae, and cleaning the colony, they are an important interface between the bees' external and internal environments and serve as a transmission route for core gut bacteria and pathogens alike. We hypothesized that the antimicrobial activity of an experimentally applied propolis envelope would influence the bacterial diversity and abundance of the worker mouthpart microbiome. The results revealed that the mouthparts of worker bees in colonies with a propolis envelope exhibited a significantly lower bacterial diversity and significantly higher bacterial abundance compared to the mouthparts of bees in colonies without a propolis envelope. Based on the taxonomic results, the propolis envelope appeared to reduce pathogenic or opportunistic microbes and promote the proliferation of putatively beneficial microbes on the honey bee mouthparts, thus reinforcing the core microbiome of the mouthpart niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie Dalenberg
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; (H.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Patrick Maes
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Brendon Mott
- USDA-ARS Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;
| | - Kirk E. Anderson
- USDA-ARS Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;
| | - Marla Spivak
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; (H.D.); (M.S.)
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang W, Brożek J, Dai W. Unique Fine Morphology of Mouthparts in Haematoloecha nigrorufa (Stål) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Adapted to Millipede Feeding. Insects 2020; 11:insects11060386. [PMID: 32580387 PMCID: PMC7349294 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Millipede assassin bugs are a diverse group of specialized millipede predators. However, the feeding behavior of Ectrichodiinae remains poorly known, especially how the mouthpart structures relate to various functions in feeding. In this study, fine morphology of the mouthparts and feeding performance of Haematoloecha nigrorufa (Stål, 1867) was observed and described in detail for the first time. The triangular labrum is divided by a conspicuous transverse membrane into a strongly sclerotized basilabrum and a less sclerotized distilabrum. Fifteen types of sensilla are distributed on the mouthparts. Each mandibular stylet has an expanded spatulate apex and about 150 approximately transverse ridges on the external middle side; these help in penetrating the ventral trunk area and the intersegmental membranes of millipede prey. The right maxilla is tapered. On the internal surface are a row dorsal short bristles near the apex and a row of ventral bristles preapically. A longitudinal row of long lamellate structures extend proximate for a considerable distance, lie entirely within the food canal, and bear several short spines and short bristles. There is no obvious difference between males and females in the distribution, number, and types of sensilla on mouthparts. The adult feeding process involves several steps, including searching and capturing prey, paralyzing prey, a resting phase, and a feeding phase. The evolution of the mouthpart morphology and the putative functional significance of their sensilla are discussed, providing insight into the structure and function of the mouthparts adapted for millipede feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Junru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Wanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Jolanta Brożek
- Faculty of Natural Science, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Wu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +89-29-8708-2098
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Ranieri E, Ruschioni S, Riolo P, Isidoro N, Romani R. Sensory Receptors Associated with the Labial Tip and Precibarium of Philaenus spumarius L. (Hemiptera: Aphrophoride). Microsc Microanal 2020; 26:173-181. [PMID: 31722767 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619015125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), is an important vector for the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Wells, Raju, Hung, Weisburg, Mandelco-Paul, and Brenner), which is associated with olive quick decline syndrome in southern Italy. The mouthparts of Hemiptera have important roles in host plant selection, feeding behavior and for vectoring pathogens that cause plant diseases. In this study, the functional morphology of the sensory structures located on the labium tip and precibarium of P. spumarius was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The labium tip is composed of two symmetrical sensory complexes, each with five different types of sensilla: aporous sensilla trichodea type 1 and 2; uniporous sensilla chaetica type 1 and 2; and multiporous sensilla basiconica. The precibarium of P. spumarius has two kinds of sensory structures: bulbous sensilla and papillae sensilla. In particular, two groups of sensilla are located on the epipharynx: a distal group that consists of ten papillae sensilla and a proximal group composed of six papillae sensilla and two bulbous sensilla, while the hypopharynx has only two papillae sensilla. The involvement of these sensory structures in the context of feeding behavior and pathogen transmission is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Ranieri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona60131, Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona60131, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona60131, Italy
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona60131, Italy
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia06121, Italy
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22
