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de Oliveira Duarte EC, Santiago NR, Visacri MB, de Mendonça Lima T. Role of pharmacist in the management of Hansen's Disease: A scoping review. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 12:100342. [PMID: 37823010 PMCID: PMC10563045 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stakeholders and healthcare professionals have an essential role in the elimination of Hansen's Disease. Of these, pharmacists provide core services that assist the management of these patients with the supply of medicines and clinical actions. Objectives To summarize evidence on the role of pharmacist in the management of Hansen's Disease. Methods A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Sciences, LILACS, and Google Scholar for studies published until September 29th, 2022 without language restriction. Studies that reported actions provided by pharmacists in the management of patients with Hansen's Disease were included. The pharmacist interventions identified in the studies were described based on key domains in DEPICT v.2. Two independent reviewers performed study selection and data extraction and any disagreements were resolved by third and fourth authors. Results A total of 751 records were identified, of which 8 studies fully met the eligibility criteria. Most of them were conducted in Brazil (n = 5), in an ambulatory setting (n = 8) and the most common study design was descriptive cross-sectional (n = 6). Different roles of pharmacists were identified, such as medication review, therapeutic drug monitoring, patient education, drug information, and dispensing. All studies described pharmacist interventions for patients through one-on-one contact and face-to-face. Pharmacists were responsible for patient counseling (n = 8), suggestions for change in therapy (n = 2), and monitoring results report (n = 2). The studies reported benefits associated with pharmacist interventions, despite the limited descriptions regarding these actions. Conclusions Few studies that described the activities of pharmacists in the management of Hansen's Disease were found. As the studies did not offer a satisfactory level of description and quality, further research should be conducted to strengthen this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marília Berlofa Visacri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tácio de Mendonça Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Zanetti MOB, Rodrigues JPV, Varallo FR, Cunha RLG, Simões BP, Pereira LRL. Impact of the insertion of the clinical pharmacist in the Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation team. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2023; 29:375-385. [PMID: 35037789 DOI: 10.1177/10781552211073797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation (allo-HSCT) is capable of curing patients with neoplastic or non-neoplastic hematologic disorders or of prolonging their survival. This study assessed if the insertion of the clinical pharmacist in the allo-HSCT team modified the outcomes: transplantation-related mortality, grafting failure, incidence of Graft versus Host Disease, hospitalization time, time for grafting, number of readmissions, number of drug-related problems (DRPs), adherence and knowledge about pharmacotherapy. METHODS Interventional study with historical control carried out in an allo-HSCT unit, in which the intervention group (IG) included 33 individuals who received pharmacotherapy follow-up. Control Group (CG) consisted of 28 individuals. RESULTS A total of 250 DRPs were identified, 59 team's doubts were clarified, and 309 interventions were conducted in the IG. The DRPs mainly arose from safety (51.60%) and effectiveness (38.40%) problems. A mean of 9.36 (SD = 6.97) interventions per patient was obtained, mainly including dose reductions (19.09%), adjustments in administration time (18.12%), educational activities (15.21%) and drug removal (10.68%). Clinical significance of the interventions was considered high (75.7% extremely significant, very significant or significant), as well as their acceptability (89.7% accepted). Each patient attended a mean of 4.68 pharmaceutical consultations (SD = 1.91) after hospital discharge, presenting increase in knowledge (p = 0.0001) and in adherence (p = 0.0115). There was no evidence of differences between the groups in the other outcomes analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacotherapy follow-up allowed detecting several DRPs and performing interventions of high clinical relevance and acceptability, in addition to improving adherence and individualizing the pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Paulo Vilela Rodrigues
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Rossi Varallo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Belinda Pinto Simões
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Ahmed A, Tanveer M, Dujaili JA, Chuah LH, Hashmi FK, Awaisu A. Pharmacist-Involved Antiretroviral Stewardship Programs in People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Systematic Review. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2023; 37:31-52. [PMID: 36626156 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2022.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS; PLWHA) frequently encounter antiretroviral (ARV) therapy-related problems. Clinical pharmacists with specialized training in ARV stewardship play an important role in managing these problems. However, there is a paucity of evidence to clarify the impact of clinical pharmacists' interventions on managing ARV therapy-related problems in PLWHA. Therefore, we aim to systematically review the literature to determine the nature and impact of pharmacists' interventions on managing medication-related problems in PLWHA. The review protocol was registered on International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42020173078). Relevant records were identified from six electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, Embase, EBSCOhost, ProQuest, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register) from their inception until September 2022. We included all randomized and nonrandomized interventional studies that were published in English. After the abstract and full-text screening, data were extracted from the selected studies, and the quality of the studies was assessed. The electronic database search and citation tracking identified two thousand and three citations. The review included 21 of these studies, involving 2998 PLWHA, published between 2014 and 2022. Pharmacists' interventions, working alone or in a multi-disciplinary team, comprised ARV medication review, management of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), therapeutic drug monitoring, prevention of drug interactions, and provision of drug information to PLWHA or the health care team. The pharmacist-involved interventions significantly reduced incorrect/incomplete ARV regimens, drug interactions, incorrect dosages, duplicate therapy, polypharmacy, administration errors, missing medication, wrong formulation, ADRs, and prescribing errors. Most studies reported that physicians usually accept more than 90% of the pharmacists' recommendations. ARV medication-related problems remain highly prevalent in PLWHA. Pharmacist-led interventions and stewardship significantly reduce ARV therapy-related problems in PLWHA and are widely accepted by physicians. Dedicated pharmacists with specialized training and credentialing in infectious diseases or HIV/AIDS have a great potential to improve health outcomes in PLWHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Maria Tanveer
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Juman Abdulelah Dujaili
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Current affiliation: Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lay Hong Chuah
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Furqan Khurshid Hashmi
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Allama Iqbal Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Awaisu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Interventions and Impact of Pharmacist-Delivered Services for People Infected with COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091630. [PMID: 36141242 PMCID: PMC9498522 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacists are essential members of the healthcare team. The emergence of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led pharmacists to undertake additional clinical roles. We aim to conduct a systematic review on the interventions and impact of pharmacist-delivered services in managing COVID-19 patients. We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL plus, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Web of Science from 1 December 2019 (the first case of COVID-19 emerged) to 13 January 2022 to retrieve the articles. Cochrane handbook and PRISMA guidelines were followed respectively to perform and report the review. The pharmacist-led interventions were reported following the Descriptive Elements of Pharmacist Intervention Characterization Tool (DEPICT) version 2. The protocol of systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021277128). Studies quality was assessed with the modified NOS scale. In total, 7 observational studies were identified from 10,838 studies. Identification of dosage errors (n = 6 studies), regimen modifications (n = 5), removal of obsolete/duplicate medications (n = 5), identification and management of adverse drug reactions (n = 4), drug interactions prevention (n = 2), and physicians acceptance rate (n = 3) of therapy-related services delivered in-person or via tele-pharmacy were among the pharmacist-delivered services. Common interventions delivered by pharmacists also included optimizing the use of antibacterial, antivirals, and anticoagulants in COVID-19 infected patients. The acceptance of pharmacist-delivered services by physicians was high (88.5–95.5%). Included studies have described pharmacists’ beneficial role in managing patients with COVID-19 including detection, resolution, and prevention of medication-related problems, with physicians demonstrating high trust in pharmacists’ advice. Future research should assess the feasibility and scalability of such roles in real-world settings.
