1
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Wang HC, Lin SJ, Wang HC, Kumar R, Le PT, Leu JH. A bacterial binary toxin system that kills both insects and aquatic crustaceans: Photorhabdus insect-related toxins A and B. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011330. [PMID: 37141203 PMCID: PMC10159206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus insect-related toxins A and B (PirA and PirB) were first recognized as insecticidal toxins from Photorhabdus luminescens. However, subsequent studies showed that their homologs from Vibrio parahaemolyticus also play critical roles in the pathogenesis of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimps. Based on the structural features of the PirA/PirB toxins, it was suggested that they might function in the same way as a Bacillus thuringiensis Cry pore-forming toxin. However, unlike Cry toxins, studies on the PirA/PirB toxins are still scarce, and their cytotoxic mechanism remains to be clarified. In this review, based on our studies of V. parahaemolyticus PirAvp/PirBvp, we summarize the current understanding of the gene locations, expression control, activation, and cytotoxic mechanism of this type of toxin. Given the important role these toxins play in aquatic disease and their potential use in pest control applications, we also suggest further topics for research. We hope the information presented here will be helpful for future PirA/PirB studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ching Wang
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shin-Jen Lin
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ramya Kumar
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Phuoc Thien Le
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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2
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Yu YB, Choi JH, Kang JC, Kim HJ, Kim JH. Shrimp bacterial and parasitic disease listed in the OIE: A review. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105545. [PMID: 35452787 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Shrimp aquaculture industry has steadily increased with demand and development of aquaculture technology. In recent years, frequent diseases have become a major risk factor for shrimp aquaculture, such as a drastically reduced the production of shrimp and causing national economic loss. Among them, shrimp bacterial diseases such as hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP-B) and parasitic disease such as Aphanomyces astaci (crayfish plague) are emerging and evolving into new types. OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) regularly updates information on diseases in the Aquatic Code and Aquatic Manual, but in-depth information on the shrimp diseases are lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide information necessary for the response and prevention of shrimp diseases by understanding the characteristics and diagnosis of shrimp diseases designated by OIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Bin Yu
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Choi
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.
| | - Hyoung Jun Kim
- OIE Reference Laboratory for VHS, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, South Korea.
| | - Jun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life and Medical Science, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, South Korea.
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3
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Bao S, Gao S, Zhang M, Wang Y. Characterization of toxicity and structure of PirAB vc -like proteins that are structurally almost identical to shrimp AHPND-causing PirAB toxin. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:315-326. [PMID: 34802159 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PirAB is a binary toxic protein that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp. Their closest homologs, PirAvc -like and PirBvc -like proteins, are encoded by two adjacent genes on a non-pVH plasmid from a Vibrio campbellii strain. Herein, PirABvc -like protein caused neither abnormalities nor death in shrimp postlarvae (Litopenaeus vannamei); furthermore, typical AHPND clinical signs were not observed. PirAvc -like protein corresponds to Cry toxin domain III (ligand-binding domain) and likely binds to N-acetylgalactosamine. The C-terminal and N-terminal of PirBvc -like resemble Cry toxin domain II (receptor-binding domain) and domain I (pore-forming domain), respectively. PirAvc -like and PirBvc -like proteins are structurally similar to PirA and PirB, respectively. Subtle structural differences between PirAvc -like protein and PirA appear to be involved in ligand-binding and binary protein complex formation. The difference in virulence of PirABvc -like and PirAB may result from the specific binding of the protein complex to distinct host receptors. These results shed light on the potential functions and host receptors of PirABvc -like proteins and their relationship with PirAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiming Bao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangshuang Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
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4
