Biochemical Profile of Leaf, Silk and Grain Samples of Eight Maize Landraces (Z ea mays L.) Cultivated in Two Low-Input Agricultural Systems

Integrated metabolite analysis and health-relevant in vitro functionality of white, red, and orange maize (Zea mays L.) from the Peruvian Andean race Cabanita at different maturity stages

The high maize (Zea mays L.) diversity in Peru has been recognized worldwide, but the investigation focused on its integral health-relevant and bioactive characterization is limited. Therefore, this research aimed at studying the variability of the primary and the secondary (free and dietary fiber-bound phenolic, and carotenoid compounds) metabolites of three maize types (white, red, and orange) from the Peruvian Andean race Cabanita at different maturity stages (milk-S1, dough-S2, and mature-S3) using targeted and untargeted methods. In addition, their antioxidant potential, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities relevant for hyperglycemia management were investigated using in vitro models. Results revealed a high effect of the maize type and the maturity stage. All maize types had hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids in their free phenolic fractions, whereas major bound phenolic compounds were ferulic acid, ferulic acid derivatives, and p-coumaric acid. Flavonoids such as luteolin derivatives and anthocyanins were specific in the orange and red maize, respectively. The orange and red groups showed higher phenolic ranges (free + bound) (223.9-274.4 mg/100 g DW, 193.4- 229.8 mg/100 g DW for the orange and red maize, respectively) than the white maize (162.2-225.0 mg/100 g DW). Xanthophylls (lutein, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, and a lutein isomer) were detected in all maize types. However, the orange maize showed the highest total carotenoid contents (3.19-5.87 μg/g DW). Most phenolic and carotenoid compounds decreased with kernel maturity in all cases. In relation to the primary metabolites, all maize types had similar fatty acid contents (linoleic acid > oleic acid > palmitic acid > α-linolenic acid > stearic acid) which increased with kernel development. Simple sugars, alcohols, amino acids, free fatty acids, organic acids, amines, and phytosterols declined along with grain maturity and were overall more abundant in white maize at S1. The in vitro functionality was similar among Cabanita maize types, but it decreased with the grain development, and showed a high correlation with the hydrophilic free phenolic fraction. Current results suggest that the nutraceutical characteristics of orange and white Cabanita maize are better at S1 and S2 stages while the red maize would be more beneficial at S3.

Diversity of the Peruvian Andean maize (Zea mays L.) race Cabanita: Polyphenols, carotenoids, in vitro antioxidant capacity, and physical characteristics

The high diversity of the Peruvian Andean maize (Zea mays L.) represents a biological and genetic heritage relevant for food security, but few studies are targeted toward its characterization and consequent valorization and preservation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the Peruvian Andean maize race Cabanita with respect to its bioactive profiles (free and bound phenolic and carotenoid composition), physical characteristics, and in vitro antioxidant properties. Maize landraces with variable kernel pigmentation were collected from two provinces (Caylloma and Castilla) within the Arequipa region (among ten Andean sites) and the phytochemical profile was evaluated by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD). All maize samples were important sources of phenolic compounds mainly soluble p-coumaric and ferulic acid derivatives whereas anthocyanins were only detected in maize with partially red pigmented kernels. Major phenolic compounds in the bound phenolic fractions were ferulic acid and its derivatives along with p-coumaric acid. Carotenoid compounds including xanthophylls such as lutein, lutein isomers, and zeaxanthin were only detected in orange and white-yellow pigmented maize and are reported for the first time in Peruvian landraces. The multivariate analysis using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) revealed low variability of all data which may indicate a level of similarity among maize samples based on evaluated variables. However, maize grown in Caylloma province showed more homogeneous physical characteristics and higher yield, whereas higher phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity were observed in maize from Castilla. Samples CAY (yellow-pigmented kernel, Castilla) and COM (orange-pigmented kernel, Caylloma) had the highest total phenolic (246.7 mg/100 g dried weight basis, DW) and carotenoid (1.95 μg/g DW) contents among all samples. The variable Andean environmental conditions along with differences in farming practices may play a role and should be confirmed with further studies. Current results provide the metabolomic basis for future research using integrated omics platforms targeted toward the complete characterization of the ethnic-relevant maize race Cabanita.