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Brajković A, Bićanić LA, Strgačić M, Orehovački H, Ramalho-de-Oliveira D, Mucalo I. The Impact of Pharmacist-Led Medication Management Services on the Quality of Life and Adverse Drug Reaction Occurrence. PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10050102. [PMID: 36136835 PMCID: PMC9498323 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to assess the impact of comprehensive medication management (CMM) services on patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in older patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). A prospective, pre- and post-intervention study with a one-year follow-up was conducted at the Health Care Centre Zagreb—Centre (HCZC). The Euro-Quality of Life Questionnaire 5 Dimensions 5 Levels (EQ-5D-5L) was used to measure the HRQoL at baseline (initial visit at the HCZC) and 12 months following CMM services. The ADRs collected at the initial assessment of the CMM services and throughout follow-up consultations were analyzed according to the occurrence mechanism, seriousness, expectedness and distribution of the Preferred Term according to the System Organ Class. Following the CMM intervention, 65 patients reported significant improvement in dimensions “self-care” (p = 0.011) and “usual activities” (p = 0.003), whereas no significant change was found in the “mobility” (p = 0.203), “pain/discomfort” (p = 0.173) and “anxiety/depression” (p = 0.083) dimensions and the self-rated VAS scale (p = 0.781). A total of 596 suspected ADR reports were found, the majority at patients’ initial assessment (67.3%), with a mean ± SD of 9.2 ± 16.9 per patient. The CMM services significantly reduced the rate of suspected ADRs, namely 2.7 ± 1.7 ADRs per patient at the initial assessment vs. 1.0 ± 1.5 ADRs per patient at the last consultation (p < 0.001). The obtained results indicate that CMM services may improve patients’ HRQoL. Additionally, as CMM services diminished the proportion of ADRs following 1-year patient follow-up, they may serve as a viable solution for safety management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brajković
- Centre for Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Ana Bićanić
- Centre for Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Strgačić
- Centre for Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Djenane Ramalho-de-Oliveira
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Care Studies, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Iva Mucalo
- Centre for Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
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Franco J, de Souza RN, Lima TDM, Moriel P, Visacri MB. Role of clinical pharmacist in the palliative care of adults and elderly patients with cancer: A scoping review. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2022; 28:664-685. [PMID: 35019805 DOI: 10.1177/10781552211073470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted this scoping review to map and summarize scientific evidence on the role of clinical pharmacists in the palliative care of adults and elderly patients with cancer. DATA SOURCES A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, PubMed Central, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and BVS/BIREME for studies published until November 22nd, 2020. Studies that reported work experiences adopted by clinical pharmacists in the palliative care of adults and elderly patients with cancer were included. Two independent authors performed study selection and data extraction. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion with the third and fourth authors. The pharmacist interventions identified in the included studies were described based on key domains in the DEPICT v.2. DATA SUMMARY A total of 586 records were identified, of which 14 studies fully met the eligibility criteria. Most of them were conducted in the United States of America (n = 5) and Canada (n = 5) and described the workplace of the pharmacist in clinic/ambulatory (n = 10). Clinical pharmacists performed several activities and provided services, highlighting medication review (n = 12), patient and caregivers education (n = 12), medication histories and-or medication reconciliation (n = 6). The pharmacist interventions were mostly conducted for patients/caregivers (n = 13), by one-on-one contact (n = 14), and by face-to-face (n = 13). Pharmacists were responsible mainly for change or suggestion for change in therapy (n = 12) and patient counselling (n = 12). Pharmacist interventions were well accepted by the clinical team. Overall, studies showed that pharmacists, within an interdisciplinary team, had significant impacts on measured outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In recent years, there have been advances in the role of the pharmacist in palliative care of patients with cancer and there are great opportunities in this field. They play an important role in managing cancer pain and other symptoms, as well as resolving drug related problems. We encourage more research to be carried out to strengthen this field and to benefit patients with advanced cancer with higher quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Franco
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael N de Souza
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tácio de M Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 67825Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia Moriel
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marília B Visacri
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Effect and associated factors of a clinical pharmacy model in the incidence of medication errors in the hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe eacpharmodel study: stepped wedge randomized controlled Trial (NCT03338725). Int J Clin Pharm 2022; 44:439-447. [PMID: 34977994 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-021-01361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization considers medication errors to be an issue that requires attention at all levels of care, to reduce the severe and preventable harm related to drug therapy. Different standards for clinical pharmaceutical practices have been proposed by various organizations across the world, where the pharmacist, as part of the multidisciplinary health team, can help improve patient safety. Objective To assess the impact of the introduction of a clinical pharmacy practice model on medication error in patients of a university hospital. Setting The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, Medellín, Colombia. Methods A randomized, controlled cluster-wedge staggered trial with a duration of 14 months was conducted to compare the clinical pharmacy practice model with the usual care process in the hospital. Five hospital health care units were included, which were initially assigned to the control group, and after an observation period of 2 months, they were randomly assigned to the intervention group. The trial protocol was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT03338725). Main outcome measure The incidence of medication errors in hospitalized patients was the main outcome measure. Results The incidence of medication error was 13.3% and 22.8% for the intervention group and control group, respectively. The probability of presenting a medication error was 48% lower when the patient was in the intervention group (RR 0.52; 95% CI: 0.34-0.79). The probability of presenting a medication error over time was 44% lower in the intervention group (p = 0.0005); meanwhile, the resolution of a medication error over time was 70% higher in the intervention group (p = 0. 0029). Conclusion The clinical pharmacy practice model, made up of strategies focused on reducing medication errors, significantly reduces medication errors in patients during hospitalization compared with usual practice. This work assessed the effect of a clinical pharmacy model on the incidence of medication errors and demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing these errors in hospitalized patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03338725. Registered on 9 November 2017. First patient randomized on February 2, 2018.
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Garabeli AA, Benetoli A, Halila GC, Machinski I, Tonin FS, Fernandez-Llimos F, Pontarolo R. Mapping community pharmacy services in Brazil: a scoping review. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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[Roles and impacts of the pharmacist in the management of insomnia: A literature review]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2021; 80:200-215. [PMID: 34033747 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that affects a large portion of the population in a situational, recurrent, or chronic way. In Canada, it is estimated that 13% of the population suffers from it. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this literature review is to identify and describe studies dealing with the role and impact of the management of insomnia by a pharmacist. METHOD PubMed®, EMBASE® and CINALH Complete were searched to extract articles published between January 1st, 1990 and May 28, 2020. Studies on the role and impact of management of insomnia by a pharmacist, in French and English, descriptive or quantitative, with or without control group were included. Articles that did not deal with insomnia as the primary topic or where insomnia is a secondary condition were excluded, conference abstracts and studies showing no concrete results. The following variables were extracted: author, type of study, duration, location, sample size and characteristics of participants, description of pharmacist interventions, limits and biases, outcomes assessed and results. The quality of the pharmacists' interventions description was evaluated with DEPICT2. RESULTS Our review identified eight articles published from 2006 to 2018 evaluating 14 types of outcomes and 41 separate outcomes. A total of 37% (7/19) of the quantitative outcomes had statistically significant positive results, regarding insomnia qualification, symptoms and adequate use. Six studies were conducted in community pharmacy. The quality score varied between 8 and 10 out of 11. CONCLUSION There is little data on the role and impact of the management of insomnia by a pharmacist. The pharmacist can have a positive impact, particularly when practicing in a community pharmacy. Given the limited data and the prevalence of insomnia, it appears relevant to invest in pharmaceutical evaluative research for this condition.
