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Gilmour KM, Turko AJ. Effects of structural remodelling on gill physiology. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01558-0. [PMID: 38758304 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The complex relationships between the structure and function of fish gills have been of interest to comparative physiologists for many years. Morphological plasticity of the gill provides a dynamic mechanism to reversibly alter its structure in response to changes in the conditions experienced by the fish. The best known example of gill remodelling is the growth or retraction of cell masses between the lamellae, a rapid process that alters the lamellar surface area that is exposed to the water (i.e. the functional lamellar surface area). Decreases in environmental O2 availability and/or increases in metabolic O2 demand stimulate uncovering of the lamellae, presumably to increase the capacity for O2 uptake. This review addresses four questions about gill remodelling: (1) what types of reversible morphological changes occur; (2) how do these changes affect physiological function from the gill to the whole animal; (3) what factors regulate reversible gill plasticity; and (4) is remodelling phylogenetically widespread among fishes? We address these questions by surveying the current state of knowledge of gill remodelling in fishes, with a focus on identifying gaps in our understanding that future research should consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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2
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De Boeck G, Wood CM, Brix KV, Sinha AK, Matey V, Johannsson OE, Bianchini A, Bianchini LF, Maina JN, Kavembe GD, Papah MB, Kisipan ML, Ojoo RO. Fasting in the ureotelic Lake Magadi tilapia, Alcolapia grahami, does not reduce its high metabolic demand, increasing its vulnerability to siltation events. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz060. [PMID: 31687141 PMCID: PMC6822538 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lake Magadi, Kenya, is one of the most extreme aquatic environments on Earth (pH~10, anoxic to hyperoxic, high temperatures). Recently, increased water demand and siltation have threatened the viable hot springs near the margins of the lake where Alcolapia grahami, the only fish surviving in the lake, live. These Lake Magadi tilapia largely depend on nitrogen-rich cyanobacteria for food and are 100% ureotelic. Their exceptionally high aerobic metabolic rate, together with their emaciated appearance, suggests that they are energy-limited. Therefore, we hypothesized that during food deprivation, Magadi tilapia would economize their energy expenditure and reduce metabolic rate, aerobic performance and urea-N excretion. Surprisingly, during a 5-day fasting period, routine metabolic rates increased and swimming performance (critical swimming speed) was not affected. Urea-N excretion remained stable despite the lack of their N-rich food source. Their nitrogen use switched to endogenous sources as liver and muscle protein levels decreased after a 5-day fast, indicating proteolysis. Additionally, fish relied on carbohydrates with lowered muscle glycogen levels, but there were no signs indicating use of lipid stores. Gene expression of gill and gut urea transporters were transiently reduced as were gill rhesus glycoprotein Rhbg and Rhcg-2. The reduction in gill glutamine synthetase expression concomitant with the reduction in Rh glycoprotein gene expression indicates reduced nitrogen/ammonia metabolism, most likely decreased protein synthesis. Additionally, fish showed reduced plasma total CO2, osmolality and Na+ (but not Cl-) levels, possibly related to reduced drinking rates and metabolic acidosis. Our work shows that Lake Magadi tilapia have the capacity to survive short periods of starvation which could occur when siltation linked to flash floods covers their main food source, but their seemingly hardwired high metabolic rates would compromise long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun De Boeck
- SPHERE, Department of Biology, Groenenborgerlaan 171, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2020, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi 30197, Kenya
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi 30197, Kenya
| | - Kevin V Brix
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- EcoTox, 3211 19th Terrace, Miami, FL 33145, USA
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi 30197, Kenya
| | - Amit K Sinha
- SPHERE, Department of Biology, Groenenborgerlaan 171, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2020, Belgium
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas, 1200 North Univ Dr, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA
| | - Victoria Matey
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Ora E Johannsson
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi 30197, Kenya
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Ave Italia Km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi 30197, Kenya
| | - Lucas F Bianchini
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Ave Italia Km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi 30197, Kenya
| | - John N Maina
