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Van Wert JC, Ekström AT, Gilbert MJH, Hendriks BJ, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Eliason EJ. Coronary circulation enhances the aerobic performance of wild Pacific salmon. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247422. [PMID: 38841879 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Female Pacific salmon often experience higher mortality than males during their once-in-a-lifetime up-river spawning migration, particularly when exposed to secondary stressors (e.g. high temperatures). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. One hypothesis is that female Pacific salmon hearts are more oxygen-limited than those of males and are less able to supply oxygen to the body's tissues during this demanding migration. Notably, female hearts have higher coronary blood flow, which could indicate a greater reliance on this oxygen source. Oxygen limitations can develop from naturally occurring coronary blockages (i.e. coronary arteriosclerosis) found in mature salmon hearts. If female hearts rely more heavily on coronary blood flow but experience similar arteriosclerosis levels as males, they will have disproportionately impaired aerobic performance. To test this hypothesis, we measured resting (RMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR), aerobic scope (AS) and acute upper thermal tolerance in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) with an intact or artificially blocked coronary oxygen supply. We also assessed venous blood oxygen and chemistry (cortisol, ions and metabolite concentrations) at different time intervals during recovery from exhaustive exercise. We found that coronary blockage impaired MMR, AS and the partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood (PvO2) during exercise recovery but did not differ between sexes. Coronary ligation lowered acute upper thermal tolerance by 1.1°C. Although we did not find evidence of enhanced female reliance on coronary supply, our findings highlight the importance of coronary blood supply for mature wild salmon, where migration success may be linked to cardiac performance, particularly during warm water conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacey C Van Wert
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Andreas T Ekström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew J H Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Brian J Hendriks
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4,Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Aquatic Research Cooperative Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4,Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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2
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Åsheim ER, Andreassen AH, Morgan R, Silvestre M, Jutfelt F. Acute warming tolerance (CT max) in zebrafish ( Danio rerio) appears unaffected by changes in water salinity. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17343. [PMID: 38948212 PMCID: PMC11214424 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tolerance against acute warming is an essential trait that can determine how organisms cope during heat waves, yet the mechanisms underlying it remain elusive. Water salinity has previously been suggested to modulate warming tolerance in fish and may therefore provide clues towards these limiting mechanisms. Here, using the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) test, we investigated whether short (2 hours) and long (10 days) term exposure to different water salinities (2 hours: 0-5 ppt, 10 days: 0-3 ppt) affected acute warming tolerance in zebrafish (N = 263). We found that water salinity did not affect the warming tolerance of zebrafish at either time point, indicating that salinity does not affect the mechanism limiting acute warming tolerance in zebrafish at these salinity ranges, and that natural fluctuations in salinity levels might not have a large impact on acute warming tolerance in wild zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik R. Åsheim
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anna H. Andreassen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rachael Morgan
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mireia Silvestre
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Van Wert JC, Birnie-Gauvin K, Gallagher J, Hardison EA, Landfield K, Burkepile DE, Eliason EJ. Despite plasticity, heatwaves are costly for a coral reef fish. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13320. [PMID: 38858427 PMCID: PMC11164959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is intensifying extreme weather events, including marine heatwaves, which are prolonged periods of anomalously high sea surface temperature that pose a novel threat to aquatic animals. Tropical animals may be especially vulnerable to marine heatwaves because they are adapted to a narrow temperature range. If these animals cannot acclimate to marine heatwaves, the extreme heat could impair their behavior and fitness. Here, we investigated how marine heatwave conditions affected the performance and thermal tolerance of a tropical predatory fish, arceye hawkfish (Paracirrhites arcatus), across two seasons in Moorea, French Polynesia. We found that the fish's daily activities, including recovery from burst swimming and digestion, were more energetically costly in fish exposed to marine heatwave conditions across both seasons, while their aerobic capacity remained the same. Given their constrained energy budget, these rising costs associated with warming may impact how hawkfish prioritize activities. Additionally, hawkfish that were exposed to hotter temperatures exhibited cardiac plasticity by increasing their maximum heart rate but were still operating within a few degrees of their thermal limits. With more frequent and intense heatwaves, hawkfish, and other tropical fishes must rapidly acclimate, or they may suffer physiological consequences that alter their role in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacey C Van Wert
