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Santos TB, de Moraes LGC, Pacheco PAF, dos Santos DG, Ribeiro RMDAC, Moreira CDS, da Rocha DR. Naphthoquinones as a Promising Class of Compounds for Facing the Challenge of Parkinson's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1577. [PMID: 38004442 PMCID: PMC10674926 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative disease that affects approximately 6.1 million people and is primarily caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Naphthoquinones have several biological activities explored in the literature, including neuroprotective effects. Therefore, this review shows an overview of naphthoquinones with neuroprotective effects, such as shikonin, plumbagin and vitamin K, that prevented oxidative stress, in addition to multiple mechanisms. Synthetic naphthoquinones with inhibitory activity on the P2X7 receptor were also found, leading to a neuroprotective effect on Neuro-2a cells. It was found that naphthazarin can act as inhibitors of the MAO-B enzyme. Vitamin K and synthetic naphthoquinones hybrids with tryptophan or dopamine showed inhibition of the aggregation of α-synuclein. Synthetic derivatives of juglone and naphthazarin were able to protect Neuro-2a cells against neurodegenerative effects of neurotoxins. In addition, routes for producing synthetic derivatives were also discussed. With the data presented, 1,4-naphthoquinones can be considered as a promising class in the treatment of PD and this review aims to assist the scientific community in the application of these compounds. The derivatives presented can also support further research that explores their structures as synthetic platforms, in addition to helping to understand the interaction of naphthoquinones with biological targets related to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Barreto Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n°, Niterói CEP 24.020-141, RJ, Brazil; (T.B.S.); (L.G.C.d.M.); (P.A.F.P.); (D.G.d.S.); (R.M.d.A.C.R.); (C.d.S.M.)
| | - Leonardo Gomes Cavalieri de Moraes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n°, Niterói CEP 24.020-141, RJ, Brazil; (T.B.S.); (L.G.C.d.M.); (P.A.F.P.); (D.G.d.S.); (R.M.d.A.C.R.); (C.d.S.M.)
| | - Paulo Anastácio Furtado Pacheco
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n°, Niterói CEP 24.020-141, RJ, Brazil; (T.B.S.); (L.G.C.d.M.); (P.A.F.P.); (D.G.d.S.); (R.M.d.A.C.R.); (C.d.S.M.)
| | - Douglas Galdino dos Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n°, Niterói CEP 24.020-141, RJ, Brazil; (T.B.S.); (L.G.C.d.M.); (P.A.F.P.); (D.G.d.S.); (R.M.d.A.C.R.); (C.d.S.M.)
| | - Rafaella Machado de Assis Cabral Ribeiro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n°, Niterói CEP 24.020-141, RJ, Brazil; (T.B.S.); (L.G.C.d.M.); (P.A.F.P.); (D.G.d.S.); (R.M.d.A.C.R.); (C.d.S.M.)
| | - Caroline dos Santos Moreira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n°, Niterói CEP 24.020-141, RJ, Brazil; (T.B.S.); (L.G.C.d.M.); (P.A.F.P.); (D.G.d.S.); (R.M.d.A.C.R.); (C.d.S.M.)
- Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Paracambi, Rua Sebastião Lacerda s/n°, Fábrica, Paracambi CEP 26.600-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - David Rodrigues da Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n°, Niterói CEP 24.020-141, RJ, Brazil; (T.B.S.); (L.G.C.d.M.); (P.A.F.P.); (D.G.d.S.); (R.M.d.A.C.R.); (C.d.S.M.)