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Harpe SE. Meta-research in pharmacy: Time for a look in the mirror. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:2028-2035. [PMID: 33893054 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The volume of the biomedical literature continues to expand at a substantial rate. The research literature surrounding pharmaceutical services is no different. Due in part to events in the recent past, researchers, consumers, funders, and policymakers have raised concerns about the credibility, transparency, and potential waste in the global research enterprise. Meta-research, or research on research, provides a way to examine the efficiency, quality, and potential bias in the overall research ecosystem. The field of meta-research is a relatively new but rapidly growing field that has seen many applications in biomedical research. Applications in pharmacy research, however, are still developing. The goals of this commentary are to introduce pharmacy researchers to the concept of meta-research, discuss several examples of meta-research in pharmacy, and motivate the importance of sustained meta-research efforts in pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer E Harpe
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
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Mahmoud A, Mullen R, Penson PE, Morecroft C. The management of asthma in adult patients in the community pharmacy setting: Literature review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:1893-1906. [PMID: 33867279 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma poses a public health concern, with an estimated 235 million people currently living with the condition globally. The provision of evidence-based, patient-centred services for adult asthma patients in community pharmacy which involves collaboration across the multidisciplinary team could improve their asthma control. OBJECTIVES A literature review was conducted to examine the evidence of asthma management in community pharmacy setting. METHODS Five databases were searched to identify relevant articles published before February 2021. Screening of the potential studies was performed to remove articles that did not comply with the inclusion criteria. Relevant data from all included studies was collected using a data extraction form to ensure consistency throughout the review. RESULTS Twenty studies were included in the review; all were conducted in community pharmacy settings in the period of 2001-2020, in different countries. The studies included randomised controlled trials, controlled trials and observational studies. Several successful community pharmacy-based services that were provided to asthma patients to improve their asthma management were highlighted in this review. These interventions consisted of one or more components and included: patient education, inhaler technique improvement, patient counselling, self-management plans, development and provision of asthma action plans and referral to other health care practitioners. None of the studies involved medication or dosage changes by community pharmacy. CONCLUSIONS The evidence discussed in this review showed that community pharmacists are well-placed to deliver services to asthma patients and many studies were conducted in the community pharmacy to improve asthma control in adult patients. However, further research could be conducted to explore further opportunities for community pharmacy to enhance asthma patients management of their condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Mahmoud
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Rachel Mullen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Centre of Pharmacy Innovation, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Centre of Pharmacy Innovation, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Morecroft
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Centre of Pharmacy Innovation, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Fernandez-Llimos F, Salgado TM. Standardization of pharmacy practice terminology and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:819-820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Whyte J, Dijkers MP, Fasoli SE, Ferraro M, Katz LW, Norton S, Parent E, Pinto SM, Sisto SA, Van Stan JH, Wengerd L. Recommendations for Reporting on Rehabilitation Interventions. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 100:5-16. [PMID: 32889858 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Clear reporting on rehabilitation treatments is critical for interpreting and replicating study results and for translating treatment research into clinical practice. This article reports the recommendations of a working group on improved reporting on rehabilitation treatments. These recommendations are intended to be combined with the efforts of other working groups, through a consensus process, to arrive at a reporting guideline for randomized controlled trials in physical medicine and rehabilitation (Randomized Controlled Trials Rehabilitation Checklist). The work group conducted a scoping review of 156 diverse guidelines for randomized controlled trial reporting, to identify themes that might be usefully applied to the field of rehabilitation. Themes were developed by identifying content that might improve or enhance existing items from the Template for Intervention Description and Replication. Guidelines addressing broad research domains tended to define reporting items generally, from the investigator's perspective of relevance, whereas those addressing more circumscribed domains provided more specific and operationalized items. Rehabilitation is a diverse field, but a clear description of the treatment's separable components, along with distinct treatment theories for each, can improve reporting of relevant information. Over time, expert consensus groups should develop more specific guideline extensions for circumscribed research domains, around coalescing bodies of treatment theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Whyte
- From the Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Einstein Healthcare Network, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania (JW, MF); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (MPD); MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts (SEF, JHVS); Department of Occupational Therapy, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, and Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (LWK); Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Scripps Memorial Hospital, Encinitas, California (SN); Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (EP); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Carolinas Rehabilitation, Charlotte, North Carolina (SMP); School of Public Health and Health Professions, Department of Rehabilitation Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (SAS); Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JHVS); and School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Occupational Therapy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (LW)
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Role of pharmacist during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:1799-1806. [PMID: 33317760 PMCID: PMC7334137 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the start of the new Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in December 2019, pharmacists worldwide are playing a key role adopting innovative strategies to minimize the adverse impact of the pandemic. OBJECTIVES To identify and describe core services provided by the pharmacist during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and LILACS for studies published between December 1st, 2019 and May 20th, 2020 without language restriction. Studies that reported services provided by pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic were included. Two independent authors performed study selection and data extraction with a consensus process. The pharmacist's intervention identified in the included studies were described based on key domains in the DEPICT v.2. RESULTS A total of 1189 records were identified, of which 11 studies fully met the eligibility criteria. Most of them were conducted in the United States of America (n = 4) and China (n = 4). The most common type of publication were letters (n = 4) describing the workplace of the pharmacist in hospitals (n = 8). These findings showed the different roles of pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as disease prevention and infection control, adequate storage and drug supply, patient care and support for healthcare professionals. Pharmacists' interventions were mostly conducted for healthcare professionals and patients (n = 7), through one-to-one contact (n = 11), telephone (n = 6) or video conference (n = 5). The pharmacists' main responsibility was to provide drug information for healthcare professionals (n = 7) as well as patient counseling (n = 8). CONCLUSIONS A reasonable number of studies that described the role of the pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic were found. All studies reported actions taken by pharmacists, although without providing a satisfactory description. Thus, future research with more detailed description as well as an evaluation of the impact of pharmacist intervention is needed in order to guide future actions in this and/or other pandemic.
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Pontinha VM, Wagner TD, Holdford DA. Point-of-care testing in pharmacies-An evaluation of the service from the lens of resource-based theory of competitive advantage. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 61:e45-e54. [PMID: 33309067 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point-of-care tests (POCTs) are innovative services that are increasingly offered in community pharmacies. Assessments of these services should consider their financial sustainability in addition to their effectiveness if they are to be successful over time in a competitive environment. OBJECTIVES The aim of this research was to review and evaluate the POCT practice innovations literature through the lens of the resource-based theory (RBT) of competitive advantage. DATA SOURCES Articles describing POCT services were identified systematically through PubMed, exclusively. STUDY SELECTION All POCT articles in the review met the following inclusion criteria: (1) articles were published after 1999; (2) interventions were pharmacist-led innovations within a community pharmacy; (3) articles described research studies with results; and (4) articles were published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. DATA EXTRACTION The RBT was operationalized using a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats matrix and a business model canvas, which were employed to extract and analyze data. Articles were assessed according to the degree to which they articulated elements that the RBT needed to assess their financial sustainability in targeted markets. RESULTS A total of 36 articles describing POCTs and associated services were included in this review. Most of the studies reported aspects pertaining to the contextual environment of the innovation, value proposition, key activities, partners, and channels of distribution. However, the competitive dimension of the environment, as well as the cost structure and revenue streams, were often neglected in the studies. CONCLUSIONS The RBT is a widely tested framework that can be used for planning and reporting POCT practice innovations. On the basis of this framework, pharmacists seem to do a good job in describing how to provide POCT but fall short in explaining how these services are sustainable over time.
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Salgado TM, Rosenthal MM, Coe AB, Kaefer TN, Dixon DL, Farris KB. Primary healthcare policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in the United States. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2020; 18:2160. [PMID: 33029264 PMCID: PMC7523559 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2020.3.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States (US) has a complex healthcare system with a mix of public, private, nonprofit, and for-profit insurers, healthcare institutions and organizations, and providers. Unlike other developed countries, there is not a single payer healthcare system or a national pharmaceutical benefits scheme/plan. Despite spending over USD 10,000 per capita in healthcare, the US is among the worst performers compared to other developed countries in outcomes including life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, safety during childbirth, and unmanaged chronic conditions (e.g., asthma, diabetes). Primary care is delivered by physicians and advanced practice providers (i.e., nurse practitioners and physician assistants) in a variety of settings including large health systems, federally qualified health centers or free clinics that provide care to the underserved, or specific facilities for veterans or American Indian and Alaska native peoples. Since 2010, primary care delivery has shifted toward providing patient-centered, coordinated, comprehensive care focused on providing proactive, rather than reactive, population health management, and on the quality, versus volume, of care. Community pharmacy comprises a mix of independently owned, chain, supermarket and mass merchant pharmacies. Community pharmacies provide services such as immunizations, medication therapy management, medication packaging, medication synchronization, point-of-care testing and, in specific states where legislation has been passed, hormonal contraception, opioid reversal agents, and smoking cessation services. There has been criticism regarding the lack of standard terminology for services such as medication synchronization and medication therapy management, their components and how they should be provided, which hampers comparability across studies. One of the main challenges for pharmacists in the US is the lack of provider status at the federal level. This means that pharmacists are not allowed to use existing fee-for-service health insurance billing codes to receive reimbursement for non-dispensing services. In addition, despite there being regulatory infrastructure in multiple states, the extent of service implementation is either low or unknown. Research found that pharmacists face numerous barriers when providing some of these services. State fragmentation and the lack of a single pharmacy organization and vision for the profession are additional challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Salgado
- MPharm, PhD. Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, VA (United States).
| | - Meagen M Rosenthal
- PhD. Department of Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi. Oxford, MS (United States).
| | - Antoinette B Coe
- PharmD, PhD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI (United States).
| | - Tana N Kaefer
- PharmD. Director of Clinical Services, Bremo Pharmacy. Richmond, VA (United States).
| | - Dave L Dixon
- PharmD. Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, VA (United States).
| | - Karen B Farris
- PhD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI (United States).
