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Hossain A, Gnanagobal H, Cao T, Chakraborty S, Chukwu-Osazuwa J, Soto-Dávila M, Vasquez I, Santander J. Role of cold shock proteins B and D in Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida physiology and virulence in lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus). Infect Immun 2024:e0001124. [PMID: 38920386 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00011-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cold shock proteins (Csp) are pivotal nucleic acid binding proteins known for their crucial roles in the physiology and virulence of various bacterial pathogens affecting plant, insect, and mammalian hosts. However, their significance in bacterial pathogens of teleost fish remains unexplored. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (hereafter A. salmonicida) is a psychrotrophic pathogen and the causative agent of furunculosis in marine and freshwater fish. Four csp genes (cspB, cspD, cspA, and cspC) have been identified in the genome of A. salmonicida J223 (wild type). Here, we evaluated the role of DNA binding proteins, CspB and CspD, in A. salmonicida physiology and virulence in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). A. salmonicida ΔcspB, ΔcspD, and the double ΔcspBΔcspD mutants were constructed and characterized. A. salmonicida ΔcspB and ΔcspBΔcspD mutants showed a faster growth at 28°C, and reduced virulence in lumpfish. A. salmonicida ΔcspD showed a slower growth at 28°C, biofilm formation, lower survival in low temperatures and freezing conditions (-20°C, 0°C, and 4°C), deficient in lipopolysaccharide synthesis, and low virulence in lumpfish. Additionally, ΔcspBΔcspD mutants showed less survival in the presence of bile compared to the wild type. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 200, 37, and 921 genes were differentially expressed in ΔcspB, ΔcspD, and ΔcspBΔcspD, respectively. In ΔcspB and ΔcspBΔcspD virulence genes in the chromosome and virulence plasmid were downregulated. Our analysis indicates that CspB and CspD mostly act as a transcriptional activator, influencing cell division (e.g., treB), virulence factors (e.g., aexT), and ultimately virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hossain
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Ocean Science Center, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Hajarooba Gnanagobal
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Ocean Science Center, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Trung Cao
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Ocean Science Center, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Setu Chakraborty
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Ocean Science Center, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Joy Chukwu-Osazuwa
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Ocean Science Center, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Manuel Soto-Dávila
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Ocean Science Center, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Ocean Science Center, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Ocean Science Center, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Da Silva EG, Finamor IA, Bressan CA, Schoenau W, Vencato MDS, Pavanato MA, Cargnelutti JF, Da Costa ST, Antoniazzi AQ, Baldisserotto B. Dietary Supplementation with R-(+)-Limonene Improves Growth, Metabolism, Stress, and Antioxidant Responses of Silver Catfish Uninfected and Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3307. [PMID: 37958062 PMCID: PMC10650795 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
R-(+)-limonene is a monoterpene from plants of the genus Citrus with diverse biological properties. This research evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with R-(+)-limonene on growth, metabolic parameters in plasma and liver, and the antioxidant and stress responses in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, challenged or not with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish were fed for 67 days with different doses of R-(+)-limonene in the diet (control 0.0, L0.5, L1.0, and L2.0 mL/kg of diet). On the 60th day, a challenge with A. hydrophila was performed. R-(+)-limonene in the diet potentiated the productive performance of the fish. The metabolic and antioxidant responses indicate that R-(+)-limonene did not harm the health of the animals and made them more resistant to the bacterial challenge. Histological findings showed the hepatoprotective effect of dietary R-(+)-limonene against A. hydrophila. Igf1 mRNA levels were upregulated in the liver of fish fed with an L2.0 diet but downregulated with bacterial challenge. The expression levels of crh mRNA were higher in the brains of fish fed with the L2.0 diet. However, the L2.0 diet downregulated crh and hspa12a mRNA expression in the brains of infected fish. In conclusion, the results indicated that R-(+)-limonene can be considered a good dietary supplement for silver catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia Gomes Da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (E.G.D.S.); (I.A.F.); (C.A.B.); (W.S.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.A.)
| | - Isabela Andres Finamor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (E.G.D.S.); (I.A.F.); (C.A.B.); (W.S.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.A.)
| | - Caroline Azzolin Bressan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (E.G.D.S.); (I.A.F.); (C.A.B.); (W.S.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.A.)
| | - William Schoenau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (E.G.D.S.); (I.A.F.); (C.A.B.); (W.S.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.A.)
| | - Marina De Souza Vencato
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (M.D.S.V.); (S.T.D.C.)
| | - Maria Amália Pavanato
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (E.G.D.S.); (I.A.F.); (C.A.B.); (W.S.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.A.)