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Suksawat T, Panichayupakaranant P. Variation of rhinacanthin content in Rhinacanthus nasutus and its health products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 224:115177. [PMID: 36436487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhinacanthus nasutus has been traditionally used for skin infections, diabetes, inflammatory disorders and cancer therapies. Rhinacanthin-C, -D, and -N have been identified as its bioactive compounds. The content of active compounds in herbal raw materials and health products usually varies due to various factors, such as plant genetics, climate, and harvesting process. The present study aimed to determine the effect of harvesting factors, including part use and harvesting periods on rhinacanthin content of raw materials and health products of R. nasutus. Six parts of R. nasutus raw materials, i.e., leaves, flowers, roots, green twigs, brown twigs and aerial parts that separately harvested every two months together with two commercially available products of R. nasutus tea were extracted using a microwave-assisted extraction and subjected to quantitative HPLC analysis of rhinacanthin-C, -D, and -N. Among the plant parts, the roots contained the highest content of total rhinacanthins, followed by the leaves, in all every harvesting periods. While the other parts contained very low content of total rhinacanthins. In addition, the highest content of total rhinacanthins accumulated in roots (4.91 %, w/w) and leaves (4.42 %, w/w) were observed when they were harvested in September, while the lowest ones (3.73 % and 3.18 %, w/w, respectively) were found in March. In contrast, R. nasutus powders obtained from ten suppliers and two tea products contained very low content of total rhinacanthins and varied in the ranges of 0.14-0.55 %, w/w, which similar to those observed in the aerial part powders (0.27-0.53 %, w/w).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thongtham Suksawat
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand; Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand.
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Rhinacanthin C Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Lipid Accumulation in NAFLD Mice via the AMPK/SIRT1 and SREBP-1c/FAS/ACC Signaling Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:6603522. [PMID: 36660274 PMCID: PMC9845057 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6603522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhinacanthin C (RC) is a naphthoquinone ester with an anti-inflammatory activity extracted from Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz (Rn). It has been proven to improve hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, but the prevention and mechanism of RC in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are not clear. In the current study, we first extracted RC from Rn using ethyl acetate and identified it by HPLC, MS, and NMR. At the same time, molecular docking analysis of RC with AMPK and SREBP-1c was performed using AutoDock software. In addition, the mouse model of NAFLD was induced by a high-fat diet in vivo, and low, medium, and high concentrations of RC were used for intervention. The results showed that RC significantly reduced the body mass and liver body coefficient of NAFLD mice, inhibited liver inflammation and fat accumulation, and improved insulin resistance. Further studies showed that RC significantly reduced the levels of serum leptin and resistin, upregulated the expression levels of adiponectin and adiponectin receptor in the liver, and inhibited the expression levels of MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6. In terms of mechanism, RC upregulates the expression of p-AMPK and SIRT1 and downregulates the expression of p-p65, SREBP-1c, Fas, Acc-α, PPAR-γ, and SCD1. These studies suggest that RC improves insulin resistance and lipid accumulation in NAFLD by activating the AMPK/SIRT1 and SREBP-1c/Fas/ACC pathways, respectively.
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Saleem U, Khalid S, Chauhdary Z, Anwar F, Shah MA, Alsharif I, Babalghith AO, Khayat RO, Albalawi AE, Baokbah TAS, Farrukh M, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Panichayupakaranant P. The curative and mechanistic acumen of curcuminoids formulations against haloperidol induced Parkinson's disease animal model. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 38:1051-1066. [PMID: 36437394 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is slowly developing neurodegenerative disorder associated with gradual decline in cerebration and laboriousness to perform routine piece of work. PD imposed a social burden on society through higher medical cost and by loss of social productivity in current era. The available treatment options are expensive and associated with serious adverse effect after long term use. Therefore, there is a critical clinical need to develop alternative pharmacotherapies from natural sources to prevent and cure the pathological hall marks of PD with minimal cost. Our study aimed to scrutinize the antiparkinsonian potential of curcuminoids-rich extract and its binary and ternary inclusion complexes. In healthy rats, 1 mg/kg haloperidol daily intraperitoneally, for 3 weeks was used to provoke Parkinsonism like symptoms except control group. Curcuminoids rich extract, binary and ternary inclusion complexes formulations 15-30 mg/kg, L-dopa and carbidopa (100 + 25 mg/kg) were orally administered on each day for 3 weeks. Biochemical, histopathological and RT-qPCR analyses were conducted after neurobehavioral observations. Findings of current study indicated that all curcuminoids formulations markedly mitigated the behavioral abnormalities, recovered the level of antioxidant enzymes, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and neurotransmitters. Histological analysis revealed that curcuminoids supplements stabilized the neuronal loss, pigmentation and Lewy bodies' formation. The mRNA expressions of neuro-inflammatory and specific PD pathological biomarkers were downregulated by treatment with curcuminoids formulations. Therefore, it is suggested that these curcuminoids rich extract, binary and ternary supplements should be considered as promising therapeutic agents in development of modern anti-Parkinson's disease medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sundas Khalid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zunera Chauhdary
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Anwar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Ifat Alsharif
- Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad O Babalghith
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, , Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana O Khayat
- Biology Department, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah E Albalawi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 47913, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tourki A S Baokbah
- Department of Medical Emergency Services, College of Health Sciences-AlQunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Farrukh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology, Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jr. Puno 1002, 15001, Lima, Peru
- E-Health Research Center, Universidad de Ciencias Y Humanidades, 15001, Lima, Peru
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.