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Andreani A, Sacchetti P, Belcari A. Comparative morphology of the deer ked Lipoptena fortisetosa first recorded from Italy. Med Vet Entomol 2019; 33:140-153. [PMID: 30478849 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hippoboscidae flies parasitize various animal species. Knowledge about these insects remains sparse, although they are known to cause stress and damage to their hosts, and can also accidentally infest humans, causing different sanitary risks. Research conducted in Tuscany assessing the biology and distribution of Lipoptena cervi (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), the most common ectoparasite of ungulates in Italy, revealed the presence of Lipoptena fortisetosa Maa, 1965 in Italy for the first time. This study includes a morphological comparative description of L. cervi and L. fortisetosa, emphasizing the peculiar differences between the two species to facilitate their accurate identification. The most pertinent morphological differences between the two species are highlighted, such as the external features of the antennae, distribution of bristles, and different features in the external genitalia. In both species, scanning electron microscopy of mouthparts revealed strong adaptive convergence in the feeding apparatus. Modified palps and a very thin proboscis are described in relation to feeding behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Andreani
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - P Sacchetti
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A Belcari
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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23
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Benowitz KM, Sparks ME, McKinney EC, Moore PJ, Moore AJ. Variation in mandible development and its relationship to dependence on parents across burying beetles. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12832-12840. [PMID: 30619586 PMCID: PMC6308864 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In species with parental care, there is striking variation in offspring dependence at birth, ranging from feeding independence to complete dependency on parents for nutrition. Frequently, highly dependent offspring further evolve reductions or alterations of morphological traits that would otherwise promote self-sufficiency. Here, we examine evidence for morphological evolution associated with dependence in burying beetles (Nicrophorus spp.), in which dependence upon parents appears to have several independent origins. In many species, precocial first instar larvae can survive without parenting, but several altricial species die at this stage on their own. We focused specifically on the mandibles, which are expected to be related to feeding ability and therefore independence from parents. RESULTS We find no evidence that the size of the mandible is related to dependence on parents. However, we do find a developmental and phylogenetic correlation between independence and the presence of serrations on the inner edge of the mandible. Mandibles of independent species bear serrations at hatching, whereas dependent species hatch with smooth mandibles, only developing serrations in the second instar when these larvae gain the ability to survive on their own. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that serrations coincide with independence repeatedly. We note a single exception to this trend, a beetle with a serrated mandible that cannot survive without parents. However, this exception occurs in a species that has recently evolved the loss of independence. CONCLUSIONS We argue that the absence of mandible serrations occurs due to alternative selection pressures incurred in larvae dependent upon parents to survive. We suggest that this may have led to a variable function for mandibles, perhaps related to increased competitive ability among siblings or increased efficiency in receiving nutrition from parents. Furthermore, we propose that the phylogenetic pattern we see is consistent with the long-held evolutionary hypothesis that evolutionary change in behavior and physiology precede morphological change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Allen J. Moore
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
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Guo M, Chen Q, Liu Y, Wang G, Han Z. Chemoreception of Mouthparts: Sensilla Morphology and Discovery of Chemosensory Genes in Proboscis and Labial Palps of Adult Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Front Physiol 2018; 9:970. [PMID: 30131703 PMCID: PMC6091246 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Siphoning mouthparts, consisting of proboscis and labial palps, are the exclusive feeding organs and important chemosensory organs in most adult Lepidoptera. In this study, the general morphology of the mouthpart organs and precision architecture of the proboscis was described in adult Helicoverpa armigera. Three major sensilla types with nine subtypes including three novel subtypes were identified. The novel sensilla styloconica subtype 2 was the only one having a multiporous structure, which may play olfactory roles. For further understanding of the chemosensory functions of mouthpart organs, we conducted transcriptome analysis on labial palps and proboscises. A total of 84 chemosensory genes belonging to six different families including 4 odorant receptors (ORs), 6 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 7 gustatory receptors (GRs), 39 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 26 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. Furthermore, eight OBPs and six CSPs were identified as the novel genes. The expression level of candidate chemosensory genes in the proboscis and labial palps was evaluated by the differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, and the expression of candidate chemosensory receptor genes in different tissues was further investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). All the candidate receptors were detected by DEG analysis and qRT-PCR, but only a small part of the OR or IR genes was specifically or partially expressed in proboscis or labial palps, such as HarmOR58 and HarmIR75p.1, however, most of the GRs were abundantly expressed in proboscis or labial palps. The reported CO2 receptors such as HarmGR1, GR2, and GR3 were mainly expressed in labial palps. HarmGR5, GR6, and GR8, belonging to the "sugar receptor" clade, were mainly expressed in proboscis or antenna and were therefore suggested to perceive saccharide. The results suggest that the mouthparts are mutually cooperative but functionally concentrated system. These works contribute to the understanding of chemical signal recognition in mouthpart organs and provide the foundation for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbo Guo