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jordan Gallagher
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Emily A Hardison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Landfield
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Deron E Burkepile
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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4
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Gómez-Martínez D, Londoño-Cruz E, Mejía-Falla PA. Upper thermal tolerance and population implications for the Magdalena River stingray Potamotrygon magdalenae. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1698-1708. [PMID: 38420688 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge of thermal tolerance limits provides important clues to the capacity of a species to withstand acute and chronic thermal changes. Climate models predict the increase and intensification of events such as heat waves, therefore understanding the upper thermal limits that a species can tolerate has become of utmost importance. We measured the upper thermal tolerance of the endemic Magdalena river stingray Potamotrygon magdalenae acclimated to experimental conditions, and then used critical thermal methodology to find the temperature at which an organism reaches a critical endpoint where locomotory activity becomes disorganized and the animal loses its ability to escape from conditions that will promptly lead to its death. We also describe the behavioral response of individuals to acute thermal stress and infer the possible consequences of temperature increases in the habitats of P. magdalenae populations. There were no significant differences between sexes in temperature tolerance or behavior. The critical thermal maximum (39°C) was 5.9°C above the maximum recorded temperature for the study area. Although P. magdalenae was tolerant to high temperature and currently is not living at its upper thermal limit, its survival in Guarinocito Pond will be threatened if temperatures continue to increase, considering the warming scenarios predicted for tropical regions due to climate change, even including short-term climate phenomena such as El Niño.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gómez-Martínez
- Fundación colombiana para la investigación y conservación de tiburones y rayas, SQUALUS, Cali, Colombia
| | - Edgardo Londoño-Cruz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecosistemas Rocosos Intermareales y Submareales Someros-LITHOS, Sección de Biología Marina, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Paola Andrea Mejía-Falla
- Fundación colombiana para la investigación y conservación de tiburones y rayas, SQUALUS, Cali, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Animal, Sección de Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Wildlife Conservation Society, WCS Colombia, Cali, Colombia
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5
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Ruthsatz K, Dahlke F, Alter K, Wohlrab S, Eterovick PC, Lyra ML, Gippner S, Cooke SJ, Peck MA. Acclimation capacity to global warming of amphibians and freshwater fishes: Drivers, patterns, and data limitations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17318. [PMID: 38771091 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Amphibians and fishes play a central role in shaping the structure and function of freshwater environments. These organisms have a limited capacity to disperse across different habitats and the thermal buffer offered by freshwater systems is small. Understanding determinants and patterns of their physiological sensitivity across life history is, therefore, imperative to predicting the impacts of climate change in freshwater systems. Based on a systematic literature review including 345 experiments with 998 estimates on 96 amphibian (Anura/Caudata) and 93 freshwater fish species (Teleostei), we conducted a quantitative synthesis to explore phylogenetic, ontogenetic, and biogeographic (thermal adaptation) patterns in upper thermal tolerance (CTmax) and thermal acclimation capacity (acclimation response ratio, ARR) as well as the influence of the methodology used to assess these thermal traits using a conditional inference tree analysis. We found globally consistent patterns in CTmax and ARR, with phylogeny (taxa/order), experimental methodology, climatic origin, and life stage as significant determinants of thermal traits. The analysis demonstrated that CTmax does not primarily depend on the climatic origin but on experimental acclimation temperature and duration, and life stage. Higher acclimation temperatures and longer acclimation times led to higher CTmax values, whereby Anuran larvae revealed a higher CTmax than older life stages. The ARR of freshwater fishes was more than twice that of amphibians. Differences in ARR between life stages were not significant. In addition to phylogenetic differences, we found that ARR also depended on acclimation duration, ramping rate, and adaptation to local temperature variability. However, the amount of data on early life stages is too small, methodologically inconsistent, and phylogenetically unbalanced to identify potential life cycle bottlenecks in thermal traits. We, therefore, propose methods to improve the robustness and comparability of CTmax/ARR data across species and life stages, which is crucial for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Flemming Dahlke