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524 Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi 30197, Kenya
| | - Geraldine D Kavembe
- School of Dryland Agriculture Science and Technology, South Eastern Kenya University, PO Box 170, Kitui 90200, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi 30197, Kenya
| | - Michael B Papah
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 531 S. College Ave., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi 30197, Kenya
| | - Mosiany L Kisipan
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Egerton University, Njoro Campus PO Box 536, Egerton 20115, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi 30197, Kenya
| | - Rodi O Ojoo
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi 30197, Kenya
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Burggren WW, Mendez-Sanchez JF, Martínez Bautista G, Peña E, Martínez García R, Alvarez González CA. Developmental changes in oxygen consumption and hypoxia tolerance in the heat and hypoxia-adapted tabasco line of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, with a survey of the metabolic literature for the genus Oreochromis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:732-744. [PMID: 30847924 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The genus Oreochromis is among the most popular of the tilapiine cichlid tribe for aquaculture. However, their temperature and hypoxia tolerance, if tested at all, is usually tested at temperatures of 20-25°C, rather than at the considerably higher temperatures of 30-35°C typical of tropical aquaculture. We hypothesized that both larvae and adults of the heat and hypoxia-adapted Tabasco-line of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus would be relatively hypoxia-tolerant. Oxygen consumption rate ( M ˙ O 2 ), Q10 and aquatic surface respiration (ASR) was measured using closed respirometry at 2 (c. 0.2 g), 30 (c. 2-5 g), 105 c. (10-15 g) and 240 (c. 250 g) days of development, at 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. M ˙ O 2 at 30°C was inversely related to body mass: c. 90 μM O2 g-1 /h in larvae down to c. 1 μM O2 g-1 /h in young adults. Q10 for M ˙ O 2 was typical for fish over the range 25-35°C of 1.5-2.0. ASR was exhibited by 50% of the fish at pO2 of 15-50 mmHg in a temperature-dependent fashion. However, the largest adults showed notable ASR only when pO2 fell to below 10 mmHg. Remarkably, pcrit for M ˙ O 2 was 12-17 mmHg at 25-30°C and still only 20-25 mmHg across development at 35°C. These values are among the lowest measured for teleost fishes. Noteworthy is that all fish maintain equilibrium, ventilated their gills and showed routine locomotor action for 10-20 min after M ˙ O 2 ceased at near anoxia and when then returned to oxygenated waters, all fish survived, further indicating a remarkable hypoxic tolerance. Remarkably, data assembled for M ˙ O 2 from >30 studies showed a > x2000 difference, which we attribute to calculation or conversion errors. Nonetheless, pcrit was very low for all Oreochromis sp. and lowest in the heat and hypoxia-adapted Tabasco line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Jose F Mendez-Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Gil Martínez Bautista
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Emyr Peña
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Rafael Martínez García
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Alvarez González
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
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Pelster B, Wood CM. Ionoregulatory and oxidative stress issues associated with the evolution of air-breathing. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:667-679. [PMID: 30177382 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic areas frequently face hypoxic conditions. In order to get sufficient oxygen to support aerobic metabolism, a number of freshwater fish resort to aerial respiration to supplement gill respiration especially in situations with reduced oxygen availability in the water. In many species a concomitant reduction in gill surface area or in gill perfusion reduces possible loss of aerially acquired oxygen to the water at the gills, but it also compromises the ion regulatory capacity of gill tissue. In consequence, the reduced gill contact area with water requires appropriate compensation to maintain ion and acid-base homeostasis, often with important ramifications for other organs. Associated modifications in the structure and function of the gills themselves, the skin, the gut, the kidney, and the physiology of water exchange and ion-linked acid-base regulation are discussed. In air-breathing fish, the gut may gain particular importance for the uptake of ions. In addition, tissues frequently exposed to environmental air encounter much higher oxygen partial pressures than typically observed in fish tissues. Physostomous fish using the swimbladder for aerial respiration, for example, will encounter aerial oxygen partial pressure at the swimbladder epithelium when frequently gulping air in hypoxic water. Hyperoxic conditions or rapid changes in oxygen partial pressures result in an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accordingly, in air-breathing fish, strategies of ionoregulation may be greatly modified, and the ROS defense capacity of air-exposed tissues is improved.