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojun Han
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Garcia FH, Fischer G, Liu C, Audisio TL, Economo EP. Next-generation morphological character discovery and evaluation: an X-ray micro-CT enhanced revision of the ant genus Zasphinctus Wheeler (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Dorylinae) in the Afrotropics. Zookeys 2017; 693:33-93. [PMID: 29362522 PMCID: PMC5777420 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.693.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
New technologies for imaging and analysis of morphological characters offer opportunities to enhance revisionary taxonomy and better integrate it with the rest of biology. In this study, we revise the Afrotropical fauna of the ant genus Zasphinctus Wheeler, and use high-resolution X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) to analyse a number of morphological characters of taxonomic and biological interest. We recognise and describe three new species: Z. obamaisp. n., Z. sarowiwaisp. n., and Z. wilsonisp. n. The species delimitations are based on the morphological examination of all physical specimens in combination with 3D scans and volume reconstructions. Based on this approach, we present a new taxonomic discrimination system for the regional fauna that consists of a combination of easily observable morphological characters visible at magnifications of around 80-100 ×, less observable characters that require higher magnifications, as well as characters made visible through virtual dissections that would otherwise require destructive treatment. Zasphinctus are rarely collected ants and the material available to us is comparatively scarce. Consequently, we explore the use of micro-CT as a non-invasive tool for the virtual examination, manipulation, and dissection of such rare material. Furthermore, we delineate the treated species by providing a diagnostic character matrix illustrated by numerous images and supplement that with additional evidence in the form of stacked montage images, 3D PDFs and 3D rotation videos of scans of major body parts and full body (in total we provide 16 stacked montage photographs, 116 images of 3D reconstructions, 15 3D rotation videos, and 13 3D PDFs). In addition to the comparative morphology analyses used for species delimitations, we also apply micro-CT data to examine certain traits, such as mouthparts, cuticle thickness, and thoracic and abdominal muscles in order to assess their taxonomic usefulness or gain insights into the natural history of the genus. The complete datasets comprising the raw micro-CT data, 3D PDFs, 3D rotation videos, still images of 3D models, and coloured montage photos have been made available online as cybertypes (Dryad, http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4s3v1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Hita Garcia
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919–1 Tancha, Onna-son 904–0495, Japan
| | - Georg Fischer
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919–1 Tancha, Onna-son 904–0495, Japan
| | - Cong Liu
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919–1 Tancha, Onna-son 904–0495, Japan
| | - Tracy L. Audisio
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919–1 Tancha, Onna-son 904–0495, Japan
| | - Evan P. Economo
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919–1 Tancha, Onna-son 904–0495, Japan
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David S, Funken J, Potthast W, Blanke A. Musculoskeletal modelling under an evolutionary perspective: deciphering the role of single muscle regions in closely related insects. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:20160675. [PMID: 27707910 PMCID: PMC5095224 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects show a remarkable diversity of muscle configurations, yet the factors leading to this functional diversity are poorly understood. Here, we use musculoskeletal modelling to understand the spatio-temporal activity of an insect muscle in several dragonfly species and to reveal potential mechanical factors leading to a particular muscle configuration. Bite characteristics potentially show systematic signal, but absolute bite force is not correlated with size. Muscle configuration and inverse dynamics show that the wider relative area of muscle attachment and the higher activity of subapical muscle groups are responsible for this high bite force. This wider attachment area is, however, not an evolutionary trend within dragonflies. Our inverse dynamic data, furthermore, show that maximum bite forces most probably do not reflect maximal muscle force production capability in all studied species. The thin head capsule and the attachment areas of muscles most probably limit the maximum force output of the mandibular muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina David
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Johannes Funken
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Potthast
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany ARCUS Clinics Pforzheim, Rastatter Strasse 17-19, 75179 Pforzheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Blanke
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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27
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Kakizoe S, Maruyama M. Termitotroxvenus sp. n. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae), a new blind, flightless termitophilous scarab from Cambodia. Zookeys 2015:13-21. [PMID: 26257566 PMCID: PMC4524275 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.513.9958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Termitotroxvenussp. n. is described from Cambodia and represents the second discovery of Termitotrox Reichensperger, 1915 from the Indo-Chinese subregion of the Indomalayan region. Most of the type series was collected from refuse dumps in fungus garden cells of Macrotermescf.gilvus (Hagen, 1858). Macrotermes Holmgren, 1910 was previously an unknown host of Termitotrox species. The new species is easily distinguished from all known congeners by having wing-shaped trichomes on the elytra and the larger body size, at 2.5 mm in length. We also describe the mouthparts to complement the description of the genus Termitotrox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showtaro Kakizoe