- Ecology of Living Marine Resources, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Alter
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Alfred Wegner Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Paula C Eterovick
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mariana L Lyra
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, State University of São Paulo-UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Sven Gippner
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myron A Peck
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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De Bonville J, Côté A, Binning SA. Thermal tolerance and survival are modulated by a natural gradient of infection in differentially acclimated hosts. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae015. [PMID: 38629117 PMCID: PMC11020239 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Wild ectotherms are exposed to multiple stressors, including parasites, that can affect their responses to environmental change. Simultaneously, unprecedented warm temperatures are being recorded worldwide, increasing both the average and maximum temperatures experienced in nature. Understanding how ectotherms, such as fishes, will react to the combined stress of parasites and higher average temperatures can help predict the impact of extreme events such as heat waves on populations. The critical thermal method (CTM), which assesses upper (CTmax) and lower (CTmin) thermal tolerance, is often used in acclimated ectotherms to help predict their tolerance to various temperature scenarios. Despite the widespread use of the CTM across taxa, few studies have characterized the response of naturally infected fish to extreme temperature events or how acute thermal stress affects subsequent survival. We acclimated naturally infected pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) to four ecologically relevant temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25°C) and one future warming scenario (30°C) for 3 weeks before measuring CTmax and CTmin. We also assessed individual survival the week following CTmax. Parasites were counted and identified following trials to relate infection intensity to thermal tolerance and survival. Interestingly, trematode parasites causing black spot disease were negatively related to CTmax, suggesting that heavily infected fish are less tolerant to acute warming. Moreover, fish infected with yellow grub parasites showed decreased survival in the days following CTmax implying that the infection load has negative survival consequences on sunfish during extreme warming events. Our findings indicate that, when combined, parasite infection and high prolonged average temperatures can affect fish thermal tolerance and survival, emphasizing the need to better understand the concomitant effects of stressors on health outcomes in wild populations. This is especially true given that some parasite species are expected to thrive in warming waters making host fish species especially at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy De Bonville
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 1375 Av.Théres̀e-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC, H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Ariane Côté
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 1375 Av.Théres̀e-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC, H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 1375 Av.Théres̀e-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC, H2V 0B3, Canada
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7
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Ren X, Zhao J, Hu J. Non-concordant epigenetic and transcriptional responses to acute thermal stress in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Mol Ecol 2024:e17332. [PMID: 38529738 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is intensifying the frequency and severity of extreme temperatures. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the ability to cope with acute thermal stress is key for predicting species' responses to extreme temperature events. While many studies have focused on the individual roles of gene expression, post-transcriptional processes and epigenetic modifications in response to acute thermal stress, the relative contribution of these molecular mechanisms remains unclear. The wide range of thermal limits of western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) provides an opportunity to explore this interplay. Here, we quantified changes in gene expression, alternative splicing, DNA methylation and microRNA (miRNA) expression in muscle tissue dissected from mosquitofish immediately after reaching high (CTmax) or low thermal limit (CTmin). Although the numbers of genes showing expression and splicing changes in response to acute temperature stress were small, we found a possibly larger and non-redundant role of splicing compared to gene expression, with more genes being differentially spliced (DSGs) than differentially expressed (DEGs), and little overlap between DSGs and DEGs. We also identified a small proportion of CpGs showing significant methylation change (i.e. differentially methylated cytosines, DMCs) in fish at thermal limits; however, there was no overlap between DEGs and genes annotated with DMCs in both CTmax and CTmin experiments. The weak interplay between epigenetic modifications and gene expression was further supported by our discoveries of no differentially expressed miRNAs. These findings provide novel insights into the relative role of different molecular mechanisms underlying immediate responses to extreme temperatures and demonstrate non-concordant responses of epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms to acute temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Juntao Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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8