Anthocyanins, Carotenoids and Chlorophylls in Edible Plant Leaves Unveiled by Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Natural pigments are a quite relevant group of molecules that are widely distributed in nature, possessing a significant role in our daily lives. Besides their colors, natural pigments are currently recognized as having relevant biological properties associated with health benefits, such as anti-tumor, anti-atherogenicity, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. Some of these compounds are easily associated with specific fruits (such as blueberries with anthocyanins, red pitaya with betalain or tomato with lycopene), vegetables (carrots with carotenoids), plant leaves (chlorophylls in green leaves or carotenoids in yellow and red autumn leaves) and even the muscle tissue of vertebrates (such as myoglobin). Despite being less popular as natural pigment sources, edible plant leaves possess a high variety of chlorophylls, as well as a high variety of carotenoids and anthocyanins. The purpose of this review is to critically analyze the whole workflow employed to identify and quantify the most common natural pigments (anthocyanin, carotenoids and chlorophylls) in edible plant leaves using tandem mass spectrometry. Across the literature there, is a lack of consistency in the methods used to extract and analyze these compounds, and this review aims to surpass this issue. Additionally, mass spectrometry has stood out in the context of metabolomics, currently being a widely employed technique in this field. For the three pigments classes, the following steps will be scrutinized: (i) sample pre-preparation, including the solvents and extraction conditions; (ii) details of the chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry experiments (iii) pigment identification and quantification.

Genetic determinants of micronutrient traits in graminaceous crops to combat hidden hunger

KEY MESSAGE

Improving the nutritional content of graminaceous crops is imperative to ensure nutritional security, wherein omics approaches play pivotal roles in dissecting this complex trait and contributing to trait improvement. Micronutrients regulate the metabolic processes to ensure the normal functioning of the biological system in all living organisms. Micronutrient deficiency, thereby, can be detrimental that can result in serious health issues. Grains of graminaceous crops serve as an important source of micronutrients to the human population; however, the rise in hidden hunger and malnutrition indicates an insufficiency in meeting the nutritional requirements. Improving the elemental composition and nutritional value of the graminaceous crops using conventional and biotechnological approaches is imperative to address this issue. Identifying the genetic determinants underlying the micronutrient biosynthesis and accumulation is the first step toward achieving this goal. Genetic and genomic dissection of this complex trait has been accomplished in major cereals, and several genes, alleles, and QTLs underlying grain micronutrient content were identified and characterized. However, no comprehensive study has been reported on minor cereals such as small millets, which are rich in micronutrients and other bioactive compounds. A comparative narrative on the reports available in major and minor Graminaceae species will illustrate the knowledge gained from studying the micronutrient traits in major cereals and provides a roadmap for dissecting this trait in other minor species, including millets. In this context, this review explains the progress made in studying micronutrient traits in major cereals and millets using omics approaches. Moreover, it provides insights into deploying integrated omics approaches and strategies for genetic improvement in micronutrient traits in graminaceous crops.

The Application of Metabolomics for the Study of Cereal Corn (Zea mays L.)

Corn (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop indigenous to the Americas, where its genetic biodiversity is still preserved, especially among native populations from Mesoamerica and South America. The use of metabolomics in corn has mainly focused on understanding the potential differences of corn metabolomes under different biotic and abiotic stresses or to evaluate the influence of genetic and environmental factors. The increase of diet-linked non-communicable diseases has increased the interest to optimize the content of bioactive secondary metabolites in current corn breeding programs to produce novel functional foods. This review provides perspectives on the role of metabolomics in the characterization of health-relevant metabolites in corn biodiversity and emphasizes the integration of metabolomics in breeding strategies targeting the enrichment of phenolic bioactive metabolites such as anthocyanins in corn kernels.

Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014

This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.