- Laboratory of Ecological Science, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
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28
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Bauder JAS, Morawetz L, Warren AD, Krenn HW. Functional constraints on the evolution of long butterfly proboscides: lessons from Neotropical skippers (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). J Evol Biol 2015; 28:678-87. [PMID: 25682841 PMCID: PMC4402018 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extremely long proboscides are rare among butterflies outside of the Hesperiidae, yet representatives of several genera of skipper butterflies possess proboscides longer than 50 mm. Although extremely elongated mouthparts can be regarded as advantageous adaptations to gain access to nectar in deep-tubed flowers, the scarcity of long-proboscid butterflies is a phenomenon that has not been adequately accounted for. So far, the scarceness was explained by functional costs arising from increased flower handling times caused by decelerated nectar intake rates. However, insects can compensate for the negative influence of a long proboscis through changes in the morphological configuration of the feeding apparatus. Here, we measured nectar intake rates in 34 species representing 21 Hesperiidae genera from a Costa Rican lowland rainforest area to explore the impact of proboscis length, cross-sectional area of the food canal and body size on intake rate. Long-proboscid skippers did not suffer from reduced intake rates due to their large body size and enlarged food canals. In addition, video analyses of the flower-visiting behaviour revealed that suction times increased with proboscis length, suggesting that long-proboscid skippers drink a larger amount of nectar from deep-tubed flowers. Despite these advantages, we showed that functional costs of exaggerated mouthparts exist in terms of longer manipulation times per flower. Finally, we discuss the significance of scaling relationships on the foraging efficiency of butterflies and why some skipper taxa, in particular, have evolved extremely long proboscides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A S Bauder
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Jiang L, Yue C, Hua B. Larval morphology of Panorpodes kuandianensis (Insecta, Mecoptera, Panorpodidae) and its evolutionary implications. Zookeys 2014:69-82. [PMID: 24715802 PMCID: PMC3978227 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.398.6675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Larval characters play a significant role in evolutionary and systematic studies of holometabolous insects. However, Panorpodidae, a derived family of Mecoptera, are largely unknown in their immature stages to date. Here, the first instar larva of the short-faced scorpionfly Panorpodes kuandianensis Zhong, Zhang & Hua, 2011 is described and illustrated using light and scanning electron microscopy. The larva of Panorpodes is remarkable for the absence of compound eyes on the head and the presence of seven small unpaired proleg-like processes along the midventral line on abdominal segments II-VIII. The homology of these unpaired appendage-like processes, their ecological adaptation, and the evolutionary implications of some larval characters of Panorpodidae are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China ; Department of Life Science and Technology
| | - Baozhen Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Richter D, Matuschka FR, Spielman A, Mahadevan L. How ticks get under your skin: insertion mechanics of the feeding apparatus of Ixodes ricinus ticks. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131758. [PMID: 24174106 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick Ixodes ricinus uses its mouthparts to penetrate the skin of its host and to remain attached for about a week, during which time Lyme disease spirochaetes may pass from the tick to the host. To understand how the tick achieves both tasks, penetration and attachment, with the same set of implements, we recorded the insertion events by cinematography, interpreted the mouthparts' function by scanning electron microscopy and identified their points of articulation by confocal microscopy. Our structural dynamic observations suggest that the process of insertion and attachment occurs via a ratchet-like mechanism with two distinct stages. Initially, the two telescoping chelicerae pierce the skin and, by moving alternately, generate a toehold. Subsequently, a breaststroke-like motion, effected by simultaneous flexure and retraction of both chelicerae, pulls in the barbed hypostome. This combination of a flexible, dynamic mechanical ratchet and a static holdfast thus allows the tick to solve the problem of how to penetrate skin and also remain stuck for long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Richter