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Pacher K, Hernández-Román N, Juarez-Lopez A, Jiménez-Jiménez JE, Lukas J, Sevinchan Y, Krause J, Arias-Rodríguez L, Bierbach D. Thermal tolerance in an extremophile fish from Mexico is not affected by environmental hypoxia. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060223. [PMID: 38314873 PMCID: PMC10868586 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The thermal ecology of ectotherm animals has gained considerable attention in the face of human-induced climate change. Particularly in aquatic species, the experimental assessment of critical thermal limits (CTmin and CTmax) may help to predict possible effects of global warming on habitat suitability and ultimately species survival. Here we present data on the thermal limits of two endemic and endangered extremophile fish species, inhabiting a geothermally heated and sulfur-rich spring system in southern Mexico: The sulfur molly (Poecilia sulphuraria) and the widemouth gambusia (Gambusia eurystoma). Besides physiological challenges induced by toxic hydrogen sulfide and related severe hypoxia during the day, water temperatures have been previously reported to exceed those of nearby clearwater streams. We now present temperature data for various locations and years in the sulfur spring complex and conducted laboratory thermal tolerance tests (CTmin and CTmax) both under normoxic and severe hypoxic conditions in both species. Average CTmax limits did not differ between species when dissolved oxygen was present. However, critical temperature (CTmax=43.2°C) in P. sulphuraria did not change when tested under hypoxic conditions, while G. eurystoma on average had a lower CTmax when oxygen was absent. Based on this data we calculated both species' thermal safety margins and used a TDT (thermal death time) model framework to relate our experimental data to observed temperatures in the natural habitat. Our findings suggest that both species live near their thermal limits during the annual dry season and are locally already exposed to temperatures above their critical thermal limits. We discuss these findings in the light of possible physiological adaptions of the sulfur-adapted fish species and the anthropogenic threats for this unique system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Pacher
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12487 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Hernández-Román
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma Tabasco, 86150 Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Juarez-Lopez
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma Tabasco, 86150 Villahermosa, Mexico
| | | | - Juliane Lukas
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12487 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yunus Sevinchan
- Science of intelligence cluster has the state of a department at TU Berlin, Excellence Cluster Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Krause
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12487 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Science of intelligence cluster has the state of a department at TU Berlin, Excellence Cluster Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lenin Arias-Rodríguez
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma Tabasco, 86150 Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - David Bierbach
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12487 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Science of intelligence cluster has the state of a department at TU Berlin, Excellence Cluster Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Andrew S, Swart S, McKenna S, Morissette J, Gillis CA, Linnansaari T, Currie S, Morash AJ. The impacts of diel thermal variability on growth, development and performance of wild Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) from two thermally distinct rivers. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae007. [PMID: 38487731 PMCID: PMC10939361 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Temperature in many natural aquatic environments follows a diel cycle, but to date, we know little on how diel thermal cycles affect fish biology. The current study investigates the growth, development and physiological performance of wild Atlantic salmon collected from the Miramichi and Restigouche rivers (NB, Canada). Fish were collected as parr and acclimated to either 16-21 or 19-24°C diel thermal cycles throughout the parr and smolt life stages. Both Miramichi and Restigouche Atlantic salmon parr grew at similar rates during 16-21 or 19-24°C acclimations. However, as smolts, the growth rates of the Miramichi (-8% body mass day-1) and Restigouche (-38% body mass day-1) fish were significantly slower at 19-24°C, and were in fact negative, indicating loss of mass in this group. Acclimation to 19-24°C also increased Atlantic salmon CTmax. Our findings suggest that both life stage and river origin impact Atlantic salmon growth and performance in the thermal range used herein. These findings provide evidence for local adaptation of Atlantic salmon, increased vulnerability to warming temperatures, and highlight the differential impacts of these ecologically relevant diel thermal cycles on the juvenile life stages in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Andrew
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 62 York St., Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Sula Swart
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 62 York St., Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Stephanie McKenna
