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Massip-Veloso Y, Hoagstrom CW, McMahan CD, Matamoros WA. Biogeography of Greater Antillean freshwater fishes, with a review of competing hypotheses. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:901-927. [PMID: 38205676 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In biogeography, vicariance and long-distance dispersal are often characterised as competing scenarios. However, they are related concepts, both relying on collective geological, ecological, and phylogenetic evidence. This is illustrated by freshwater fishes, which may immigrate to islands either when freshwater connections are temporarily present and later severed (vicariance), or by unusual means when ocean gaps are crossed (long-distance dispersal). Marine barriers have a strong filtering effect on freshwater fishes, limiting immigrants to those most capable of oceanic dispersal. The roles of vicariance and dispersal are debated for freshwater fishes of the Greater Antilles. We review three active hypotheses [Cretaceous vicariance, Greater Antilles-Aves Ridge (GAARlandia), long-distance dispersal] and propose long-distance dispersal to be an appropriate model due to limited support for freshwater fish use of landspans. Greater Antillean freshwater fishes have six potential source bioregions (defined from faunal similarity): Northern Gulf of México, Western Gulf of México, Maya Terrane, Chortís Block, Eastern Panamá, and Northern South America. Faunas of the Greater Antilles are composed of taxa immigrating from many of these bioregions, but there is strong compositional disharmony between island and mainland fish faunas (>90% of Antillean species are cyprinodontiforms, compared to <10% in Northern Gulf of México and Northern South America, and ≤50% elsewhere), consistent with a hypothesis of long-distance dispersal. Ancestral-area reconstruction analysis indicates there were 16 or 17 immigration events over the last 51 million years, 14 or 15 of these by cyprinodontiforms. Published divergence estimates and evidence available for each immigration event suggests they occurred at different times and by different pathways, possibly with rafts of vegetation discharged from rivers or washed to sea during storms. If so, ocean currents likely provide critical pathways for immigration when flowing from one landmass to another. On the other hand, currents create dispersal barriers when flowing perpendicularly between landmasses. In addition to high salinity tolerance, cyprinodontiforms collectively display a variety of adaptations that could enhance their ability to live with rafts (small body size, viviparity, low metabolism, amphibiousness, diapause, self-fertilisation). These adaptations likely also helped immigrants establish island populations after arrival and to persist long term thereafter. Cichlids may have used a pseudo bridge (Nicaragua Rise) to reach the Greater Antilles. Gars (Lepisosteidae) may have crossed the Straits of Florida to Cuba, a relatively short crossing that is not a barrier to gene flow for several cyprinodontiform immigrants. Indeed, widespread distributions of Quaternary migrants (Cyprinodon, Gambusia, Kryptolebias), within the Greater Antilles and among neighbouring bioregions, imply that long-distance dispersal is not necessarily inhibitory for well-adapted species, even though it appears to be virtually impossible for all other freshwater fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibril Massip-Veloso
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150, C.P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | | | - Wilfredo A Matamoros
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150, C.P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
- Laboratorio de Diversidad Acuática y Biogeografía, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150, C.P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
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Nunley K, McGhee KE. Detection of relatedness in chemical alarm cues by a selfing vertebrate depends on population and the life stage producing the alarm cue. Behav Processes 2024; 219:105056. [PMID: 38782306 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic prey have impressive abilities to extract information from a variety of chemical cues. For example, they can use the alarm cues released by wounded individuals during a predator attack to learn about predation risk, and they can also distinguish kin from non-kin individuals during interactions. However, it remains unclear whether animals can combine this information on predation risk with kin recognition of the particular individuals under threat. To examine how the relatedness of the individuals in alarm cue affects behaviour we used the self-fertilizing hermaphroditic mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus), in which lineages produce genetically identical offspring through selfing. We explored this in two populations that differ in their level of outcrossing. We measured activity before and after exposure to alarm cue made from individuals (either adults or embryos) from their own lineage or an unrelated lineage from the same population. Fish responded weakly to embryo alarm cues, but tended to reduce their activity more when the alarm cues were from an unrelated lineage compared to alarm cues from their own lineage, particularly in fish from the outcrossing population. In contrast, there was no effect of cue relatedness on the response to adult alarm cues but there was a strong population effect. Specifically, individuals from the outcrossing population tended to react more strongly to alarm cues compared to individuals from the predominantly selfing population. We discuss the potential roles of the major histocompatibility complex in cue detection, differences between adult vs embryo alarm cues in terms of concentration and information, and underlying differences among populations and genetic lineages in their production and detection of chemical cues. Whether this kin recognition offers adaptive benefits or is simply a consequence of being able to detect relatedness in living individuals would be an exciting area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Nunley
- Department of Biology, The University of the South, Sewanee, TN37383, USA
| | - Katie E McGhee
- Department of Biology, The University of the South, Sewanee, TN37383, USA.