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Imfeld-Isenegger TL, Soares IB, Makovec UN, Horvat N, Kos M, van Mil F, Costa FA, Hersberger KE. Community pharmacist-led medication review procedures across Europe: Characterization, implementation and remuneration. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 16:1057-1066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
This is the first question one should consider before submitting a paper to an
international journal. The answer is simple: If researchers or practitioners
from another country can learn something from your paper that can influence a
practice or a research they are involved in, then your paper is relevant for an
international audience. There are many elements that can influence in this
cross-border transferability. One could think that having a big
“n”, or performing complex statistical calculations, or using
complicated study designs makes the paper more attractive to colleagues from
other countries. These elements can help, but they are not sufficient. On the
other hand, one could think that a study performed in a small hospital in a
given country will never be of interest for these foreign colleagues. That is
not necessarily correct. Let’s burst some myths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- PhD, MPharm, MBA. Editor-in-chief, Pharmacy Practice. Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Porto. Porto (Portugal)
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Bonetti AF, Reis WC, Mendes AM, Rotta I, Tonin FS, Fernandez-Llimos F, Pontarolo R. Impact of Pharmacist-led Discharge Counseling on Hospital Readmission and Emergency Department Visits: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Hosp Med 2020; 15:52-59. [PMID: 30897055 DOI: 10.12788/jhm.3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transitions of care can contribute to medication errors and other adverse drug events. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of pharmacist-led discharge counseling on hospital readmission and emergency department visits through a systematic review and meta-analysis. EDATA SOURCES Lectronic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), along with a manual search (July 2017). PROSPERO registration no. CRD42017068444. STUDY SELECTION Two independent reviewers performed all the steps of the systematic review process (screening of titles and abstracts, full-text appraisal, data extraction, and quality assessment), with contributions from a third researcher. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting data on pharmacist-led discharge counseling. DATA EXTRACTION Primary extracted outcomes were emergency department visits and hospital readmission rates. DATA SYNTHESIS Meta-analyses of intervention versus usual care for hospital readmission and emergency department visit rates were performed using the inverse variance method. Results are reported as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Prediction intervals (PIs) were also calculated. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed. A total of 21 RCTs were included in the qualitative synthesis and 18 in the meta-analyses (n = 7,244 patients). The original meta-analysis revealed a significant difference in the impact between pharmacist-led discharge counseling and usual care on overall hospital readmission (RR = 0.864 [95% CI 0.763-0.997], P = .020) and emergency department (RR = 0.697 [95% CI 0.535-0.907], P = .007) visits. However, the small number of included studies, the high heterogeneity among trials (I2 between 40% and 60%), and the wide PIs (hospital readmission: PI 0.542-1.186; emergency department visits: PI 0.027-1.367) prevented drawing further conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Insufficient evidence exists regarding the effect of pharmacist-led discharge counseling on hospital readmission and emergency department visits. Further well-designed clinical trials with defined core outcome sets are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F Bonetti
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Walleri C Reis
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Mendes
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Inajara Rotta
- Pharmacy Service, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Tonin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Social Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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de Barra M, Scott C, Johnston M, De Bruin M, Scott N, Matheson C, Bond C, Watson M. Do pharmacy intervention reports adequately describe their interventions? A template for intervention description and replication analysis of reports included in a systematic review. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025511. [PMID: 31862736 PMCID: PMC6937059 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scientific progress and translation of evidence into practice is impeded by poorly described interventions. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) was developed to specify the minimal intervention elements that should be reported. OBJECTIVES (1) To assess the extent to which outpatient pharmacy interventions were adequately reported. (2) To examine the dimension(s) across which reporting quality varies. (3) To examine trial characteristics that predict better reporting. METHODS The sample comprised 86 randomised controlled trials identified in a Cochrane review of the effectiveness of pharmacist interventions on patient health outcomes. Duplicate, independent application of a modified 15-item TIDieR checklist was undertaken to assess the intervention reporting. The reporting/non-reporting of TIDieR items was analysed with principal component analysis to evaluate the dimensionality of reporting quality and regression analyses to assess predictors of reporting quality RESULTS: In total, 422 (40%) TIDieR items were fully reported, 395 (38%) were partially reported and 231 (22%) were not reported. A further 242 items were deemed not applicable to the specific trials. Reporting quality loaded on one component which accounted for 26% of the variance in TIDieR scores. More recent trials reported a slightly greater number of TIDieR items (0.07 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.13) additional TIDieR items per year of publication). Trials reported an 0.09 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.14) additional TIDieR items per unit increase in impact factor (IF) of the journal in which the main report was published. CONCLUSIONS Most trials lacked adequate intervention reporting. This diminished the applied and scientific value of their research. The standard of intervention reporting is, however, gradually increasing and appears somewhat better in journals with higher IFs. The use of the TIDieR checklist to improve reporting could enhance the utility and replicability of trials, and reduce research waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mícheál de Barra
- Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Middlesex, UK
- The Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Claire Scott
- The Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Dental Clinical Effectiveness, NHS Education for Scotland, Dundee, UK
| | - Marie Johnston
- The Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M De Bruin
- The Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud, The Netherlands
| | - Neil Scott
- The Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Christine Bond
- The Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Margaret Watson
- The Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Clay PG, Burns AL, Isetts BJ, Hirsch JD, Kliethermes MA, Planas LG. PaCIR: A tool to enhance pharmacist patient care intervention reporting. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2019; 59:615-623. [PMID: 31400991 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a pharmacist patient care services intervention reporting checklist to be used in conjunction with existing primary reporting tools. The tool should enhance consistent reporting of pharmacist patient care interventions. Tool use in pharmacist-patient care intervention reporting may increase: (1) likelihood for inclusion in higher order analyses and (2) successful replication. METHODS Adhering to principles of the Equator Network, a modified Delphi approach was used. An expert group identified guidance need, conducted a thorough literature search confirming need, developed a comprehensive list of potential elements, refined the list via multiple rounds, finalized language and structure, and published the checklist. Multiple rounds of iterative input were completed face to face, in conference calls, and during public comment periods. The finalized list of elements was organized into a logical flow with the use of clear and concise language and then transformed into an intuitive checklist. RESULTS The core task force identified 9 critical components over a 4-year period Collectively, the input represented more than 200 stakeholders. Stakeholders overwhelmingly supported the inclusion (89%; n = 29) and clarity (91%; n = 26) of each element. The final 9 elements were organized into a checklist to enhance pharmacist patient care intervention reporting (PaCIR). Accompanying each element is a specific explanation justifying its inclusion. An appendix containing published and created examples of how authors may satisfactorily meet each element is provided. CONCLUSION Use of the PaCIR checklist will enhance the quality of reporting of pharmacist patient care intervention studies. This enhanced quality can support replication of the studies and increase the likelihood these studies will be considered for inclusion in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Researchers are urged to consider use of reporting guides such as PaCIR during the project design phase.