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Sílvio Teixeira Da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (M.D.S.V.); (S.T.D.C.)
| | - Alfredo Quites Antoniazzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (E.G.D.S.); (I.A.F.); (C.A.B.); (W.S.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.A.)
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (E.G.D.S.); (I.A.F.); (C.A.B.); (W.S.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.A.)
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Bai L, Yu G, Liu Y, Aizaz M, Yang G, Chen L. Common carp intelectin 3 (cITLN3) plays a role in the innate immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109057. [PMID: 37673388 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Intelectin is a lectin with the capacity to recognize and bind to carbohydrates. In this study, we successfully cloned cITLN3 from common carp, which consists of a signal peptide domain, a FReD domain, and an intelectin domain. The expression levels of cITLN3 were detected in various organs of common carp, including the liver, head kidney, spleen, foregut, midgut, and hindgut, with the highest expression observed in the liver. Following infection with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) or Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila), the expression level of cITLN3 was significantly upregulated in all organs of common carp. Subsequently, we expressed and purified the recombinant cITLN3 protein using an E. coli expression system. The cITLN3 could aggregate both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in the presence of Ca2+, with a stronger affinity for gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, our study demonstrated that cITLN3 displayed a higher binding affinity towards PGN compared to LPS. Furthermore, we observed that cITLN3 had the potential to inhibit bacterial proliferation in common carp and safeguard intestinal integrity during bacterial stimulation. And the results also indicated that cITLN3 might played a role in the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Bai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Guanliu Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Muhammad Aizaz
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China.
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Serna-Duque JA, Espinosa-Ruiz C, Esteban MÁ. Hepcidin and piscidin modulation and antibacterial response in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) infected with Vibrio harveyi. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:108899. [PMID: 37353061 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Vibriosis is an infectious disease that generates large economic losses in Mediterranean aquaculture. Vibrio harveyi is one of the marine bacteria causing this disease, it is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea and causes ulcers on the skin of the fish it infects. In addition, the skin is a route of entry and colonization of this pathogen. In this study, one group of fish was injected intraperitoneally with phosphate buffered saline (control group) and another with V. harveyi (infected group). At 4 h after injection, samples of skin mucus, blood, skin, head kidney, liver, and spleen were collected to study the immune response generated. Liver histology showed notable alterations in hepatocyte morphology, such as increased vacuolization. Bactericidal activity was measured in skin mucus and serum against V. harveyi and V. anguillarum, different changes in this activity were recorded depending on the bacteria target and sample (skin mucus or serum) used. Gene expression of genes encoding hepcidins and piscidins (antimicrobial peptides) was performed in the mentioned organs. The results indicated a different expression according to the type of AMP and the tissue studied. Hepcidin appeared involved in all tissues studied while piscidins were in the spleen. In this study we have integrated hepcidin-piscidin modulation with the effects of infection on skin mucosa, serum and hepatocyte morphology. Knowing the changes produced in all these parameters improves the understanding of the infection in the first hours in sea bream and could have applications in the diagnosis or treatment of vibriosis in fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon A Serna-Duque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Espinosa-Ruiz
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Cai X, Lymbery AJ, Armstrong NJ, Gao C, Ma L, Li C. Systematic identification and characterization of lncRNAs and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks in the liver of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) induced with Vibrio anguillarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:21-29. [PMID: 36170960 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), can regulate mRNA by targeting miRNA in a competing endogenous RNA network, have become a hot topic in the research of fish immune mechanism recent years. While in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), an economically important marine fish, there are limited researches about the role of lncRNAs in its immune response to bacterial infection. In this study, a total of 184 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were systematically identified and characterized using whole-transcriptome sequencing of the liver of turbot challenged with Vibrioanguillarum at 0 h (control) and three different time points post infection (2 h, 12 h and 24 h, respectively). Subsequently, GO and KEGG signaling pathways of differentially expressed lncRNAs were analyzed to predict their function. We found that lncRNAs in our results were significantly enriched in several