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3
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Snead AA, Tatarenkov A, Avise JC, Taylor DS, Turner BJ, Marson K, Earley RL. Out to sea: ocean currents and patterns of asymmetric gene flow in an intertidal fish species. Front Genet 2023; 14:1206543. [PMID: 37456662 PMCID: PMC10349204 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1206543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive dispersal via wind or ocean currents can drive asymmetric gene flow, which influences patterns of genetic variation and the capacity of populations to evolve in response to environmental change. The mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus), hereafter "rivulus," is an intertidal fish species restricted to the highly fragmented New World mangrove forests of Central America, the Caribbean, the Bahamas, and Florida. Mangrove patches are biological islands with dramatic differences in both abiotic and biotic conditions compared to adjacent habitat. Over 1,000 individual rivulus across 17 populations throughout its range were genotyped at 32 highly polymorphic microsatellites. Range-wide population genetic structure was evaluated with five complementary approaches that found eight distinct population clusters. However, an analysis of molecular variance indicated significant population genetic structure among regions, populations within regions, sampling locations within populations, and individuals within sampling locations, indicating that rivulus has both broad- and fine-scale genetic differentiation. Integrating range-wide genetic data with biophysical modeling based on 10 years of ocean current data showed that ocean currents and the distance between populations over water drive gene flow patterns on broad scales. Directional migration estimates suggested some significant asymmetries in gene flow that also were mediated by ocean currents and distance. Specifically, populations in the center of the range (Florida Keys) were identified as sinks that received migrants (and alleles) from other populations but failed to export individuals. These populations thus harbor genetic variation, perhaps even from extirpated populations across the range, but ocean currents and complex arrangements of landmasses might prevent the distribution of that genetic variation elsewhere. Hence, the inherent asymmetry of ocean currents shown to impact both genetic differentiation and directional migration rates may be responsible for the complex distribution of genetic variation across the range and observed patterns of metapopulation structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Snead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Andrey Tatarenkov
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - John C. Avise
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Bruce J. Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Kristine Marson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Ryan L. Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
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Amano M, Amiya N, Yamamoto N, Sakakura Y. Neuronal responses of melanin-concentrating hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone to background color in the self-fertilizing fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:385-398. [PMID: 37043055 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined neuronal responses of hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) to background color in the self-fertilizing fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus. Fish were individually reared in lidless white or black cylindrical plastic containers for 15 days. The number of MCH-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies in the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) of the hypothalamus was significantly greater in the white-acclimated fish, while no significant differences were observed in the nucleus anterior tuberis (NAT) of the hypothalamus. Significant differences were not seen in the number of CRH-ir cell bodies in the NLT between the groups. The body of the white- and black-acclimated fish appeared lighter and darker, respectively, compared with the baseline color. In the black-acclimated fish, feeding activity was significantly greater with a tendency toward higher specific growth rate compared with the observations in white-acclimated fish. No significant inter-group cortisol level differences were observed. These results indicate that background color affects MCH neuronal activity in the NLT as well as body color adaptation but does not affect CRH neuronal activity in K. marmoratus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Amano
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Noriko Amiya
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sakakura
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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Berbel-Filho WM, Pacheco G, Tatarenkov A, Lira MG, Garcia de Leaniz C, Rodríguez López CM, Lima SMQ, Consuegra S. Phylogenomics reveals extensive introgression and a case of mito-nuclear discordance in the killifish genus Kryptolebias. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 177:107617. [PMID: 36038055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Introgression is a widespread evolutionary process leading to phylogenetic inconsistencies among distinct parts of the genomes, particularly between mitochondrial and nuclear-based phylogenetic reconstructions (e.g., mito-nuclear discordances). Here, we used mtDNA and genome-wide nuclear sites to provide the first phylogenomic-based hypothesis on the evolutionary relationships within the killifish genus Kryptolebias. In addition, we tested for evidence of past introgression in the genus given the multiple reports of undergoing hybridization between its members. Our mtDNA phylogeny generally agreed with the relationships previously proposed for the genus. However, our reconstruction based on nuclear DNA revealed an unknown lineage - Kryptolebias sp. 'ESP' - as the sister group of the self-fertilizing mangrove killifishes, K. marmoratus and K. hermaphroditus. All individuals sequenced of Kryptolebias sp. 'ESP' had the same mtDNA haplotype commonly observed in K. hermaphroditus, demonstrating a clear case of mito-nuclear discordance. Our analysis further confirmed extensive history of introgression between Kryptolebias sp. 'ESP' and K. hermaphroditus. Population genomics analyses indicate no current gene flow between the two lineages, despite their current sympatry and history of introgression. We also confirmed introgression between other species pairs in the genus that have been recently reported to form hybrid zones. Overall, our study provides a phylogenomic reconstruction covering most of the Kryptolebias species, reveals a new lineage hidden in a case of mito-nuclear discordance, and provides evidence of multiple events of ancestral introgression in the genus. These findings underscore the importance of investigating different genomic information in a phylogenetic framework, particularly in taxa where introgression is common as in the sexually diverse mangrove killifishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldir M Berbel-Filho
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA(1); Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
| | - George Pacheco
- Section for Marine Living Resources, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Andrey Tatarenkov
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Mateus G Lira
- Laboratório de Ictiologia Sistemática e Evolutiva, Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos M Rodríguez López
- Environmental Epigenetics and Genetics Group, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sergio M Q Lima
- Laboratório de Ictiologia Sistemática e Evolutiva, Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Natal, Brazil
| | - Sofia Consuegra
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Genetic and Phenotypic Characteristics of the Salmo trutta Complex in Italy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Salmonid fish have become ecological and research models of study in the field of conservation genetics and genomics. Over the last decade, brown trout have received a high level of interest in research and publications. The term Salmo trutta complex is used to indicate the large number of geographic forms present in the species Salmo trutta. In Europe, the S. trutta complex consists (based on mitochondrial DNA control region analysis) of seven major evolutionary lineages: Atlantic (AT), Mediterranean (ME), Adriatic (AD), Danubian (DA), Marmoratus (MA), Duero (DU) and Tigris (TI). In several nations, the difficulty of identifying some lineages derives from their wide phenotypic and geographic plasticity and the presence of mixed lineages (due to introgressive hybridization with domestic AT populations). In Italy, the S. trutta complex populations living in the Tyrrhenian area and on the main islands (Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica) showed high genetic diversity. Currently, on the Italian Red List, the protected (near threatened) populations are the AD and ME lineages. Recent studies based on traditional (mitochondrial and nuclear markers) and NGS (next-generation sequencing) analyses have clarified some genetic differences between the populations of the Tyrrhenian region, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Native populations in Sardinia belong to the AD lineage, while those living in Corsica are mainly characterized by the AD, MA and ME haplotypes. In Sicily, in the area of the Iblei mountains, an AT lineage (North African) exists. According to some authors, the term Salmo macrostigma should only be used for populations in North Africa. The use of genotyping methods based on mtDNA and nuclear markers and the latest generation sequencing techniques can improve the study of populations and evolutionary lineages in areas where there are overlaps and hybridization phenomena.