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Nachtigall A, Heppner HJ, Thürmann PA. Influence of pharmacist intervention on drug safety of geriatric inpatients: a prospective, controlled trial. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2019; 10:2042098619843365. [PMID: 31019678 PMCID: PMC6469284 DOI: 10.1177/2042098619843365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demographic shift leads to an increasing number of geriatric patients suffering from multimorbidity and resulting polypharmacy. Polypharmacy is shown to be associated with drug-related problems (DRPs) and increased morbidity. For Germany, a hospital-based intervention may be successful optimizing of polypharmacy. The aim of this study was to reduce DRPs in geriatric inpatients by a structured pharmacist's intervention and to measure the acceptance rate of pharmaceutical recommendations. METHODS This study followed an open, prospective, quasi-randomized, controlled design and was conducted in a geriatric department in a teaching hospital in Germany. Patients of all sexes were included, with a minimum age of 70 years, a written informed consent and a regular intake of at least five drugs daily. Primary outcome was the percentage of patients having a DRP at admission and discharge. A DRP was defined as a prescription without indication or a relevant drug-drug interaction or prescription of a potentially inappropriate medication or presence of an adverse drug reaction. Recommendations were classified and discussed face to face. Statistical analyses were performed using a full-set analysis and a matched-pairs design. RESULTS Within 12 months, 411 patients were recruited with median age of 82 years (intervention: n = 209; control: n = 202). Median number of drugs at admission was 10 (range 5-24), at discharge 9 (range 3-21). In the intervention group, the percentage of patients with a DRP was reduced from 86.6% to 56.0%; in the control group, from 76.7% to 76.2% (p value < 0.001). Medication appropriateness index score was reduced by 56% in the intervention group and by 0.2% in the control group (p value < 0.001). Implementation rate of the pharmaceutical recommendation was 80%. CONCLUSION This prospective controlled trial showed that a pharmacist's intervention was successful in optimizing polypharmacy in geriatric inpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nachtigall
- Department of Human Medicine, University of
Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany, Pharmacy, Helios Clinic Schwelm, Schwelm,
Germany
| | - Hans J. Heppner
- Department of Human Medicine, University of
Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany Department of Geriatric Medicine, Helios
Clinic Schwelm, Schwelm, Germany, Institute for Biomedicine of Ageing, FAU
Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Petra A. Thürmann
- Department of Human Medicine, University of
Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany Department of Geriatric Medicine, Helios
Clinic Schwelm, Schwelm, Germany, Institute for Biomedicine of Ageing, FAU
Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
- Department of Human Medicine, University of
Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
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Tonin FS, Lopes LA, Rotta I, Bonetti AF, Pontarolo R, Correr CJ, Fernandez-Llimos F. Usability and sensitivity of the risk of bias assessment tool for randomized controlled trials of pharmacist interventions. Int J Clin Pharm 2019; 41:785-792. [PMID: 30963446 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-019-00818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The Cochrane collaboration risk of bias assessment (RoB) tool is used in several fields to evaluate the methodological quality of studies. Its strengths and challenges are discussed. Objective To assess the sensitivity of the RoB tool in studies of pharmacist interventions. Setting DEPICT database was used to pool randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of complex interventions. Method A Guide for RoB Judgment in Pharmacy Services was created to help in the interpretation and judgment of bias criteria. The evaluation of bias (low, unclear, high risk) was performed by RCT. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the influence of different interpretations of eight elements of judgment in the RoB tool. Paired analysis and estimations of the effect size (95% confidence interval) of the criteria modifications compared to the original analyses were calculated. Main outcome measure Changes in the interpretations of judgment in the RoB tool. Results Overall, 8.3, 45.4, and 46.3% of the studies were determined to have low, unclear, and high risk of bias, respectively. High risk of bias was caused by attrition and detection domains. The number of studies classified with high risk of bias significantly increased for five of the eight interpretations, while unclear risk of bias increased for three interpretations (with a negligible effect size in all of them). Lack of blinding, loss of participants, and the use of subjective and self-reported outcomes were the main elements resulting in high risk of bias. Conclusion The RoB tool is useful for evaluating RCTs of pharmacist interventions if adapted criteria for judgment are used. Ignoring these adjustments produces a floor-effect with studies classified with high risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S Tonin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Programme, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Livia A Lopes
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Programme, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Inajara Rotta
- Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Aline F Bonetti
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Programme, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cassyano J Correr
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Bonetti AF, Bagatim BQ, Bottacin WE, Mendes AM, Rotta I, Reis RC, Fávero MLD, Fernandez-Llimos F, Pontarolo R. Pharmacotherapy problems in cardiology patients 30 days post discharge from a tertiary hospital in Brazil: a randomized controlled trial. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2019; 74:e1091. [PMID: 31778428 PMCID: PMC6862706 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2019/e1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This is a randomized controlled trial that aims to evaluate the impact of pharmacist-led discharge counseling on reducing pharmacotherapy problems in the 30-day postdischarge period of cardiology patients from a tertiary hospital in Brazil. METHODS At discharge, two cardiovascular pharmacy residents performed a medication counseling session with the intervention group, and the follow-up was performed by telephone (3 and 15 days after discharge). The number of pharmacotherapy problems was evaluated during a pharmacist-led ambulatory consultation 30 days after discharge. RESULTS A total of 66 and 67 patients were randomized to the intervention and control groups, respectively, but only 51 patients were analyzed in each group, all with similar baseline characteristics. The intervention group had significantly fewer pharmacotherapy problems compared to the control (p<0.001), and 100% of the patients had at least one problem. We observed five problems significantly more frequently in the control group: "incorrect time of taking" (p=0.003), "use higher dose of medication" (p=0.007), "use lower dose of medication" (p=0.014), "restart discontinued medication" (p=0.011), and "underdosing prescription" (p=0.009). Simvastatin, enalapril, carvedilol, and atorvastatin were the medications more associated with pharmacotherapy problems. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that pharmacist-led discharge counseling should be an indispensable service, as patients exhibited less pharmacotherapy problems in the 30-day postdischarge period, especially related to drug administration and adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F. Bonetti
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, BR
| | - Bruna Q. Bagatim
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, BR
| | | | - Antonio M. Mendes
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, BR
| | - Inajara Rotta
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, BR
| | - Renata C. Reis
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, BR
| | - Maria Luiza D. Fávero
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, BR
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Department of Social Pharmacy, Institute for Medicines Research (iMed. ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Role and impact of pharmacists in Spain: a scoping review. Int J Clin Pharm 2018; 40:1430-1442. [PMID: 30367376 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The role of the pharmacist has evolved greatly over the last decades, expanding to patient-oriented activities, administrative tasks and public health functions. However, considerable differences emerge across regions. Aim of the review To gather evidence in order to describe and highlight the different characteristics of the pharmacists' role and the impact of their activities in Spain. Method A review of the existing literature was conducted. The literature search was undertaken in PubMed between 01/01/2006 and 15/08/2017. Results were screened and reviewed to extract previously established criteria such as author(s), publication year, language, study design, setting, pharmaceutical activity, patient care programs, targeted diseases and intervention description using DEPICT2 tool. Pharmaceutical intervention were classified into eight outcome measures and categorized by types of outcomes reported: descriptive or impact evaluation regarding the effect of the service (positive, neutral or negative). Results The search strategy resulted in 473 articles and 108 articles met the inclusion criteria. The most common design was observational (n = 76, 70%). Most articles were published after 2011 (75%), in English (69%). Studies were conducted in hospitals (60%) and community pharmacies (30%). Of the 24 pharmaceutical activities identified, medication review was the activity most frequently studied (n = 42), followed by patient education (n = 29), risk and prevention (n = 27) and medication reconciliation (n = 19). Only 39 articles (36%) had outcome measures with impact evaluation. Of the 223 impact outcome measures, 48% (107/223) had a positive effect. Conclusion This review shows the substantial scientific production focusing on pharmacy practice in Spain over the last years. The evidence reviewed reflects the pharmacist role at various professional settings, providing a wide variety of activities on diverse targeted diseases and patient care programs, in line with the increasing specialization of clinical pharmacists over the last years.