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 62 York St., Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Jenna Morissette
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 62 York St., Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Carole-Anne Gillis
- Gespe’gewa’gi Institute of Natural Understanding, 1 Marshall Way, Listuguj, QC, G0C 2R0, Canada
| | - Tommi Linnansaari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, and Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Suzanne Currie
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Avenue, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Andrea J Morash
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 62 York St., Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
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10
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Weber TA, Dichiera AM, Brauner CJ. Resetting thermal limits: 10-year-old white sturgeon display pronounced but reversible thermal plasticity. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103807. [PMID: 38340465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
While many ectotherms improve thermal tolerance in response to prolonged thermal stress, little is known about the lasting effects of warm acclimation after returning to cooler temperatures. Furthermore, thermal stress may disproportionately impact threatened and endangered species. To address this, we repeatedly measured critical thermal maxima (CTmax; °C) and associated stress responses (hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, plasma cortisol) of endangered subadult white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in response to control temperature (pre-acclimation; 14°C), after 1 month at either control or warm temperature (acclimation; 14°C or 20°C), and after one smonth following return to control temperature (post-acclimation; 14°C). While control fish demonstrated fairly repeatable thermal tolerance (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.479), warm-acclimated fish experienced a ∼3.1°C increase in thermal tolerance and when re-acclimated to control temperature, decreased thermal tolerance ∼1.9°C. Hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and final splenic somatic index (spleen mass relative to whole body mass, collected after post-acclimation CTmax) were not significantly different between control and treatment fish, suggesting no effects of warm acclimation on aerobic capacity. Plasma cortisol was significantly higher in control fish after pre-acclimation and post-acclimation CTmax trials, but importantly, acclimation temperature did not affect this response. Strikingly, final hepatosomatic index (relative liver size) was 45% lower in treatment fish, indicating warm acclimation may have lasting effects on energy usage and metabolism, even after reacclimating to control temperature. To our knowledge, these 10-year-old subadult sturgeon are the oldest sturgeon experimentally tested with regards to thermal plasticity and demonstrate incredible capacity for thermal acclimation relative to other fishes. However, more research is needed to determine whether the ability to acclimate to warm temperature may come with a persistent cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Weber
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angelina M Dichiera
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA.
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Schwieterman GD, Hardison EA, Cox GK, Van Wert JC, Birnie-Gauvin K, Eliason EJ. Mechanisms of cardiac collapse at high temperature in a marine teleost (Girella nigrians). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 286:111512. [PMID: 37726058 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Heat-induced mortality in ectotherms may be attributed to impaired cardiac performance, specifically a collapse in maximum heart rate (fHmax), although the physiological mechanisms driving this phenomenon are still unknown. Here, we tested two proposed factors which may restrict cardiac upper thermal limits: noxious venous blood conditions and oxygen limitation. We hypothesized elevated blood [K+] (hyperkalemia) and low oxygen (hypoxia) would reduce cardiac upper thermal limits in a marine teleost (Girella nigricans), while high oxygen (hyperoxia) would increase thermal limits. We also hypothesized higher acclimation temperatures would exacerbate the harmful effects of an oxygen limitation. Using the Arrhenius breakpoint temperature test, we measured fHmax in acutely warmed fish under control (saline injected) and hyperkalemic conditions (elevated plasma [K+]) while exposed to hyperoxia (200% air saturation), normoxia (100% air saturation), or hypoxia (20% air saturation). We also measured ventricle lactate content and venous blood oxygen partial pressure (PO2) to determine if there were universal thresholds in either metric driving cardiac collapse. Elevated [K+] was not significantly correlated with any cardiac thermal tolerance metric. Hypoxia significantly reduced cardiac upper thermal limits (Arrhenius breakpoint temperature [TAB], peak fHmax, temperature of peak heart rate [TPeak], and temperature at arrhythmia [TARR]). Hyperoxia did not alter cardiac thermal limits compared to normoxia. There was no evidence of a species-wide threshold in ventricular [lactate] or venous PO2. Here, we demonstrate that oxygen limits cardiac thermal tolerance only in instances of hypoxia, but that other physiological processes are responsible for causing temperature-induced heart failure when oxygen is not limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Schwieterman
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA; School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Emily A Hardison