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Rhinacanthin-C but Not -D Extracted from Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Offers Neuroprotection via ERK, CHOP, and LC3B Pathways. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050627. [PMID: 35631453 PMCID: PMC9145051 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases present an increasing problem as the world’s population ages; thus, the discovery of new drugs that prevent diseases such as Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases are vital. In this study, Rhinacanthin-C and -D were isolated from Rhinacanthus nasustus, using ethyl acetate, followed by chromatography to isolate Rhinacanthin-C and -D. Both compounds were confirmed using NMR and ultra-performance-LCMS. Using glutamate toxicity in HT-22 cells, we measured cell viability and apoptosis, ROS build-up, and investigated signaling pathways. We show that Rhinacanthin-C and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone have neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced apoptosis in HT-22 cells. Furthermore, we see that Rhinacanthin-C resulted in autophagy inhibition and increased ER stress. In contrast, low concentrations of Rhinacanthin-C and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone prevented ER stress and CHOP expression. All concentrations of Rhinacanthin-C prevented ROS production and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. We conclude that, while autophagy is present in HT-22 cells subjected to glutamate toxicity, its inhibition is not necessary for cryoprotection.
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Chao J, Chen TY, Pao LH, Deng JS, Cheng YC, Su SY, Huang SS. Ethnobotanical Survey on Bitter Tea in Taiwan. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:816029. [PMID: 35250565 PMCID: PMC8894760 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological evidence: In Taiwan, herbal tea is considered a traditional medicine and has been consumed for hundreds of years. In contrast to regular tea, herbal teas are prepared using plants other than the regular tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. Bitter tea (kǔ-chá), a series of herbal teas prepared in response to common diseases in Taiwan, is often made from local Taiwanese plants. However, the raw materials and formulations have been kept secret and verbally passed down by store owners across generations without a fixed recipe, and the constituent plant materials have not been disclosed. Aim of the study: The aim was to determine the herbal composition of bitter tea sold in Taiwan, which can facilitate further studies on pharmacological applications and conserve cultural resources. Materials and methods: Interviews were conducted through a semi-structured questionnaire. The surveyed respondents were traditional sellers of traditional herbal tea. The relevant literature was collated for a systematic analysis of the composition, characteristics, and traditional and modern applications of the plant materials used in bitter tea. We also conducted an association analysis of the composition of Taiwanese bitter tea with green herb tea (qing-cao-cha tea), another commonly consumed herbal tea in Taiwan, as well as herbal teas in neighboring areas outside Taiwan. Results: After visiting a total of 59 stores, we identified 32 bitter tea formulations and 73 plant materials. Asteraceae was the most commonly used family, and most stores used whole plants. According to a network analysis of nine plant materials used in high frequency as drug pairs, Tithonia diversifolia and Ajuga nipponensis were found to be the core plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea. Conclusion: Plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea were distinct, with multiple therapeutic functions. Further research is required to clarify their efficacy and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Chao
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, Master Program for Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yang Chen
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Heng Pao
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shyan Deng
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shan-Yu Su
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Shan-Yu Su, ; Shyh-Shyun Huang,
| | - Shyh-Shyun Huang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Shan-Yu Su, ; Shyh-Shyun Huang,
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