- Abteilung Parasitologie, Institut für Pathologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, , Malteserstrasse 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Public Health Entomology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, , 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, , 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Anne-Sophie Bauder J, Handschuh S, Metscher BD, Krenn HW. Functional morphology of the feeding apparatus and evolution of proboscis length in metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013; 110:291-304. [PMID: 24839308 PMCID: PMC4021108 DOI: 10.1111/bij.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An assessment of the anatomical costs of extremely long proboscid mouthparts can contribute to the understanding of the evolution of form and function in the context of insect feeding behaviour. An integrative analysis of expenses relating to an exceptionally long proboscis in butterflies includes all organs involved in fluid feeding, such as the proboscis plus its musculature, sensilla, and food canal, as well as organs for proboscis movements and the suction pump for fluid uptake. In the present study, we report a morphometric comparison of derived long-tongued (proboscis approximately twice as long as the body) and short-tongued Riodinidae (proboscis half as long as the body), which reveals the non-linear scaling relationships of an extremely long proboscis. We found no elongation of the tip region, low numbers of proboscis sensilla, short sensilla styloconica, and no increase of galeal musculature in relation to galeal volume, but a larger food canal, as well as larger head musculature in relation to the head capsule. The results indicate the relatively low extra expense on the proboscis musculature and sensilla equipment but significant anatomical costs, such as reinforced haemolymph and suction pump musculature, as well as thick cuticular proboscis walls, which are functionally related to feeding performance in species possessing an extremely long proboscis. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 110, 291–304.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Handschuh
- Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria ; Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Adolf Lorenz Gasse 2, Altenberg, 3422, Austria
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Ball GE, Acorn JH, Shpeley D. Mandibles and labrum-epipharynx of tiger beetles: basic structure and evolution (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelitae). Zookeys 2011:39-83. [PMID: 22371663 PMCID: PMC3286260 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.147.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using for comparison with, and as outgroups for, supertribe Cicindelitae, we describe and illustrate the mandibles and labrum-epipharynx of the basal geadephagans Trachypachus gibbsii LeConte, 1861 (family Trachypachidae), and family Carabidae: Pelophila rudis (LeConte, 1863) (supertribe Nebriitae, tribe Pelophilini) and Ceroglossus chilensis (Eschscholtz, 1829) (supertribe Carabitae, tribe Ceroglossini). The range and pattern of variation in structure of mandibles and labrum-epipharynx within the supertribe Cicindelitae was assessed using scanning-electron (SEM) images of these structures in nine exemplar taxa: Amblycheila baroni (Rivers, 1890), Omus californicus (Eschscholtz, 1829) and Picnochile fallaciosa (Chevrolat, 1854) (representing the Amblycheilini); Manticora tuberculata (DeGeer, 1778) (representing the Manticorini): Tetracha carolina (Linnaeus, 1767) (representing the Megacephalini); Pogonostoma chalybeum (Klug, 1835) (representing the Collyridini); and Therates basalis Dejean, 1826, Oxycheila species, and Cicindela longilabris Say, 1824 (representing the Cicindelini). An evolutionary transformation series was postulated for the mandibles and labrum-epipharynx, based on a reconstructed phylogenetic sequence, which, in turn, was based on morphological and DNAevidence.Principal features of the transformation series for the mandibles included development of a densely setose basal face; wide quadridentate retinaculum; a lengthened incisor tooth; a multidentate terebra (one to five teeth; two-three most frequent), followed by subsequent loss of one or more such teeth; development of a diastema in the occlusal surface; development and subsequent loss of scrobal setae, and reduction and loss of the scrobe. Principal features of the transformation series for the labrum included evolution of form from transverse, sub-rectangular to elongate almost square, to triangular; position and number of setae evolved from dorsal to insertion on the apical margin, the number increased from 8-10 to as many as 36, and decreased to as few as four. The epipharynx broadened evolutionarily, the pedium evolving in form from narrow, triangular and nearly flat, to broad, palatiform, and markedly convex; anterior parapedial setae both increased and decreased in number, and in orientation, from a row parallel to the parapedial ridge to a setal row extended forward at about a right angle to the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Ball
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
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Bauder JAS, Lieskonig NR, Krenn HW. The extremely long-tongued neotropical butterfly Eurybia lycisca (Riodinidae): proboscis morphology and flower handling. Arthropod Struct Dev 2011; 40:122-127. [PMID: 21115131 PMCID: PMC3062012 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Few species of true butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) have evolved a proboscis that greatly exceeds the length of the body. This study is the first to examine the morphology of an extremely long butterfly proboscis and to describe how it is used to obtain nectar from flowers with very deep corolla tubes. The proboscis of Eurybia lycisca (Riodinidae) is approximately twice as long as the body. It has a maximal length of 45.6 mm (mean length 36.5 mm ± 4.1 S.D., N = 20) and is extremely thin, measuring only about 0.26 mm at its maximum diameter. The proboscis has a unique arrangement of short sensilla at the tip, and its musculature arrangement is derived. The flower handling times on the preferred nectar plant, Calathea crotalifera (Marantaceae), were exceptionally long (mean 54.5 sec ± 28.5 S.D., N = 26). When feeding on the deep flowers remarkably few proboscis movements occur. The relationship between Eurybia lycisca and its preferred nectar plant and larval host plant, Calathea crotalifera, is not mutualistic since the butterfly exploits the flowers without contributing to their pollination. We hypothesize that the extraordinarily long proboscis of Eurybia lycisca is an adaptation for capitalizing on the pre-existing mutualistic interaction of the host plant with its pollinating long-tongued nectar feeding insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A S Bauder
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, Austria.
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