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Giraud C, Callac N, Beauvais M, Mailliez JR, Ansquer D, Selmaoui-Folcher N, Pham D, Wabete N, Boulo V. Potential lineage transmission within the active microbiota of the eggs and the nauplii of the shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris: possible influence of the rearing water and more. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12241. [PMID: 34820157 PMCID: PMC8601056 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial communities associated with animals are known to be key elements in the development of their hosts. In marine environments, these communities are largely under the influence of the surrounding water. In aquaculture, understanding the interactions existing between the microbiotas of farmed species and their rearing environment could help establish precise bacterial management. METHOD In light of these facts, we studied the active microbial communities associated with the eggs and the nauplii of the Pacific blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) and their rearing water. All samples were collected in September 2018, November 2018 and February 2019. After RNA extractions, two distinct Illumina HiSeq sequencings were performed. Due to different sequencing depths and in order to compare samples, data were normalized using the Count Per Million method. RESULTS We found a core microbiota made of taxa related to Aestuariibacter, Alteromonas, Vibrio, SAR11, HIMB11, AEGEAN 169 marine group and Candidatus Endobugula associated with all the samples indicating that these bacterial communities could be transferred from the water to the animals. We also highlighted specific bacterial taxa in the eggs and the nauplii affiliated to Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, Labrenzia, Rothia, Thalassolituus, Marinobacter, Aureispira, Oleiphilus, Profundimonas and Marinobacterium genera suggesting a possible prokaryotic vertical transmission from the breeders to their offspring. This study is the first to focus on the active microbiota associated with early developmental stages of a farmed shrimp species and could serve as a basis to comprehend the microbial interactions involved throughout the whole rearing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolane Giraud
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
- University of New Caledonia, Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (ISEA), Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Nolwenn Callac
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Maxime Beauvais
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7261, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Jean-René Mailliez
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Dominique Ansquer
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Nazha Selmaoui-Folcher
- University of New Caledonia, Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (ISEA), Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Dominique Pham
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Nelly Wabete
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Viviane Boulo
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, Montpellier, France
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Ito S, Nagoshi N, Kamata Y, Kojima K, Nori S, Matsumoto M, Takei K, Nakamura M, Okano H. LOTUS overexpression via ex vivo gene transduction further promotes recovery of motor function following human iPSC-NS/PC transplantation for contusive spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2703-2717. [PMID: 34653401 PMCID: PMC8580872 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional recovery is still limited mainly due to several mechanisms, such as the activation of Nogo receptor-1 (NgR1) signaling, when human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (hiPSC-NS/PC) are transplanted for subacute spinal cord injury (SCI). We previously reported the neuroprotective and regenerative benefits of overexpression of lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS), an endogenous NgR1 antagonist, in the injured spinal cord using transgenic mice. Here, we evaluate the effects of lentiviral transduction of LOTUS gene into hiPSC-NS/PCs before transplantation in a mouse model of subacute SCI. The transduced LOTUS contributes to neurite extension, suppression of apoptosis, and secretion of neurotrophic factors in vitro. In vivo, the hiPSC-NS/PCs enhance the survival of grafted cells and enhance axonal extension of the transplanted cells, resulting in significant restoration of motor function following SCI. Therefore, the gene transduction of LOTUS in hiPSC-NS/PCs could be a promising adjunct for transplantation therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kota Kojima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Takei
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, 1-7-29 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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6
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Mai HN, Caro LFA, Cruz-Flores R, White BN, Dhar AK. Differentially Expressed Genes in Hepatopancreas of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease Tolerant and Susceptible Shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei). Front Immunol 2021; 12:634152. [PMID: 34054803 PMCID: PMC8155527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a lethal disease in marine shrimp that has caused large-scale mortalities in shrimp aquaculture in Asia and the Americas. The etiologic agent is a pathogenic Vibrio sp. carrying binary toxin genes, pirA and pirB in plasmid DNA. Developing AHPND tolerant shrimp lines is one of the prophylactic approaches to combat this disease. A selected genetic line of Penaeus vannamei was found to be tolerant to AHPND during screening for disease