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Bonetti AF, Reis WC, Lombardi NF, Mendes AM, Netto HP, Rotta I, Fernandez-Llimos F, Pontarolo R. Pharmacist-led discharge medication counselling: A scoping review. J Eval Clin Pract 2018; 24:570-579. [PMID: 29691955 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES Discharge medication counselling has produced improved quality of care and health outcomes, especially by reducing medication errors and readmission rates, and improving medication adherence. However, no studies have assembled an evidence-based discharge counselling process for clinical pharmacists. Thus, the present study aims to map the components of the pharmacist-led discharge medication counselling process. METHODS We performed a scoping review by searching electronic databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and DOAJ) and conducting a manual search to identify studies published up to July 2017. Studies that addressed pharmacist-led discharge medication counselling, regardless of the population, clinical conditions, and outcomes evaluated, were included. RESULTS A total of 1563 studies were retrieved, with 75 matching the inclusion criteria. Thirty-two different components were identified, and the most prevalent were the indication of the medications and adverse drug reactions, which were reported in more than 50% of the studies. The components were reported similarly by studies from the USA and the rest of the world, and over the years. However, 2 differences were identified: the use of a dosage schedule, which was more frequent in studies published in 2011 or before and in studies outside the USA; and the teach-back technique, which was used more frequently in the USA. Poor quality reporting was also observed, especially regarding the duration of the counselling, the number of patients, and the medical condition. CONCLUSION Mapping the components of the pharmacist-led discharge counselling studies through a scoping review allowed us to reveal how this service is performed around the world. Wide variability in this process and poor reporting were identified. Future studies are needed to define the core outcome set of this clinical pharmacy service to allow the generation of robust evidence and reproducibility in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F Bonetti
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Wálleri C Reis
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio M Mendes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Harli Pasquini Netto
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Inajara Rotta
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Institute for Medicines Research (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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Adé A, Lebel D, Bussières JF. [Not Available]. Can J Hosp Pharm 2018; 71:187-195. [PMID: 29955192 PMCID: PMC6019089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scientific literature on knowledge translation (KT) is vast and complex, and most publications concerning health care interventions involve physicians and nurses. To the authors' knowledge, there have been no literature reviews on KT and its impact on pharmacy practice. OBJECTIVE To determine the profile of interventions relating to KT in pharmacy practice. DATA SOURCES The term "pharmacist" was used to search the web platform Knowledge Translation+ (KT+) to identify pertinent articles published between January 2010 and December 2016. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION The main variables analyzed to determine the profile of KT interventions in pharmacy practice were the study's research protocol, the geographic location of the intervention, pharmacist roles, the types of knowledge transferred, and impacts of the interventions. The nature of pharmacy interventions was coded according to the classification on the Impact Pharmacie website. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 114 articles were selected: systematic reviews (n = 25, 22%), randomized controlled trials (n = 45, 40%), retrospective studies (n = 21, 18%), prospective studies (n = 13, 11%), and pre-post intervention studies (n = 10, 9%). Most of the studies (74%) were conducted in a health care institution. The majority of interventions targeted pharmaceutical care steps, therapeutic educational sessions, and patient education. There was a lack of methodological rigour during the development of interventions and in their description. CONCLUSION Pharmacists are key generators of knowledge, and their interventions related to KT are directed toward patients or other health care professionals. These interventions have mainly addressed the pharmaceutical care process and interdisciplinary work. The implementation of initial and continuing education, the management of information, and the designation of a pharmacist responsible for KT in each pharmacy department might promote the development of such KT. This concept might in turn support the design of a coherent pharmacy practice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Adé
- est candidate au D. Pharm., Faculté de pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, et assistante de recherche, Unité de recherche en pratique pharmaceutique, Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec
| | - Denis Lebel
- , B. Pharm., M.Sc., FCSHP, est Adjoint au chef, Département de pharmacie et Unité de recherche en pratique pharmaceutique, Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, et Professeur titulaire de clinique, Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
| | - Jean-François Bussières
- , B. Pharm., M. Sc., MBA, FCSHP, est Chef, Département de pharmacie et Unité de recherche en pratique pharmaceutique, Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, et Professeur titulaire de clinique, Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
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Crespo-Gonzalez C, Fernandez-Llimos F, Rotta I, Correr CJ, Benrimoj SI, Garcia-Cardenas V. Characterization of pharmacists' interventions in asthma management: A systematic review. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2018; 58:210-219. [PMID: 29439927 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacists have adopted an active role in asthma management. This review aimed to analyze the intervention dose, understood as the "amount of program delivered," and core components of the intervention provided by pharmacists in asthma management. DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted in December 2016 using PubMed. STUDY SELECTION A 2-stage approach was used. At the first stage, systematic reviews of pharmacists' interventions in asthma management were identified. At the second stage, primary studies included in the systematic reviews were selected. DATA EXTRACTION The DEPICT-2 (Descriptive Elements of Pharmacist Intervention Characterization Tool) was used for data extraction. In addition GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) guidelines were used as a reference to classify the interventions' core components. RESULTS Thirty-one studies were included. In most of the studies, the pharmacist-patient intervention occurred at the community pharmacy setting (n = 22). The most common core components used in pharmacists' interventions were the provision of drug information and patient counseling (n = 27). Pharmacists' interventions frequently were targeted at assessing and improving the use of patient's inhaler technique (n = 27). Educational materials and written action plans were the materials most commonly used in the interventions (n = 20). The duration (n = 13) and the frequency (n = 16) of the intervention were the most frequent information about the intervention dose measure reported. CONCLUSION Pharmacists' interventions in asthma management are complex. Structured educational programs and patient counseling appear to be the most frequent core components of pharmacists' interventions. Interventions were focused on providing information about the condition and on inhaler technique assessment and training. However, most studies failed to report the intervention dose sufficiently to be reproduced. The reporting of this indicator is crucial to ensure the reproducibility of the interventions assessed and their implementation in practice. (Registration number CRD42016029181.).
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Aguiar PM, da Silva CHP, Chiann C, Dórea EL, Lyra DP, Storpirtis S. Pharmacist-physician collaborative care model for patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes in Brazil: results from a randomized controlled trial. J Eval Clin Pract 2018; 24:22-30. [PMID: 27452158 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a pharmacist-physician collaborative care model on clinical outcomes in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes and determine characteristics that influence this effect. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted in a secondary care clinic for 80 patients with type 2 diabetes, aged 40-79 years and glycosylated haemoglobin (A1C) level ≥ 7.0%. The intervention group received individual, face-to-face pharmaceutical consultations and remote telephone support after a routine visit. The main measures were clinical outcomes (A1C, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol) and process indicators (medication adherence, medication regimen complexity, use of medicines). Multiple regression models were used to determine the variables that could explain the reduction and individualized control of A1C. RESULTS From the initial sample of 80 patients, 73 completed this study. Compared with usual care, patients in the intervention group showed greater reduction in A1C (-0.79 vs. -0.16; P = 0.010); and an increase in the percentage of patients achieving the individualized goal of A1C (25.0% vs. 5.4%; P = 0.020). In addition, there was an increase in the percentage of adherent patients and in the average scores of medication adherence. Participation in the intervention group, higher baseline A1C levels and greater change in medication adherence were all significant predictors of improvement in A1C levels. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the collaborative care model proposed is feasible and more effective than the usual care in the reduction and individualized control of A1C levels in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Aguiar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Chang Chiann
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Egídio Lima Dórea
- Metabolic Diseases Clinic, University Hospital of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Divaldo P Lyra
- College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Storpirtis