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Giacomin M, Schulte PM, Wood CM. Differential Effects of Temperature on Oxygen Consumption and Branchial Fluxes of Urea, Ammonia, and Water in the Dogfish Shark (Squalus acanthias suckleyi). Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:627-637. [DOI: 10.1086/694296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tate M, McGoran RE, White CR, Portugal SJ. Life in a bubble: the role of the labyrinth organ in determining territory, mating and aggressive behaviours in anabantoids. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 91:723-749. [PMID: 28868750 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The anabantoids are a group of c. 137 species of air-breathing freshwater fishes found in Africa and southern Asia. All anabantoids have a pair of suprabranchial chambers that each house an air-breathing organ known as the labyrinth apparatus: a complex bony structure lined with thin, highly vascularised respiratory epithelium. The labyrinth apparatus allows anabantoids to extract oxygen from air and is a morpho-physiological innovation that has had a dramatic influence on the behaviour of these fishes. Air-breathing influences a wide range of anabantoid behaviours, including territorial displays, courtship and breeding and parental care and also equips these fishes to persist in hypoxic and polluted water. These traits also make anabantoids successful invaders of novel habitats, a global problem compounded by their popularity in the aquarium trade. By reviewing the functionality and evolution of air breathing in anabantoids, this review aims to examine the role of the labyrinth apparatus in modulating behaviour within this group. The anabantoids are a fascinating group and have often been cited as a model organism due to the stereotypical and easily identifiable behaviours that they adopt during social interactions. They also provide a unique opportunity to further our understanding about how fishes adapt their behaviour in response to an extreme environment, whilst limited by their own physiological constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tate
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, U.K
| | - R E McGoran
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, U.K
| | - C R White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S J Portugal
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, U.K
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McBryan TL, Healy TM, Haakons KL, Schulte PM. Warm acclimation improves hypoxia tolerance in Fundulus heteroclitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:474-84. [PMID: 26888999 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.133413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human activities are increasing both the frequency of hypoxic episodes and the mean temperature of aquatic ecosystems, but few studies have considered the possibility that acclimation to one of these stressors could improve the ability to cope with the other stressor. Here, we used Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, to test this hypothesis. Hypoxia tolerance was measured as time to loss of equilibrium in hypoxia (LOEhyp) at 0.4 kPa oxygen. Time to LOEhyp declined from 73.3 ± 6.9 min at 15 °C to 2.6 ± 3.8 min at 23 °C, and at 30 °C no fish could withstand this level of hypoxia. Prior acclimation to warm temperatures significantly increased time to LOEhyp. Hypoxia tolerance of the southern subspecies of killifish, F. heteroclitus heteroclitus, was greater than that of the northern subspecies, F. heteroclitus macrolepidotus, measured both as critical oxygen tension (Pcrit) and as time to LOEhyp. Warm acclimation offset the negative effects of temperature on time to LOEhyp to a similar extent in the two subspecies. Warm acclimation increased total lamellar surface area of the gill in both subspecies as a result of regression of an interlamellar cell mass (ILCM). However, differences in total lamellar surface area could not explain differences in time to LOEhyp between the subspecies, suggesting that the lower time to LOEhyp of northern fish is related to their higher routine metabolic rate. These data suggest that thermal plasticity in gill morphology can improve the capacity of this species to tolerate hypoxia, and shows how existing plasticity may help organisms to cope with the complex interacting stressors that they will encounter with increasing frequency as our climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L McBryan
- Department of Zoology, 6270 University Blvd, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Timothy M Healy
- Department of Zoology, 6270 University Blvd, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Kristen L Haakons
- Department of Zoology, 6270 University Blvd, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Patricia M Schulte
- Department of Zoology, 6270 University Blvd, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Bianchini LF, Wood CM, Bergman HL, Johannsson OE, Laurent P, Chevalier C, Kisipan ML, Kavembe GD, Papah MB, Brix KV, De Boeck G, Maina JN, Ojoo RO, Bianchini A. Metabolism and antioxidant defense in the larval chironomid Tanytarsus minutipalpus: adjustments to diel variations in the extreme conditions of Lake Magadi. Biol Open 2017; 6:83-91. [PMID: 27895051 PMCID: PMC5278425 DOI: 10.1242/bio.021139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect larvae are reported to be a major component of the simple but highly productive trophic web found in Lake Magadi (Kenya, Africa), which is considered to be one of the most extreme aquatic environments on Earth. Previous studies show that fish must display biochemical and physiological adjustments to thrive under the extreme conditions of the lake. However, information for invertebrates is lacking. In the present study, the occurrence of the larval chironomid Tanytarsus minutipalpus is reported in Lake Magadi for the first time. Additionally, changes in larval metabolism and antioxidant defense correlated with diel variations in the extremely hostile environmental conditions of the lake are described. Wide variations in water temperature (20.2-29.3°C) and dissolved oxygen content (3.2-18.6 mg O2 l−1) were observed at different times of day, without significant change in water pH (10.0±0.03). Temperature and dissolved oxygen were higher at 13:00 h (29.3±0.4°C and 18.6±1.0 mg O2 l−1) and 19:00 h (29.3±0.8°C and 16.2±1.6 mg O2 l−1) and lower at 01:00 h (21.1±0.1°C and 10.7±0.03 mg O2 l−1) and 07:00 h (20.2±0.4°C and 3.2±0.7 mg O2 l−1). Significant and parallel increases in parameters related to metabolism (cholinesterase, glucose, cholesterol, urea, creatinine and hemoglobin) and the antioxidant system (SOD, GPx, GR, GSH and GSSG) were observed in larvae collected at 13:00 h. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in pro-oxidants (ROS and NO), TOSC and oxidative damage parameters (LPO and DNA damage). Therefore, the observed increases in temperature and dissolved O2 content in Lake Magadi were associated with changes in the antioxidant system of T. minutipalpus larvae. Adjustments performed by the chironomid larvae were efficient in maintaining body homeostasis, as well as protecting biomolecules against oxidative damage, so that oxidative stress did not occur. GSH-GSSG and GPx-GR systems appeared to play an essential role in the adjustments displayed by the chironomid larvae during the diel changes in the extreme conditions of Lake Magadi. Summary: Insect larvae display adjustments in metabolism and oxidative status to overcome the diel variations in the extreme and harsh physicochemical conditions of Lake Magadi, a saline and alkaline lake in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas F Bianchini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas: Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Harold L Bergman
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Ora E Johannsson
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Pierre Laurent
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Claudine Chevalier
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Mosiany L Kisipan
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 - 20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Geraldine D Kavembe
- Department of Biology, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui 170-90200, Kenya
| | - Michael B Papah
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Gudrun De Boeck
- SPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - John N Maina
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Rodi O Ojoo
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas: Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
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9
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Mammalian metabolic rates in the hottest fish on earth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26990. [PMID: 27257105 PMCID: PMC4891707 DOI: 10.1038/srep26990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Magadi tilapia, Alcolapia grahami, a small cichlid fish of Lake Magadi, Kenya lives in one of the most challenging aquatic environments on earth, characterized by very high alkalinity, unusual water chemistry, and extreme O2, ROS, and temperature regimes. In contrast to most fishes which live at temperatures substantially lower than the 36–40 °C of mammals and birds, an isolated population (South West Hot Springs, SWHS) of Magadi tilapia thrives in fast-flowing hotsprings with daytime highs of 43 °C and night-time lows of 32 °C. Another population (Fish Springs Lagoon, FSL) lives in a lagoon with fairly stable daily temperatures (33–36 °C). The upper critical temperatures (Ctmax) of both populations are very high; moreover the SWHS tilapia exhibit the highest Ctmax (45.6 °C) ever recorded for a fish. Routine rates of O2 consumption (MO2) measured on site, together with MO2 and swimming performance at 25, 32, and 39 °C in the laboratory, showed that the SWHS tilapia exhibited the greatest metabolic performance ever recorded in a fish. These rates were in the basal range of a small mammal of comparable size, and were all far higher than in the FSL fish. The SWHS tilapia represents a bellwether organism for global warming.
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Lushchak VI. Contaminant-induced oxidative stress in fish: a mechanistic approach. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:711-747. [PMID: 26607273 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living organisms was described more than 60 years ago and virtually immediately it was suggested that ROS were involved in various pathological processes and aging. The state when ROS generation exceeds elimination leading to an increased steady-state ROS level has been called "oxidative stress." Although ROS association with many pathological states in animals is well established, the question of ROS responsibility for the development of these states is still open. Fish represent the largest group of vertebrates and they inhabit a broad range of ecosystems where they are subjected to many different aquatic contaminants. In many cases, the deleterious effects of contaminants have been connected to induction of oxidative stress. Therefore, deciphering of molecular mechanisms leading to such contaminant effects and organisms' response may let prevent or minimize deleterious impacts of oxidative stress. This review describes general aspects of ROS homeostasis, in particular highlighting its basic aspects, modification of cellular constituents, operation of defense systems and ROS-based signaling with an emphasis on fish systems. A brief introduction to oxidative stress theory is accompanied by the description of a recently developed classification system for oxidative stress based on its intensity and time course. Specific information on contaminant-induced oxidative stress in fish is covered in sections devoted to such pollutants as metal ions (particularly iron, copper, chromium, mercury, arsenic, nickel, etc.), pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) and oil with accompanying pollutants. In the last section, certain problems and perspectives in studies of oxidative stress in fish are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine.