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Lira MGS, Berbel-Filho WM, Espírito-Santo HMV, Tatarenkov A, Avise JC, de Leaniz CG, Consuegra S, Lima SMQ. Filling the gaps: phylogeography of the self-fertilizing Kryptolebias species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) along South American mangroves. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:644-655. [PMID: 33846974 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove killifishes of the genus Kryptolebias have been historically classified as rare because of their small size and cryptic nature. Major gaps in distribution knowledge across mangrove areas, particularly in South America, challenge the understanding of the taxonomic status, biogeographical patterns and genetic structuring of the lineages composing the self-fertilizing "Kryptolebias marmoratus species complex." In this study, the authors combined a literature survey, fieldwork and molecular data to fill major gaps of information about the distribution of mangrove killifishes across western Atlantic mangroves. They found that selfing mangrove killifishes are ubiquitously distributed across the Caribbean, Central and South American mangroves and report 14 new locations in South America, extending the range of both the "Central clade" and "Southern clade" lineages which overlap in the Amazon. Although substantial genetic differences were found between clades, the authors also found further genetic structuring within clades, with populations in Central America, north and northeast Brazil generally showing higher levels of genetic diversity compared to the clonal ones in southeast Brazil. The authors discuss the taxonomic status and update the geographical distribution of the Central and Southern clades, as well as potential dispersal routes and biogeographical barriers influencing the distribution of the selfing mangrove killifishes in the western Atlantic mangroves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus G S Lira
- Laboratório de Ictiologia Sistemática e Evolutiva, Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andrei Tatarenkov
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - John C Avise
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Sofia Consuegra
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Sergio M Q Lima
- Laboratório de Ictiologia Sistemática e Evolutiva, Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Natal, Brazil
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The Natterin Proteins Diversity: A Review on Phylogeny, Structure, and Immune Function. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080538. [PMID: 34437409 PMCID: PMC8402412 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first record of the five founder members of the group of Natterin proteins in the venom of the medically significant fish Thalassophryne nattereri, new sequences have been identified in other species. In this work, we performed a detailed screening using available genome databases across a wide range of species to identify sequence members of the Natterin group, sequence similarities, conserved domains, and evolutionary relationships. The high-throughput tools have enabled us to dramatically expand the number of members within this group of proteins, which has a remote origin (around 400 million years ago) and is spread across Eukarya organisms, even in plants and primitive Agnathans jawless fish. Overall, the survey resulted in 331 species presenting Natterin-like proteins, mainly fish, and 859 putative genes. Besides fish, the groups with more species included in our analysis were insects and birds. The number and variety of annotations increased the knowledge of the obtained sequences in detail, such as the conserved motif AGIP in the pore-forming loop involved in the transmembrane barrel insertion, allowing us to classify them as important constituents of the innate immune defense system as effector molecules activating immune cells by interacting with conserved intracellular signaling mechanisms in the hosts.
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Bensch HM, O'Connor EA, Cornwallis CK. Living with relatives offsets the harm caused by pathogens in natural populations. eLife 2021; 10:e66649. [PMID: 34309511 PMCID: PMC8313236 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Living with relatives can be highly beneficial, enhancing reproduction and survival. High relatedness can, however, increase susceptibility to pathogens. Here, we examine whether the benefits of living with relatives offset the harm caused by pathogens, and if this depends on whether species typically live with kin. Using comparative meta-analysis of plants, animals, and a bacterium (nspecies = 56), we show that high within-group relatedness increases mortality when pathogens are present. In contrast, mortality decreased with relatedness when pathogens were rare, particularly in species that live with kin. Furthermore, across groups variation in mortality was lower when relatedness was high, but abundances of pathogens were more variable. The effects of within-group relatedness were only evident when pathogens were experimentally manipulated, suggesting that the harm caused by pathogens is masked by the benefits of living with relatives in nature. These results highlight the importance of kin selection for understanding disease spread in natural populations.