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. https://twitter.com/eahardison
| | | | - Jacey C Van Wert
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. https://twitter.com/jacey_van_wert
| | - Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA; Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark. https://twitter.com/kbg_conserv
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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12
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Sandrelli RM, Gamperl AK. The upper temperature and hypoxia limits of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) depend greatly on the method utilized. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246227. [PMID: 37622446 PMCID: PMC10560559 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Atlantic salmon were: (i) implanted with heart rate (fH) data storage tags (DSTs), pharmacologically stimulated to maximum fH, and warmed at 10°C h-1 (i.e. tested using a 'rapid screening protocol'); (ii) fitted with Doppler® flow probes, recovered in respirometers and given a critical thermal maximum (CTmax) test at 2°C h-1; and (iii) implanted with fH DSTs, recovered in a tank with conspecifics for 4 weeks, and had their CTmax determined at 2°C h-1. Fish in respirometers and those free-swimming were also exposed to a stepwise decrease in water oxygen level (100% to 30% air saturation) to determine the oxygen level at which bradycardia occurred. Resting fH was much lower in free-swimming fish than in those in respirometers (∼49 versus 69 beats min-1) and this was reflected in their scope for fH (∼104 versus 71 beats min-1) and CTmax (27.7 versus 25.9°C). Further, the Arrhenius breakpoint temperature and temperature at peak fH for free-swimming fish were considerably greater than for those tested in the respirometers and given a rapid screening protocol (18.4, 18.1 and 14.6°C; and 26.5, 23.2 and 20.2°C, respectively). Finally, the oxygen level at which bradycardia occurred was significantly higher in free-swimming salmon than in those in respirometers (∼62% versus 53% air saturation). These results: highlight the limitations of some lab-based methods of determining fH parameters and thermal tolerance in fishes; and suggest that scope for fH may be a more reliable and predictive measure of a fish's upper thermal tolerance than their peak fH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah M. Sandrelli
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7
| | - A. Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7
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13
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Dressler TL, Han Lee V, Klose K, Eliason EJ. Thermal tolerance and vulnerability to warming differ between populations of wild Oncorhynchus mykiss near the species' southern range limit. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14538. [PMID: 37666931 PMCID: PMC10477306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish habitat temperatures are increasing due to human impacts including climate change. For broadly distributed species, thermal tolerance can vary at the population level, making it challenging to predict which populations are most vulnerable to warming. Populations inhabiting warm range boundaries may be more resilient to these changes due to adaptation or acclimatization to warmer temperatures, or they may be more vulnerable as temperatures may already approach their physiological limits. We tested functional and critical thermal tolerance of two populations of wild Oncorhynchus mykiss near the species' southern range limit and, as predicted, found population-specific responses to temperature. Specifically, the population inhabiting the warmer stream, Piru Creek, had higher critical thermal maxima and higher functional thermal tolerance compared to the population from the cooler stream, Arroyo Seco. Arroyo Seco O. mykiss are more likely to experience a limitation of aerobic scope with warming. Piru Creek O. mykiss, however, had higher resting metabolic rates and prolonged exercise recovery, meaning that they could be more vulnerable to warming if prey or dissolved oxygen become limited. Temperature varies widely between streams near the O. mykiss southern range limit and populations will likely have unique responses to warming based on their thermal tolerances and metabolic requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Dressler
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - V Han Lee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - K Klose
- U.S. Forest Service, Los Padres National Forest, 1980 Old Mission Drive, Solvang, CA, 93463, USA
| | - E J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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14
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Perry WB. The cold sting of climate change and its effect on the march of invasive fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:459. [PMID: 37702158 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
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15