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11
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The sensing of respiratory gases in fish: Mechanisms and signalling pathways. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 224:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Wood CM, Pelster B, Giacomin M, Sadauskas-Henrique H, Almeida-Val VMF, Val AL. The transition from water-breathing to air-breathing is associated with a shift in ion uptake from gills to gut: a study of two closely related erythrinid teleosts, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Hoplias malabaricus. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:431-45. [PMID: 26857274 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-0965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary transition from water-breathing to air-breathing involved not only a change in function of the organs of respiratory gas exchange and N-waste excretion, but also in the organs of ion uptake from the environment. A combination of in vivo and in vitro techniques was used to look at the relative importance of the gills versus the gut in Na(+), Cl(-), and K(+) balance in two closely related erythrinid species: a facultative air-breather, the jeju (Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus) and an obligate water-breather, the traira (Hoplias malabaricus). The jeju has a well-vascularized physostomous swimbladder, while that in the traira is poorly vascularized, but the gills are much larger. Both species are native to the Amazon and are common in the ion-poor, acidic blackwaters of the Rio Negro. Under fasting conditions, the traira was able to maintain positive net Na(+) and Cl(-) balance in this water, and only slightly negative net K(+) balance. However, the jeju was in negative net balance for all three ions and had lower plasma Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations, despite exhibiting higher branchial Na(+), K(+)ATPase and v-type H(+)ATPase activities. In the intestine, activities of these same enzymes were also higher in the jeju, and in vitro measurements of net area-specific rates of Na(+), Cl(-), and K(+) absorption, as well as the overall intestinal absorption capacities for these three ions, were far greater than in the traira. When acutely exposed to disturbances in water O2 levels (severe hypoxia ~15% or hyperoxia ~420% saturation), gill ionoregulation was greatly perturbed in the traira but less affected in the jeju, which could "escape" the stressor by voluntarily air-breathing. We suggest that a shift of ionoregulatory capacity from the gills to the gut may have occurred in the evolutionary transition to air-breathing in jeju, and in consequence branchial ionoregulation, while less powerful, is also less impacted by variations in water O2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Bernd Pelster
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marina Giacomin
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Helen Sadauskas-Henrique
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria F Almeida-Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Luis Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Kavembe GD, Franchini P, Irisarri I, Machado-Schiaffino G, Meyer A. Genomics of Adaptation to Multiple Concurrent Stresses: Insights from Comparative Transcriptomics of a Cichlid Fish from One of Earth’s Most Extreme Environments, the Hypersaline Soda Lake Magadi in Kenya, East Africa. J Mol Evol 2015; 81:90-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-015-9696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Robertson LM, Kochhann D, Bianchini A, Matey V, Almeida-Val VF, Val AL, Wood CM. Gill paracellular permeability and the osmorespiratory compromise during exercise in the hypoxia-tolerant Amazonian oscar (Astronotus ocellatus). J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:741-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Ford AGP, Dasmahapatra KK, Rüber L, Gharbi K, Cezard T, Day JJ. High levels of interspecific gene flow in an endemic cichlid fish adaptive radiation from an extreme lake environment. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3421-40. [PMID: 25997156 PMCID: PMC4973668 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Studying recent adaptive radiations in isolated insular systems avoids complicating causal events and thus may offer clearer insight into mechanisms generating biological diversity. Here, we investigate evolutionary relationships and genomic differentiation within the recent radiation of Alcolapia cichlid fish that exhibit extensive phenotypic diversification, and which are confined to the extreme soda lakes Magadi and Natron in East Africa. We generated an extensive RAD data set of 96 individuals from multiple sampling sites and found evidence for genetic admixture between species within Lake Natron, with the highest levels of admixture between sympatric populations of the most recently diverged species. Despite considerable environmental separation, populations within Lake Natron do not exhibit isolation by distance, indicating panmixia within the lake, although individuals within lineages clustered by population in phylogenomic analysis. Our results indicate exceptionally low genetic differentiation across the radiation despite considerable phenotypic trophic variation, supporting previous findings from smaller data sets; however, with the increased power of densely sampled SNPs, we identify genomic peaks of differentiation (FST outliers) between Alcolapia species. While evidence of ongoing gene flow and interspecies hybridization in certain populations suggests that Alcolapia species are incompletely reproductively isolated, the identification of outlier SNPs under diversifying selection indicates the radiation is undergoing adaptive divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia G P Ford
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Lukas Rüber
- Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bernastrasse 15, Bern, 3005, Switzerland
| | - Karim Gharbi
- Edinburgh Genomics, Ashworth Laboratories, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Timothee Cezard
- Edinburgh Genomics, Ashworth Laboratories, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Julia J Day
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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16
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Lefevre S, Bayley M, McKenzie DJ, Craig JF. Air-breathing fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:547-553. [PMID: 24588640 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Lefevre
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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