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Bruijning M, Metcalf CJE, Visser MD. Closing the gap in the Janzen-Connell hypothesis: What determines pathogen diversity? Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14316. [PMID: 37787147 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The high tree diversity in tropical forests has long been a puzzle to ecologists. In the 1970s, Janzen and Connell proposed that tree species (hosts) coexist due to the stabilizing actions of specialized enemies. This Janzen-Connell hypothesis was subsequently supported by theoretical studies. Yet, such studies have taken the presence of specialized pathogens for granted, overlooking that pathogen coexistence also requires an explanation. Moreover, stable ecological coexistence does not necessarily imply evolutionary stability. What are the conditions that allow Janzen-Connell effects to evolve? We link theory from community ecology, evolutionary biology and epidemiology to tackle this question, structuring our approach around five theoretical frameworks. Phenomenological Lotka-Volterra competition models provide the most basic framework, which can be restructured to include (single- or multi-)pathogen dynamics. This ecological foundation can be extended to include pathogen evolution. Hosts, of course, may also evolve, and we introduce a coevolutionary model, showing that host-pathogen coevolution can lead to highly diverse systems. Our work unpacks the assumptions underpinning Janzen-Connell and places theoretical bounds on pathogen and host ecology and evolution. The five theoretical frameworks taken together provide a stronger theoretical basis for Janzen-Connell, delivering a wider lens that can yield important insights into the maintenance of diversity in these increasingly threatened systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Bruijning
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marco D Visser
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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AbdelMassih A, Sedky A, Shalaby A, Shalaby AF, Yasser A, Mohyeldin A, Amin B, Saleheen B, Osman D, Samuel E, Abdelfatah E, Albustami E, ElGhamry F, Khaled H, Amr H, Gaber H, Makhlouf I, Abdeldayem J, El-Beialy JW, Milad K, El Sharkawi L, Abosenna L, Safi MG, AbdelKareem M, Gaber M, Elkady M, Ihab M, AbdelRaouf N, Khaled R, Shalata R, Mahgoub R, Jamal S, El Hawary SED, ElRashidy S, El Shorbagy S, Gerges T, Kassem Y, Magdy Y, Omar Y, Shokry Y, Kamel A, Hozaien R, El-Husseiny N, El Shershaby M. From HIV to COVID-19, Molecular mechanisms of pathogens' trade-off and persistence in the community, potential targets for new drug development. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2022; 46:194. [PMID: 35818410 PMCID: PMC9258762 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00879-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On the staggering emergence of the Omicron variant, numerous questions arose about the evolution of virulence and transmissibility in microbes. MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT The trade-off hypothesis has long speculated the exchange of virulence for the sake of superior transmissibility in a wide array of pathogens. While this certainly applies to the case of the Omicron variant, along with influenza virus, various reports have been allocated for an array of pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and tuberculosis (TB). The latter abide to another form of trade-off, the invasion-persistence trade-off. In this study, we aim to explore the molecular mechanisms and mutations of different obligate intracellular pathogens that attenuated their more morbid characters, virulence in acute infections and invasion in chronic infections. SHORT CONCLUSION Recognizing the mutations that attenuate the most morbid characters of pathogens such as virulence or persistence can help in tailoring new therapies for such pathogens. Targeting macrophage tropism of HIV by carbohydrate-binding agents, or targeting the TMPRSS2 receptors to prevent pulmonary infiltrates of COVID-19 is an example of how important is to recognize such genetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine AbdelMassih
- Pediatric Department, Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Children Hospital, Cairo University, Kasr Al Ainy Street, Cairo, 12411 Egypt
| | - Abrar Sedky
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shalaby
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - AlAmira-Fawzia Shalaby
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alia Yasser
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Mohyeldin
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma Amin
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma Saleheen
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Osman
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elaria Samuel
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emmy Abdelfatah
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eveen Albustami
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Farida ElGhamry
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Habiba Khaled
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hana Amr
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanya Gaber
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ismail Makhlouf
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Janna Abdeldayem
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Karim Milad
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila El Sharkawi
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lina Abosenna
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Madonna G. Safi
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariam AbdelKareem
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Gaber
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mirna Elkady
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ihab
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nora AbdelRaouf
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rawan Khaled
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem Shalata
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rudayna Mahgoub
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarah Jamal
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seif El-Din El Hawary
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shady ElRashidy
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherouk El Shorbagy
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tony Gerges
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yara Kassem
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmeen Magdy
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Omar
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Shokry
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Kamel
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rafeef Hozaien
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadine El-Husseiny
- Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Pixagon Graphic Design Agency, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Meryam El Shershaby
- Internship Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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