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Voisin AS, Suarez Ulloa V, Stockwell P, Chatterjee A, Silvestre F. Genome-wide DNA methylation of the liver reveals delayed effects of early-life exposure to 17-α-ethinylestradiol in the self-fertilizing mangrove rivulus. Epigenetics 2021; 17:473-497. [PMID: 33892617 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1921337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms exposed to endocrine disruptors in early life can show altered phenotype later in adulthood. Although the mechanisms underlying these long-term effects remain poorly understood, an increasing body of evidence points towards the potential role of epigenetic processes. In the present study, we exposed hatchlings of an isogenic lineage of the self-fertilizing fish mangrove rivulus for 28 days to 4 and 120 ng/L of 17-α-ethinylestradiol. After a recovery period of 140 days, reduced representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS) was performed on the liver in order to assess the hepatic genome-wide methylation landscape. Across all treatment comparisons, a total of 146 differentially methylated fragments (DMFs) were reported, mostly for the group exposed to 4 ng/L, suggesting a non-monotonic effect of EE2 exposure. Gene ontology analysis revealed networks involved in lipid metabolism, cellular processes, connective tissue function, molecular transport and inflammation. The highest effect was reported for nipped-B-like protein B (NIPBL) promoter region after exposure to 4 ng/L EE2 (+ 21.9%), suggesting that NIPBL could be an important regulator for long-term effects of EE2. Our results also suggest a significant role of DNA methylation in intergenic regions and potentially in transposable elements. These results support the ability of early exposure to endocrine disruptors of inducing epigenetic alterations during adulthood, providing plausible mechanistic explanations for long-term phenotypic alteration. Additionally, this work demonstrates the usefulness of isogenic lineages of the self-fertilizing mangrove rivulus to better understand the biological significance of long-term alterations of DNA methylation by diminishing the confounding factor of genetic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Voisin
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Victoria Suarez Ulloa
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Peter Stockwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Aniruddha Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Frédéric Silvestre
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Reproductive strategies and chromosomal aberrations affect survival in the Rivuliid fish Hypsolebias sertanejo. ZYGOTE 2020; 29:20-26. [PMID: 33012305 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199420000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rivulidae comprises a family of fish largely distributed in Brazil that includes 201 species, of which 125 are considered endangered. This fact emphasizes the need for development of conservation strategies including studies on genetics and reproduction. In this paper, we describe aspects of biology and reproduction of the rivuliid species Hypsolebias sertanejo. We outline the reproductive behaviour of this species under laboratory conditions, analyze ploidy status by flow cytometry, describe reproductive behaviour and performance and test dry and wet incubation of eggs. Although H. sertanejo showed well known patterns of reproductive behaviour, we verified many peculiarities inherent to its reproductive biology. As expected, most individuals were diploid (87.71%), however 14.29% were considered mosaics. Although no sterility was observed within mosaics, infertility of these fish was not fully evaluated. Hatching rate of the eggs collected was very low following both dry and wet incubation (5.04 and 3.79%, respectively). These results provide interesting information regarding the reproductive success of this species, and suggest that chromosomal abnormalities described may reduce the survival of H. sertanejo under natural conditions, limiting the perpetuation of this species, and emphasizing the need for more preservation efforts, including artificial propagation and gene banking.
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More than meets the eye: syntopic and morphologically similar mangrove killifish species show different mating systems and patterns of genetic structure along the Brazilian coast. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 125:340-352. [PMID: 32826964 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Different mating systems can strongly affect the extent of genetic diversity and population structure among species. Given the increased effects of genetic drift on reduced population size, theory predicts that species undergoing self-fertilisation should have greater population structure than outcrossed species; however, demographic dynamics may affect this scenario. The mangrove killifish clade is composed of the two only known examples of self-fertilising species among vertebrates (Kryptolebias marmoratus and Kryptolebias hermaphroditus). A third species in this clade, Kryptolebias ocellatus, inhabits mangrove forests in southeast Brazil; however, its mating system and patterns of genetic structure have been rarely explored. Here, we examined the genetic structure and phylogeographic patterns of K. ocellatus along its distribution, using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites to compare its patterns of genetic structure with the predominantly selfing and often-syntopic, K. hermaphroditus. Our results indicate that K. ocellatus reproduces mainly by outcrossing, with no current evidence of selfing, despite being an androdioecious species. Our results also reveal a stronger population subdivision in K. ocellatus compared to K. hermaphroditus, contrary to the theoretical predictions based on reproductive biology of the two species. Our findings indicate that, although morphologically similar, K. ocellatus and K. hermaphroditus had remarkably different evolutionary histories when colonising the same mangrove areas in southeastern Brazil, with other factors (e.g., time of colonisation, dispersal/establishment capacity) having more profound effects on the current population structuring of those species than differences in mating systems.
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13
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Tatarenkov A, Earley RL, Taylor DS, Davis WP, Avise JC. Extensive hybridization and past introgression between divergent lineages in a quasi-clonal hermaphroditic fish: Ramifications for species concepts and taxonomy. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:49-59. [PMID: 32242998 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extreme inbreeding is expected to reduce the incidence of hybridization, serving as a prezygotic barrier. Mangrove rivulus is a small killifish that reproduces predominantly by self-fertilization, producing highly homozygous lines throughout its geographic range. The Bahamas and Caribbean are inhabited by two highly diverged phylogeographic lineages of mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus and a 'Central clade' closely related to K. hermaphroditus from Brazil. The two lineages are largely allopatric, but recently were found in syntopy on San Salvador, Bahamas, where a single hybrid was reported. To better characterize the degree of hybridization and the possibility of secondary introgression, here we conducted a detailed genetic analysis of the contact zone on San Salvador. Two mixed populations were identified, one of which contained sexually mature hybrids. The distribution of heterozygosity at diagnostic microsatellite loci in hybrids showed that one of these hybrids was an immediate offspring from the K. marmoratus x Central clade cross, whereas the remaining five hybrids were products of reproduction by self-fertilization for 1-3 generations following the initial cross. Two hybrids had mitochondrial haplotypes of K. marmoratus and the remaining four hybrids had a haplotype of the Central clade, indicating that crosses go in both directions. In hybrids, alleles of parental lineages were represented in equal proportions suggesting lack of recent backcrossing to either of the parental lineages. However, sympatric populations of two lineages were less diverged than allopatric populations, consistent with introgression. Results are discussed in terms of applicability of the biological species concept for isogenic, effectively clonal, organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Tatarenkov
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ryan L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | | | | | - John C Avise
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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14