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Cowan ZL, Andreassen AH, De Bonville J, Green L, Binning SA, Silva-Garay L, Jutfelt F, Sundin J. A novel method for measuring acute thermal tolerance in fish embryos. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad061. [PMID: 37565236 PMCID: PMC10410291 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ectotherms are vulnerable to thermal stress, with embryos predicted to be more sensitive than juveniles and adults. When examining the vulnerability of species and life stages to warming, comparable methodology must be used to obtain robust conclusions. Critical thermal methodology is commonly used to characterize acute thermal tolerances in fishes, with critical thermal maximum (CTmax) referring to the acute upper thermal tolerance limit. At this temperature, fish exhibit loss of controlled locomotion due to a temperature-induced collapse of vital physiological functions. While it is relatively easy to monitor behavioural responses and measure CTmax in larval and adult fish, this is more challenging in embryos, leading to a lack of data on this life stage, or that studies rely on potentially incomparable metrics. Here, we present a novel method for measuring CTmax in fish embryos, defined by the temperature at which embryos stop moving. Additionally, we compare this measurement with the temperature of the embryos' last heartbeat, which has previously been proposed as a method for measuring embryonic CTmax. We found that, like other life stages, late-stage embryos exhibited a period of increased activity, peaking approximately 2-3°C before CTmax. Measurements of CTmax based on last movement are more conservative and easier to record in later developmental stages than measurements based on last heartbeat, and they also work well with large and small embryos. Importantly, CTmax measurements based on last movement in embryos are similar to measurements from larvae and adults based on loss of locomotory control. Using last heartbeat as CTmax in embryos likely overestimates acute thermal tolerance, as the heart is still beating when loss of response/equilibrium is reached in larvae/adults. The last movement technique described here allows for comparisons of acute thermal tolerance of embryos between species and across life stages, and as a response variable to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara-Louise Cowan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Anna H Andreassen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Jeremy De Bonville
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 1375 Av. Théres̀e-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Leon Green
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg Center, Fiskebäckskil, 451 78, Sweden
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 1375 Av. Théres̀e-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Lorena Silva-Garay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg Center, Fiskebäckskil, 451 78, Sweden
| | - Josefin Sundin
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Drottningholm, 178 93, Sweden
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Liu S, Chen S, Lu C, Qi D, Qi H, Wang Y, Zhao K, Tian F. Fatty acid metabolism and antioxidant capacity in Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler, 1876) response to thermal stress. J Therm Biol 2023; 116:103650. [PMID: 37459706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is undergoing a wet-warming transition, which could affect the survival of the native fish. However, the tolerance and physiological response to thermal stress is rarely studied in Gymnocypris przewalskii, a rare native fish in the Tibetan plateau. In this study, first, we detected the thermal tolerance of five groups of six-month G. przewalskii which acclimated at 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 °C for two weeks, respectively, by critical thermal methodology. Then, through heat challenge, we detected the metabolites, key enzyme activities, and gene expressions involved in metabolism and antioxidant in the hepatopancreas when the temperatures increased from 16 °C to 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28 °C for 12 h, respectively. The results showed that although the fish are sensitive to high temperatures, the quick acclimation at mild high temperatures could significantly improve the tolerance to acute high-temperature stress in juvenile G. przewalskii. During the heat challenge study, blood glucose significantly increased at heat stress (P < 0.05). At the same time, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) significantly decreased when the temperature rose continuously to 20 °C. Metabolic enzyme activities of carnitine palmityl transferase I (CPT-Ⅰ), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) significantly decreased at 20 °C (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) significantly increased at 20 °C (P < 0.05). The relative transcript levels of genes involved in antioxidant and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis were markedly higher than the control at 20-26 °C (P < 0.05). The genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis or metabolism showed different expression patterns under heat stress. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and Hsp90 were significantly higher than the control at 18 °C and 26 °C, respectively. These results confirmed the prediction that G. przewalskii is sensitive to high temperatures, so conservation efforts should pay more attention to the warming damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Shengxue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Chunna Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Delin Qi
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Breeding and Protection of Gymnocypris Przewalskii, Qinghai Naked Carp Rescue Center, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Hongfang Qi
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Breeding and Protection of Gymnocypris Przewalskii, Qinghai Naked Carp Rescue Center, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Breeding and Protection of Gymnocypris Przewalskii, Qinghai Naked Carp Rescue Center, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Fei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China.
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