immune-related signaling pathways, including the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Cytokine-cytokine receptor, MAPK signaling pathway, phagosome, PPAR signaling pathway and the regulation of autophagy. In addition, a total of 492 DE lncRNA - DE miRNA -DE mRNA networks were identified at three different time points post infection, which were consisted of 102 networks at 2 h, 122 networks at 12 h and 81 networks at 24 h post infection, respectively. Noticeably, 92 of these regulated networks were immune-related. These observations suggested that lncRNAs can regulate the expression of immune-related genes in the response to bacterial infection in turbot. Moreover, our findings would provide a new insight into the immune response of turbot to pathogen infection and lay a foundation for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Alan J Lymbery
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Le Ma
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Chakraborty S, Hossain A, Cao T, Gnanagobal H, Segovia C, Hill S, Monk J, Porter J, Boyce D, Hall JR, Bindea G, Kumar S, Santander J. Multi-Organ Transcriptome Response of Lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus) to Aeromonas salmonicida Subspecies salmonicida Systemic Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2113. [PMID: 36363710 PMCID: PMC9692985 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpfish is utilized as a cleaner fish to biocontrol sealice infestations in Atlantic salmon farms. Aeromonas salmonicida, a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen, is the causative agent of furunculosis in several fish species, including lumpfish. In this study, lumpfish were intraperitoneally injected with different doses of A. salmonicida to calculate the LD50. Samples of blood, head-kidney, spleen, and liver were collected at different time points to determine the infection kinetics. We determined that A. salmonicida LD50 is 102 CFU per dose. We found that the lumpfish head-kidney is the primary target organ of A. salmonicida. Triplicate biological samples were collected from head-kidney, spleen, and liver pre-infection and at 3- and 10-days post-infection for RNA-sequencing. The reference genome-guided transcriptome assembly resulted in 6246 differentially expressed genes. The de novo assembly resulted in 403,204 transcripts, which added 1307 novel genes not identified by the reference genome-guided transcriptome. Differential gene expression and gene ontology enrichment analyses suggested that A. salmonicida induces lethal infection in lumpfish by uncontrolled and detrimental blood coagulation, complement activation, inflammation, DNA damage, suppression of the adaptive immune system, and prevention of cytoskeleton formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setu Chakraborty
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Trung Cao
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Hajarooba Gnanagobal
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Cristopher Segovia
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Stephen Hill
- Cold-Ocean Deep-Sea Research Facility, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jennifer Monk
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jillian Porter
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Danny Boyce
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jennifer R. Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Gabriela Bindea
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, 75006 Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Ding LG, Han GK, Wang XY, Sun RH, Yu YY, Xu Z. Gallbladder microbiota in early vertebrates provides evolutionary insights into mucosal homeostasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020413. [PMID: 36211423 PMCID: PMC9532620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gallbladder (GB) microbiota plays critical roles in mammalian metabolism and immune homeostasis, and its relationship with human disease has been extensively studied over the past decade. However, very little is known about the interplay between GB microbiota and the immune functions of teleost fish, the earliest bony vertebrate with a GB. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the composition of the teleost GB microbiota and the potential mechanisms through which it affects mucosal immunity. In our results, we found that the GB mucosa (GM) and bile bacterial community shared a similar microbiological composition with that of the gut mucosa in naïve individuals. IHNV infection induced a profound GB inflammation and disrupted their microbial homeostasis followed by a strong anti-bacterial response. Interestingly, beneficial bacteria from the Lactobacillales order showed a significant increase in the abundance of the bile microbial community, whereas the structure of the Mycoplasmatales order in the gut microbial community was markedly changed. All in all, our study characterized the structure of the GB microbial ecosystem in teleost fish, and the fish GB microbiome shared a high similarity with the gut microbiota. More importantly, our findings offer solid evidence that the teleost GB evolved immune functions to preserve its mucosal microbial homeostasis, suggesting that both the microbiota and mucosal immunity of the GB might have co-evolved in early vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-guo Ding
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-kun Han
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-you Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ru-han Sun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-yao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen Xu,
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