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McCain SC, Kopelic S, Houslay TM, Wilson AJ, Lu H, Earley RL. Choice consequences: salinity preferences and hatchling survival in the mangrove rivulus ( Kryptolebias marmoratus). J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb219196. [PMID: 32029461 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.219196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In heterogeneous environments, mobile species should occupy habitats in which their fitness is maximized. Mangrove rivulus fish inhabit mangrove ecosystems where salinities range from 0 to 65 ppt, but are most often collected from areas with salinities of ∼25 ppt. We examined the salinity preference of mangrove rivulus in a lateral salinity gradient, in the absence of predators and competitors. Fish could swim freely for 8 h throughout the gradient with chambers containing salinities ranging from 5 to 45 ppt (or 25 ppt throughout in the control). We defined preference as the salinity in which the fish spent most of their time, and also measured preference strength, latency to begin exploring the arena, and number of transitions between chambers. To determine whether these traits were repeatable, each fish experienced three trials. Mangrove rivulus spent a greater proportion of time in salinities lower (5-15 ppt) than they occupy in the wild. Significant among-individual variation in the (multivariate) behavioral phenotype emerged when animals experienced the gradient, indicating strong potential for selection to drive behavioral evolution in areas with diverse salinity microhabitats. We also showed that mangrove rivulus had a significantly greater probability of laying eggs in low salinities compared with control or high salinities. Eggs laid in lower salinities also had higher hatching success compared with those laid in higher salinities. Thus, although mangrove rivulus can tolerate a wide range of salinities, they prefer low salinities. These results raise questions about factors that prevent mangrove rivulus from occupying lower salinities in the wild, whether higher salinities impose energetic costs, and whether fitness changes as a function of salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly C McCain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sydney Kopelic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Thomas M Houslay
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter-Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter-Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Huanda Lu
- Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Ryan L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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15
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Berbel‐Filho WM, Garcia de Leaniz C, Morán P, Cable J, Lima SMQ, Consuegra S. Local parasite pressures and host genotype modulate epigenetic diversity in a mixed-mating fish. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:8736-8748. [PMID: 31410276 PMCID: PMC6686343 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite-mediated selection is one of the main drivers of genetic variation in natural populations. The persistence of long-term self-fertilization, however, challenges the notion that low genetic variation and inbreeding compromise the host's ability to respond to pathogens. DNA methylation represents a potential mechanism for generating additional adaptive variation under low genetic diversity. We compared genetic diversity (microsatellites and AFLPs), variation in DNA methylation (MS-AFLPs), and parasite loads in three populations of Kryptolebias hermaphroditus, a predomintanly self-fertilizing fish, to analyze the potential adaptive value of DNA methylation in relation to genetic diversity and parasite loads. We found strong genetic population structuring, as well as differences in parasite loads and methylation levels among sampling sites and selfing lineages. Globally, the interaction between parasites and inbreeding with selfing lineages influenced DNA methylation, but parasites seemed more important in determining methylation levels at the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paloma Morán
- Facultad de BiologíaUniversity of Vigo. Campus Universitario Lagoas‐MarcosendeVigoSpain
| | - Joanne Cable
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Sergio M. Q. Lima
- Laboratório de Ictiologia Sistemática e Evolutiva, Departamento de Botânica e ZoologiaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatalBrazil
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16
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Kuo J, Chang Y, Chen Y, Hsu Y. Influence of previous agonistic interactions with conspecifics on contest decisions. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Huan Kuo
- Department of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Ting Chang
- Department of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Ju Chen
- Department of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yuying Hsu
- Department of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
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17
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Fellous A, Earley RL, Silvestre F. Identification and expression of mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) histone deacetylase (HDAC) and lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) genes. Gene 2019; 691:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Fellous A, Earley RL, Silvestre F. The Kdm/Kmt gene families in the self-fertilizing mangrove rivulus fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus, suggest involvement of histone methylation machinery in development and reproduction. Gene 2019; 687:173-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Dean LL, Robertson S, Mahmud M, MacColl ADC. Internal embryonic development in a non-copulatory, egg-laying teleost, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2395. [PMID: 30787313 PMCID: PMC6382768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The switch from egg-laying to retaining and giving birth to live young is a major transition in the history of life. Despite its repeated evolution across the fishes, records of intermediate phenotypes are vanishingly rare, with only two known cases in existence of normally egg-laying fish species retaining embryos within the ovaries. We report the discovery of a third occurrence, in which well-developed embryos were found in the ovaries of a three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a non-copulatory, normally oviparous species. Extracted from the parent fish, these embryos hatched and grew to adulthood. Genetic and physiological examination of the parent fish and offspring ruled out development by parthenogenesis and hermaphroditism, therefore implicating internal fertilisation by a male stickleback. This extremely rare phenomenon may have been facilitated in this population by an unusual tendency for females to become egg-bound, and suggests that some major transitions may arise almost spontaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Dean
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Shaun Robertson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Muayad Mahmud
- Scientific Research Center, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Andrew D C MacColl
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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20
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Turko AJ, Doherty JE, Yin-Liao I, Levesque K, Kruth P, Holden JM, Earley RL, Wright PA. Prolonged survival out of water is linked to a slow pace of life in a selfing amphibious fish. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.209270. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.209270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic rate and life history traits vary widely both among and within species reflecting trade-offs in energy allocation, but the proximate and ultimate causes of variation are not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that these trade-offs are mediated by environmental heterogeneity, using isogenic strains of the amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus that vary in the amount of time each can survive out of water. Consistent with pace of life theory, the strain that survived air exposure the longest generally exhibited a “slow” phenotype including the lowest metabolic rate, largest scope for metabolic depression, slowest consumption of energy stores, and least investment in reproduction under standard conditions. Growth rates were fastest in the otherwise “slow” strain, however. We then tested for fitness trade-offs between “fast” and “slow” strains using microcosms where fish were held with either constant water availability or under fluctuating conditions where water was absent for half of the experiment. Under both conditions the “slow” strain grew larger and was in better condition, and under fluctuating conditions the “slow” strain produced more embryos. However, the “fast” strain had larger adult population sizes under both conditions, indicating that fecundity is not the sole determinant of population size in this species. We conclude that genetically based differences in pace of life of amphibious fish determine survival duration out of water. Relatively “slow” fish tended to perform better under conditions of limited water availability, but there was no detectable cost under control conditions. Thus, pace of life differences may reflect a conditionally neutral instead of antagonistic trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J. Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Justine E. Doherty