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Bonetti AF, Bagatim BQ, Mendes AM, Rotta I, Reis RC, Fávero MLD, Fernandez-Llimós F, Pontarolo R. Impact of discharge medication counseling in the cardiology unit of a tertiary hospital in Brazil: A randomized controlled trial. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e325. [PMID: 29723341 PMCID: PMC5902758 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the impact of pharmacist-provided discharge counseling on mortality rate, hospital readmissions, emergency department visits, and medication adherence at 30 days post discharge. METHODS This randomized controlled trial was approved by the local ethics committee and included patients aged 18 years or older admitted to the cardiology ward of a Brazilian tertiary hospital. The intervention group received a pharmacist-led medication counseling session at discharge and a telephone follow-up three and 15 days after discharge. The outcomes included the number of deaths, hospital readmissions, emergency department visits, and medication adherence. All outcomes were evaluated during a pharmacist-led ambulatory consultation performed 30 days after discharge. RESULTS Of 133 patients, 104 were included in the analysis (51 and 53 in the intervention and control groups, respectively). The intervention group had a lower overall readmission rate, number of emergency department visits, and mortality rate, but the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, the intervention group had a significantly lower readmission rate related to heart disease (0% vs. 11.3%, p=0.027), despite the small sample size. Furthermore, medication counseling contributed significantly to improved medication adherence according to three different tools (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Pharmacist-provided discharge medication counseling resulted in better medication adherence scores and a lower incidence of cardiovascular-associated hospital readmissions, thus representing a useful service for cardiology patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F. Bonetti
- Departamento de Farmacia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Bruna Q. Bagatim
- Departamento de Farmacia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Antonio M. Mendes
- Departamento de Farmacia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Inajara Rotta
- Departamento de Farmacia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Renata C. Reis
- Departamento de Farmacia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimós
- Departamento de Socio-Farmacia, Instituto de Pesquisa de Medicamentos (iMed. Ulisboa), Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Durks D, Fernandez-Llimos F, Hossain LN, Franco-Trigo L, Benrimoj SI, Sabater-Hernández D. Use of Intervention Mapping to Enhance Health Care Professional Practice: A Systematic Review. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2017; 44:524-535. [DOI: 10.1177/1090198117709885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background. Intervention Mapping is a planning protocol for developing behavior change interventions, the first three steps of which are intended to establish the foundations and rationales of such interventions. Aim. This systematic review aimed to identify programs that used Intervention Mapping to plan changes in health care professional practice. Specifically, it provides an analysis of the information provided by the programs in the first three steps of the protocol to determine their foundations and rationales of change. Method. A literature search was undertaken in PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and DOAJ using “Intervention Mapping” as keyword. Key information was gathered, including theories used, determinants of practice, research methodologies, theory-based methods, and practical applications. Results. Seventeen programs aimed at changing a range of health care practices were included. The social cognitive theory and the theory of planned behavior were the most frequently used frameworks in driving change within health care practices. Programs used a large variety of research methodologies to identify determinants of practice. Specific theory-based methods (e.g., modelling and active learning) and practical applications (e.g., health care professional training and facilitation) were reported to inform the development of practice change interventions and programs. Discussion. In practice, Intervention Mapping delineates a three-step systematic, theory- and evidence-driven process for establishing the theoretical foundations and rationales underpinning change in health care professional practice. Conclusion. The use of Intervention Mapping can provide health care planners with useful guidelines for the theoretical development of practice change interventions and programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desire Durks
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Sabater-Hernández
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Colombo LRP, Aguiar PM, Lima TM, Storpirtis S. The effects of pharmacist interventions on adult outpatients with cancer: A systematic review. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017; 42:414-424. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. R. P. Colombo
- Department of Pharmacy; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - P. M. Aguiar
- Department of Pharmacy; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - T. M. Lima
- Department of Pharmacy; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - S. Storpirtis
- Department of Pharmacy; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Sabater-Hernández D, Sabater-Galindo M, Fernandez-Llimos F, Rotta I, Hossain LN, Durks D, Franco-Trigo L, Lopes LA, Correr CJ, Benrimoj SI. A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Community Pharmacy Services Aimed at the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2017; 22:699-713. [PMID: 27231797 PMCID: PMC10398089 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2016.22.6.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and has a substantial impact on people's health and quality of life. CVD also causes an increased use of health care resources and services, representing a significant proportion of health care expenditure. Integrating evidence-based community pharmacy services is seen as an asset to reduce the burden of CVD on individuals and the health care system. OBJECTIVES To (a) identify community pharmacy evidence-based services designed to help prevent CVD and (b) provide fundamental information that is needed to assess their potential adaptation to other community pharmacy settings. METHODS This review used the DEPICT database, which includes 488 randomized controlled trials (RCT) that address the evaluation of pharmacy services. Articles reviewing these RCTs were identified for the DEPICT database through a systematic search of the following databases: MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), and DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals). The DEPICT database was reviewed to identify evidence-based services delivered in the community pharmacy setting with the purpose of preventing CVD. An evidence-based service was defined as a service that has been shown to have a positive effect (compared with usual care) in a high-quality RCT. From each evidence-based service, fundamental information was retrieved to facilitate adaptation to other community pharmacy settings. RESULTS From the DEPICT database, 14 evidence-based community pharmacy services that addressed the prevention of CVD were identified. All services, except 1, targeted populations with a mean age above 60 years. Pharmacy services encompassed a wide range of practical applications or techniques that can be classified into 3 groups: activities directed at patients, activities directed at health care professionals, and assessments to gather patient-related information in order to support the previous activities. CONCLUSIONS This review provides pharmacy service planners and policymakers with a comprehensive list of evidence-based services that have the potential to be adapted to different settings from which they were originally implemented and evaluated in order to reduce the burden of CVD. DISCLOSURES Funding for this review was provided by the University of Technology Sydney Chancellor's Postdoctoral Fellowship awarded to Sabater-Hernández. No other potential conflict of interest was declared. Study concept and design were contributed by Sabater-Hernández, Fernandez-Llimos, Rotta, and Correr. Sabater-Galindo and Sabater-Hernández took the lead in data collection, along with Franco-Trigo and Rotta. Data interpretation was performed by Sabater-Hernández, Durks, and Lopes. The manuscript was written primarily by Sabater-Hernández, along with Hossain, and revised by Fernandez-Llimos, Rotta, and Benrimoj, with assistance from Durks, Sabater-Galindo, Franco-Trigo, and Correr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sabater-Hernández
- 1 Graduate School of Health (UTS: Pharmacy), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Academic Centre in Pharmaceutical Care, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- 3 Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inajara Rotta
- 4 PostGraduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana
| | - Lutfun N Hossain
- 7 Graduate School of Health (UTS: Pharmacy), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Desire Durks
- 8 Graduate School of Health (UTS: Pharmacy), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucia Franco-Trigo
- 9 School of Health (UTS: Pharmacy), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Livia A Lopes
- 5 Post-Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana
| | - Cassyano J Correr
- 6 Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Shalom I Benrimoj
- 10 School of Health University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Mohammed MA, Moles RJ, Chen TF. Impact of Pharmaceutical Care Interventions on Health-Related Quality-of-Life Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2016; 50:862-81. [PMID: 27363846 DOI: 10.1177/1060028016656016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical care (PC) interventions on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and determine sensitivity of HRQoL measures to PC services. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PubMed, Global Health, PsychINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science (January 2005 to September 2015) were searched. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Original English-language articles were included if PC impact on HRQoL was evaluated and reported using validated HRQoL measures. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 31 randomized controlled trials, 9 nonrandomized studies with comparison groups, and 8 before-after studies were included. PC interventions resulted in significant improvement in 1 domain and ≥3 domains of HRQoL measures in 66.7% and 27.1% of the studies, respectively. There was a significant improvement in at least 1 domain in 18 of 32 studies using generic and 16 of 21 studies using disease-specific measures. When the Short Form 36 Items Health Survey (SF-36) measure was used, PC interventions had a moderate impact on social functioning (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.14, 1.04), general health (SMD = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.12, 0.59), and physical functioning (SMD = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.11, 0.48). The pooled data on heart failure-specific (SMD = -0.17; 95% CI = -0.43, 0.09), asthma-specific (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI = -0.03, 0.36), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-specific (SMD = -0.09; 95% CI = -0.37, 0.19) measures indicated no significant impact of PC on HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS PC interventions can significantly improve at least 1 domain of HRQoL. Existing measures may have minimal to moderate sensitivity to PC interventions, with evidence pointing more toward social functioning, general health, and physical functioning of the SF-36 measure. However, evidence generated from current non-PC-specific HRQoL measures is insufficient to judge the impact of PC interventions on HRQoL. The development of a suitable HRQoL measure for PC interventions may help generate better evidence for the contribution of pharmacist services to improving HRQoL.