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Irene Yin-Liao
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Kelly Levesque
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Perryn Kruth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Joseph M. Holden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA, 35487
| | - Ryan L. Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA, 35487
| | - Patricia A. Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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21
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Voisin AS, Kültz D, Silvestre F. Early-life exposure to the endocrine disruptor 17-α-ethinylestradiol induces delayed effects in adult brain, liver and ovotestis proteomes of a self-fertilizing fish. J Proteomics 2018; 194:112-124. [PMID: 30550985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Early-life represents a critically sensitive window to endocrine disrupting chemicals, potentially leading to long-term repercussions on the phenotype later in life. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, referred to as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD), are still poorly understood. To gain molecular understanding of these effects, we exposed mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) for 28 days post hatching (dph) to 4 and 120 ng/L 17-α-ethinylestradiol, a model xenoestrogen. After 28 days, fish were raised for 140 days in clean water and we performed quantitative label-free proteomics on brain, liver and ovotestis of 168 dph adults. A total of 820, 888 and 420 proteins were robustly identified in the brain, liver and ovotestis, respectively. Effects of 17-α-ethinylestradiol were tissue and dose-dependent: a total of 31, 51 and 18 proteins were differentially abundant at 4 ng/L in the brain, liver and ovotestis, respectively, compared to 20, 25 and 39 proteins at 120 ng/L. Our results suggest that estrogen-responsive pathways, such as lipid metabolism, inflammation, and the innate immune system were affected months after the exposure. In addition, the potential perturbation of S-adenosylmethionine metabolism encourages future studies to investigate the role of DNA methylation in mediating the long-term effects of early-life exposures. SIGNIFICANCE: The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) states that early life stages of humans and animals are sensitive to environmental stressors and can develop health issues later in life, even if the stress has ceased. Molecular mechanisms supporting DOHaD are still unclear. The mangrove rivulus is a new fish model species naturally reproducing by self-fertilization, making it possible to use isogenic lineages in which all individuals are highly homozygous. This species therefore permits to strongly reduce the confounding factor of genetic variability in order to investigate the effects of environmental stress on the phenotype. After characterizing the molecular phenotype of brain, liver and ovotestis, we obtained true proteomic reaction norms of these three organs in adults after early life stages have been exposed to the common endocrine disruptor 17-α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Our study demonstrates long-term effects of early-life endocrine disruption at the proteomic level in diverse estrogen-responsive pathways 5 months after the exposure. The lowest tested and environmentally relevant concentration of 4 ng/L had the highest impact on the proteome in brain and liver, highlighting the potency of endocrine disruptors at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Voisin
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology - Institute of Life, Earth and Environment - University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Frédéric Silvestre
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology - Institute of Life, Earth and Environment - University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B5000 Namur, Belgium
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22
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Li CY, Jones R, Earley RL. Contest decisions are governed by own size and opponent size category in mangrove rivulus fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Li CY, Hofmann HA, Harris ML, Earley RL. Real or fake? Natural and artificial social stimuli elicit divergent behavioural and neural responses in mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1610. [PMID: 30429304 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the brain processes social information and generates adaptive behavioural responses is a major goal in neuroscience. We examined behaviour and neural activity patterns in socially relevant brain nuclei of hermaphroditic mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) provided with different types of social stimuli: stationary model opponent, regular mirror, non-reversing mirror and live opponent. We found that: (i) individuals faced with a regular mirror were less willing to interact with, delivered fewer attacks towards and switched their orientation relative to the opponent more frequently than fish exposed to a non-reversing mirror image or live opponent; (ii) fighting with a regular mirror image caused higher expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs: egr-1 and c-Fos) in the teleost homologues of the basolateral amygdala and hippocampus, but lower IEG expression in the preoptic area, than fighting with a non-reversing mirror image or live opponent; (iii) stationary models elicited the least behavioural and IEG responses among the four stimuli; and (iv) the non-reversing mirror image and live opponent drove similar behavioural and neurobiological responses. These results suggest that the various stimuli provide different types of information related to conspecific recognition in the context of aggressive contests, which ultimately drive different neurobiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Hans A Hofmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Melissa L Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ryan L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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24
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Fellous A, Labed‐Veydert T, Locrel M, Voisin A, Earley RL, Silvestre F. DNA methylation in adults and during development of the self-fertilizing mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6016-6033. [PMID: 29988456 PMCID: PMC6024129 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to genetic variation, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation might make important contributions to heritable phenotypic diversity in populations. However, it is often difficult to disentangle the contributions of genetic and epigenetic variation to phenotypic diversity. Here, we investigated global DNA methylation and mRNA expression of the methylation-associated enzymes during embryonic development and in adult tissues of one natural isogenic lineage of mangrove rivulus fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus. Being the best-known self-fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrate affords the opportunity to work with genetically identical individuals to examine, explicitly, the phenotypic effects of epigenetic variance. Using the LUminometric Methylation Assay (LUMA), we described variable global DNA methylation at CpG sites in adult tissues, which differed significantly between hermaphrodite ovotestes and male testes (79.6% and 87.2%, respectively). After fertilization, an immediate decrease in DNA methylation occurred to 15.8% in gastrula followed by re-establishment to 70.0% by stage 26 (liver formation). Compared to zebrafish, at the same embryonic stages, this reprogramming event seems later, deeper, and longer. Furthermore, genes putatively encoding DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET), and MeCP2 proteins showed specific regulation in adult gonad and brain, and also during early embryogenesis. Their conserved domains and expression profiles suggest that these proteins play important roles during reproduction and development. This study raises questions about mangrove rivulus' peculiar reprogramming period in terms of epigenetic transmission and physiological adaptation of individuals to highly variable environments. In accordance with the general-purpose genotype model, epigenetic mechanisms might allow for the expression of diverse phenotypes among genetically identical individuals. Such phenotypes might help to overcome environmental challenges, making the mangrove rivulus a valuable vertebrate model for ecological epigenetic studies. The mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus, is the best-known self-fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrate that allows to work with genetically identical individuals to examine, explicitly, the phenotypic effects of epigenetic variance. The reprogramming event is later, more dramatic and longer than in other described vertebrates. High evolutionary conservation and expression patterns of DNMT, TET, and MeCP2 proteins in K. marmoratus suggest biological roles for each member in gametogenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fellous
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive PhysiologyInstitute of Life, Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Tiphaine Labed‐Veydert
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive PhysiologyInstitute of Life, Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Mélodie Locrel
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive PhysiologyInstitute of Life, Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Anne‐Sophie Voisin
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive PhysiologyInstitute of Life, Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Ryan L. Earley
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabamaUSA
| | - Frederic Silvestre
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive PhysiologyInstitute of Life, Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of NamurNamurBelgium
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25
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Turko AJ, Tatarenkov A, Currie S, Earley RL, Platek A, Taylor DS, Wright PA. Emersion behaviour underlies variation in gill morphology and aquatic respiratory function in the amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.168039. [PMID: 29511069 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.168039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fishes acclimated to hypoxic environments often increase gill surface area to improve O2 uptake. In some species, surface area is increased via reduction of an interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) that fills water channels between gill lamellae. Amphibious fishes, however, may not increase gill surface area in hypoxic water because these species can, instead, leave water and breathe air. To differentiate between these possibilities, we compared wild amphibious mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus from two habitats that varied in O2 availability - a hypoxic freshwater pool versus nearly anoxic crab burrows. Fish captured from crab burrows had less gill surface area (as ILCMs were enlarged by ∼32%), increased rates of normoxic O2 consumption and increased critical O2 tension compared with fish from the freshwater pool. Thus, wild mangrove rivulus do not respond to near-anoxic water by decreasing metabolism or increasing O2 extraction. Instead, fish from the crab burrow habitat spent three times longer out of water, which probably caused the observed changes in gill morphology and respiratory phenotype. We also tested whether critical O2 tension is influenced by genetic heterozygosity, as K. marmoratus is one of only two hermaphroditic vertebrate species that can produce both self-fertilized (inbred) or out-crossed (more heterozygous) offspring. We found no evidence for inbreeding depression, suggesting that self-fertilization does not impair respiratory function. Overall, our results demonstrate that amphibious fishes that inhabit hypoxic aquatic habitats can use a fundamentally different strategy from that used by fully aquatic water-breathing fishes, relying on escape behaviour rather than metabolic depression or increased O2 extraction ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - A Tatarenkov
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S Currie
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada E4L 1E2
| | - R L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - A Platek
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - D S Taylor
- Brevard County Environmentally Endangered Lands Program, Melbourne, FL 32904, USA
| | - P A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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26
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Nonreversing mirrors elicit behaviour that more accurately predicts performance against live opponents. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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27
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Loureiro M, Sá RD, Serra SW, Alonso F, Lanés LEK, Volcan MV, Calviño P, Nielsen D, Duarte A, Garcia G. Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The family Rivulidae is the fourth most diverse clade of Neotropical fishes. Together with some genera of the related African family Nothobranchiidae, many rivulids exhibit a characteristic annual life cycle, with diapausing eggs and delayed embryonic development, which allows them to survive in the challenging seasonal ponds that they inhabit. Rivulidae also includes two species known as the only the self-fertilizing vertebrates and some species with internal fertilization. The first goal of this article is to review the systematics of the family considering phylogenetic relationships and synapomorphies of subfamilial clades, thus unifying information that is dispersed throughout the literature. From this revision, it is clear that phylogenetic relationships within Rivulidae are poorly resolved, especially in one of the large clades that compose it, the subfamily Rivulinae, where conflicting hypotheses of relationships of non-annual and annual genera are evident. The second goal of this work is to present an updated phylogenetic hypothesis (based on mitochondrial, nuclear, and morphological information) for one of the most speciose genus of Rivulidae, Austrolebias. Our results confirm the monophyly of the genus and of some subgeneric clades already diagnosed, but propose new relationships among them and their species composition, particularly in the subgenus Acrolebias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felipe Alonso
- CONICET, Argentina; Grupo de Investigación y Conservación de Killis, Argentina
| | | | | | - Pablo Calviño
- Grupo de Investigación y Conservación de Killis, Argentina
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28
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Tatarenkov A, Lima SMQ, Earley RL, Berbel-Filho WM, Vermeulen FBM, Taylor DS, Marson K, Turner BJ, Avise JC. Deep and concordant subdivisions in the self-fertilizing mangrove killifishes (Kryptolebias) revealed by nuclear and mtDNA markers. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Diversity, distribution, and significance of transposable elements in the genome of the only selfing hermaphroditic vertebrate Kryptolebias marmoratus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40121. [PMID: 28071692 PMCID: PMC5223126 DOI: 10.1038/srep40121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kryptolebias marmoratus is unique because it is the only self-fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrate, known to date. It primarily reproduces by internal self-fertilization in a mixed ovary/testis gonad. Here, we report on a high-quality genome assembly for the K. marmoratus South Korea (SK) strain highlighting the diversity and distribution of transposable elements (TEs). We find that K. marmoratus genome maintains number and composition of TEs. This can be an important genomic attribute promoting genome recombination in this selfing fish, while, in addition to a mixed mating strategy, it may also represent a mechanism contributing to the evolutionary adaptation to ecological pressure of the species. Future work should help clarify this point further once genomic information is gathered for other taxa of the family Rivulidae that do not self-fertilize. We provide a valuable genome resource that highlights the potential impact of TEs on the genome evolution of a fish species with an uncommon life cycle.
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Garcia MJ, Ferro JM, Mattox T, Kopelic S, Marson K, Jones R, Svendsen JC, Earley RL. Phenotypic differences between the sexes in the sexually plastic mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:988-97. [PMID: 27030777 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.124040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To maximize reproductive success, many animal species have evolved functional sex change. Theory predicts that transitions between sexes should occur when the fitness payoff of the current sex is exceeded by the fitness payoff of the opposite sex. We examined phenotypic differences between the sexes in a sex-changing vertebrate, the mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus), to elucidate potential factors that might drive the 'decision' to switch sex. Rivulus populations consist of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and males. Hermaphrodites transition into males under certain environmental conditions, affording us the opportunity to generate 40 hermaphrodite-male pairs where, within a pair, individuals possessed identical genotypes despite being different sexes. We quantified steroid hormone levels, behavior (aggression and risk taking), metabolism and morphology (organ masses). We found that hermaphrodites were more aggressive and risk averse, and had higher maximum metabolic rates and larger gonadosomatic indices. Males had higher steroid hormone levels and showed correlations among hormones that hermaphrodites lacked. Males also had greater total mass and somatic body mass and possessed considerable fat stores. Our findings suggest that there are major differences between the sexes in energy allocation, with hermaphrodites exhibiting elevated maximum metabolic rates, and showing evidence of favoring investments in reproductive tissues over somatic growth. Our study serves as the foundation for future research investigating how environmental challenges affect both physiology and reproductive investment and, ultimately, how these changes dictate the transition between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35473, USA
| | - Jack M Ferro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35473, USA
| | - Tyler Mattox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35473, USA
| | - Sydney Kopelic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35473, USA
| | - Kristine Marson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35473, USA
| | - Ryan Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35473, USA
| | - Jon C Svendsen
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal Section for Ecosystem based Marine Management, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Ryan L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35473, USA
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A Simultaneous Genetic Screen for Zygotic and Sterile Mutants in a Hermaphroditic Vertebrate (Kryptolebias marmoratus). G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:1107-19. [PMID: 26801648 PMCID: PMC4825645 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.022475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mangrove killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus, is unique among vertebrates due to its self-fertilizing mode of reproduction involving an ovotestis. As a result, it constitutes a simplistic and desirable vertebrate model for developmental genetics as it is easily maintained, reaches sexual maturity in about 100 days, and provides a manageable number of relatively clear embryos. After the establishment and characterization of an initial mutagenesis pilot screen using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, a three-generation genetic screen was performed to confirm zygotic mutant allele heritability and simultaneously score for homozygous recessive mutant sterile F2 fish. From a total of 307 F2 fish screened, 10 were found to be 1° males, 16 were sterile, 92 wild-type, and the remaining 189, carriers of zygotic recessive alleles. These carriers produced 25% progeny exhibiting several zygotic phenotypes similar to those previously described in zebrafish and in the aforementioned pilot screen, as expected. Interestingly, new phenotypes such as golden yolk, no trunk, and short tail were observed. The siblings of sterile F2 mutants were used to produce an F3 generation in order to confirm familial sterility. Out of the 284 F3 fish belonging to 10 previously identified sterile families, 12 were found to be 1° males, 69 were wild-type, 83 sterile, and 120 were classified as */+ (either wild-type or carriers) with undefined genotypes. This screen provides proof of principle that K. marmoratus is a powerful vertebrate model for developmental genetics and can be used to identify mutations affecting fertility.
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Johnson EL, Weinersmith KL, Earley RL. Changes in reproductive physiology of mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus following exposure to environmentally relevant doses of ethinyl oestradiol. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:774-786. [PMID: 26563824 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Kryptolebias marmoratus exposed to 4 ng l(-1) of ethinyl oestradiol (EE2) for 30 days experienced significant changes in endogenous 17β-oestradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (KT) and qualitative changes in gonad morphology. Both hermaphrodites and males showed a significant decrease in E2, whereas only males exhibited a significant decrease in KT. Exposure to EE2 resulted in a decrease in spermatid and spermatocyte density in males and an increase in the number of early stage oocytes in hermaphrodites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, U.S.A
| | - K L Weinersmith
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-140, Houston, TX 77005, U.S.A
| | - R L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, U.S.A
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Tatarenkov A, Mesak F, Avise JC. Complete mitochondrial genome of a self-fertilizing fish Kryptolebias marmoratus (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae) from Florida. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 28:244-245. [PMID: 26710713 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1115861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome was sequenced in a mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus from western Florida using next-generation sequencing. The 17 329 bp-long genome was identical in length and 99.8% similar to a previously published genome of this species from a specimen of unknown geographic origin. Gene arrangement in K. marmoratus is similar to other cyprinodontiform fishes, except for the presence of a second copy of the control region inserted upstream of the nad1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Tatarenkov
- a Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Felix Mesak
- a Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - John C Avise
- a Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
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Furness AI, Tatarenkov A, Avise JC. A Genetic Test for Whether Pairs of Hermaphrodites Can Cross-Fertilize in a Selfing Killifish. J Hered 2015; 106:749-52. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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