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Moullin JC, Sabater-Hernández D, García-Corpas JP, Kenny P, Benrimoj SI. Development and testing of two implementation tools to measure components of professional pharmacy service fidelity. J Eval Clin Pract 2016; 22:369-77. [PMID: 26710985 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES There is a need to evaluate both service process and implementation outcomes as professional services are being implemented into pharmacy practice. Fidelity is an implementation outcome, which may be used for service optimization, by associating service components to patient outcomes, as well as use in process evaluation. The objective of this study was to develop tools to measure components of fidelity, specifically, an adherence index (adherence of the service provider to the elements of the service) and a patient responsiveness scale for the professional pharmacy service, medication review with follow-up. METHODS The procedure described by DeVellis was followed to develop the tools. An expert panel was used to create items and establish content validity. Primary data were collected from 190 service provider pharmacists from 128 pharmacies across 11 provinces of Spain using Spanish version tools as part of an ongoing implementation study (English translations appended to the online version of the article as supplementary material). An initial assessment of item functionality was performed using descriptive statistics and item discrimination for both tools. The patient responsiveness scale's internal consistency was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and inter-item correlations. In addition, for the patient responsiveness scale, the number of factors to retain was based on Kaiser criterion, parallel analysis and Cattell's scree test and the number of items was optimized as guided by iterative exploratory factor analysis (EFA). RESULTS Acceptability of both tools was high. An adherence index of 39 items was developed. After five EFA iterations, four items were removed, resulting in a reliable, 12-item, two-factor patient responsiveness scale, explaining 53.9% of total variance. CONCLUSIONS Two tools for measuring implementation fidelity, an adherence index and a patient responsiveness scale, have been developed and tested. Future assessment, in particular to establish criterion validity, is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C Moullin
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Doctoral Program in Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - José P García-Corpas
- Doctoral Program in Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Kenny
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shalom I Benrimoj
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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van Mil JWF, Henman M. Terminology, the importance of defining. Int J Clin Pharm 2016; 38:709-13. [PMID: 27073076 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-016-0294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple terms and definitions exist to describe specific aspects of pharmacy practice and service provision. This commentary explores the reasons for different interpretations of words and concepts in pharmaceutical care and pharmacy practice research. Reasons for this variation can be found in language, culture, profession and may also depend on developments over time. A list of words is provided where the authors think that currently multiple interpretations are possible. To make sure that the reader understands the essence, it seems imperative that authors include a definition of the topics that they actually study in their papers, and that they clearly cite existing definitions or refer to collections of definitions such as existing glossaries. It is important that presenters, authors and reviewers of pharmacy practice papers pay more attention to this aspect of describing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Henman
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Mendes AE, Lombardi NF, Andrzejevski VS, Frandoloso G, Correr CJ, Carvalho M. Medication reconciliation at patient admission: a randomized controlled trial. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2016; 14:656. [PMID: 27011775 PMCID: PMC4800014 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2016.01.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To measure length of hospital stay (LHS) in patients receiving medication reconciliation. Secondary characteristics included analysis of number of preadmission medications, medications prescribed at admission, number of discrepancies, and pharmacists interventions done and accepted by the attending physician. Methods: A 6 month, randomized, controlled trial conducted at a public teaching hospital in southern Brazil. Patients admitted to general wards were randomized to receive usual care or medication reconciliation, performed within the first 72 hours of hospital admission. Results: The randomization process assigned 68 patients to UC and 65 to MR. LHS was 10±15 days in usual care and 9±16 days in medication reconciliation (p=0.620). The total number of discrepancies was 327 in the medication reconciliation group, comprising 52.6% of unintentional discrepancies. Physicians accepted approximately 75.0% of the interventions. Conclusion: These results highlight weakness at patient transition care levels in a public teaching hospital. LHS, the primary outcome, should be further investigated in larger studies. Medication reconciliation was well accepted by physicians and it is a useful tool to find and correct discrepancies, minimizing the risk of adverse drug events and improving patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio E Mendes
- Internal Medicine Department, Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba ( Brazil ).
| | - Natália F Lombardi
- Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba ( Brazil ).
| | - Vânia S Andrzejevski
- Hospital Pharmacy Unit of Clinics Hospital, Federal University of Paraná . Curitiba ( Brazil ).
| | - Gibran Frandoloso
- Internal Medicine Department, Federal University of Paraná . Curitiba ( Brazil ).
| | - Cassyano J Correr
- Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Paraná . Curitiba ( Brazil ).
| | - Mauricio Carvalho
- Internal Medicine Department, Federal University of Paraná . Curitiba ( Brazil ).
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Aguiar PM, Brito GDC, Lima TDM, Santos APAL, Lyra DP, Storpirtis S. Investigating Sources of Heterogeneity in Randomized Controlled Trials of the Effects of Pharmacist Interventions on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150999. [PMID: 26963251 PMCID: PMC4786227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of pharmacist interventions on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients and to examine factors that could explain the variation across studies. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to July 2015. The search strategy included the use of MeSH terms or text words related to pharmacist interventions, type 2 diabetes, and randomized controlled trials. RCTs published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish that evaluated the effect of pharmacist intervention on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic outpatients were included. Two independent authors executed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. Mean differences in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were estimated using random-effect models, and heterogeneity was evaluated by subgroup and meta-regression analyses. RESULTS The literature search yielded 963 records of potential interest, of which 30 were included in the systematic review and 22 in the meta-analysis. Most of these RCTs were conducted in the United States in patients in outpatient clinics using face-to-face contact only. All RCTs performed patient education, and most executed the medication review. The appraised sample showed uncertain or high risk of bias in most of the items evaluated, resulting in low-quality studies. In comparison with usual care, pharmacist interventions were associated with significant reductions in HbA1c levels (-8.5% [95% CI: -1.06, -0.65]; P < 0.0001; I2 = 67.3%). Subgroup analysis indicated differences of heterogeneity by country, baseline HbA1c levels, setting, intervention frequency, and random allocation. Age and HbA1c levels partly explained the variability across studies by meta-regression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirmed that pharmacist interventions improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with usual care and suggest that younger patients or with higher baseline HbA1c levels may be the main beneficiaries of pharmacist care. PROTOCOL PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42014007457.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Divaldo Pereira Lyra
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Storpirtis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rotta I, Souza TT, Salgado TM, Correr CJ, Fernandez-Llimos F. Characterization of published randomized controlled trials assessing clinical pharmacy services around the world. Res Social Adm Pharm 2016; 13:201-208. [PMID: 26846907 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A critical analysis of the research on clinical pharmacy services with regards to study characteristics has not been undertaken since 1998. However, several meta-analyses have been conducted to demonstrate the impact of pharmacists' interventions in specific medical conditions. These meta-analyses present high heterogeneity in part because the interventions are poorly and inconsistently described in primary studies. The aim of this article is to present the characteristics of randomized control trials (RCTs) that assess clinical pharmacy services to identify areas of improvement in future pharmacy practice research studies. Different emphasis of research across geographic regions of the world were also examined. During these 40 years, 520 articles reporting 439 RCTs assessing clinical pharmacy services were published. Of the 439 studies, 77.7% (n = 341) were published in the year 2000 or thereafter, 41.46% (n = 182) were conducted in the US, 27.56% (n = 121) in Europe, and 30.98% (n = 136) in the rest of the world. Studies in pharmacy practice have improved in terms of design, with an increase in the number of published RCTs after 2000. However, the small sample size of RCTs is still an issue. After 2000, a significantly higher proportion of studies were conducted in community pharmacy, targeting specific medical conditions, and with a higher number of patients randomized to the intervention group. Conversely, a significantly smaller proportion of studies were conducted in the hospital and targeted a single recipient after 2000. Studies conducted in the US had significantly more intervention arms, focused mostly on a specific medical condition, and were performed in primary care. Different health care systems' organization and policies may influence clinical pharmacy services research across countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inajara Rotta
- Post-Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Av. Prof. Lothário Meissner, 652, Jardim Botânico, 80210-170 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thais Teles Souza
- Post-Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Av. Prof. Lothário Meissner, 652, Jardim Botânico, 80210-170 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Teresa M Salgado
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church St, 48109 Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cassyano J Correr
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Parana, Av. Prof. Lothário Meissner, 652, Jardim Botânico, 80210-170 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Social-Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Effectiveness of clinical pharmacy services: an overview of systematic reviews (2000–2010). Int J Clin Pharm 2015; 37:687-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11096-015-0137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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