resistance. The mRNA expression of twelve immune and metabolic genes known to be involved in bacterial pathogenesis were measured by quantitative RT-PCR in two populations of shrimp, namely P1 that showed susceptibility to AHPND, and P2 that showed tolerance to AHPND. Among these genes, the mRNA expression of chymotrypsin A (ChyA) and serine protease (SP), genes that are involved in metabolism, and crustin-P (CRSTP) and prophenol oxidase activation system 2 (PPAE2), genes involved in bacterial pathogenesis in shrimp, showed differential expression between the two populations. The differential expression of these genes shed light on the mechanism of tolerance against AHPND and these genes can potentially serve as candidate markers for tolerance/susceptibility to AHPND in P. vannamei. This is the first report of a comparison of the mRNA expression profiles of AHPND tolerant and susceptible lines of P. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung N Mai
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Luis Fernando Aranguren Caro
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Roberto Cruz-Flores
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Brenda Noble White
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Arun K Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Wang HC, Lin SJ, Mohapatra A, Kumar R, Wang HC. A Review of the Functional Annotations of Important Genes in the AHPND-Causing pVA1 Plasmid. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E996. [PMID: 32635298 PMCID: PMC7409025 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a lethal shrimp disease. The pathogenic agent of this disease is a special Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain that contains a pVA1 plasmid. The protein products of two toxin genes in pVA1, pirAvp and pirBvp, targeted the shrimp's hepatopancreatic cells and were identified as the major virulence factors. However, in addition to pirAvp and pirBvp, pVA1 also contains about ~90 other open-reading frames (ORFs), which may encode functional proteins. NCBI BLASTp annotations of the functional roles of 40 pVA1 genes reveal transposases, conjugation factors, and antirestriction proteins that are involved in horizontal gene transfer, plasmid transmission, and maintenance, as well as components of type II and III secretion systems that may facilitate the toxic effects of pVA1-containing Vibrio spp. There is also evidence of a post-segregational killing (PSK) system that would ensure that only pVA1 plasmid-containing bacteria could survive after segregation. Here, in this review, we assess the functional importance of these pVA1 genes and consider those which might be worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ching Wang
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (S.-J.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Shin-Jen Lin
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (S.-J.L.); (R.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Arpita Mohapatra
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Mits School of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004, India
| | - Ramya Kumar
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (S.-J.L.); (R.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (S.-J.L.); (R.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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8
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NanGong Z, Guo X, Yang Q, Song P, Wang Q, Parajulee MN. Identification of Arylphorin interacting with the insecticidal protein PirAB from Xenorhabdus nematophila by yeast two-hybrid system. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:56. [PMID: 32211973 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PirAB toxin was initially found in the Photorhabdus luminescens TT01 strain and is a demonstrated binary toxin with high insecticidal activity. In this paper, we co-expressed the pirAB gene of Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 in a prokaryotic expression system, and we found that the PirAB protein showed high hemocoel insecticidal activity against Galleria mellonella, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua. LD50 values were 1.562, 2.003 and 2.17 μg/larvae for G. mellonella, H. armigera, and S. exigua, respectively (p > 0.05). Additionally, PirAB-interaction proteins were identified from G. mellonella by 6 × His Protein Pulldown combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Of which, arylphorin of G. mellonella showed the highest matching rate. A protein domain conservative structure analysis indicated that arylphorin has three domains including Hemocyanin-N, Hemocyanin-M, and Hemocyanin-C. Among these protein domains, Hemocyanin-C has immune and recognition functions. Further, Hemocyanin-C domain of arylphorin was identified to interact with PirA but not PirB by Yeast two-hybrid system. These findings reveal, for the first time, new host protein interacting with PirAB. The identification of interaction protein may serve as the foundation for further study on the function and insecticidal mechanism of this binary toxin from Xenorhabdus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan NanGong
- Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ping Song
- Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Qinying Wang
- Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX, 79403, USA
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9
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Victorio-De Los Santos M, Vibanco-Pérez N, Soto-Rodriguez S, Pereyra A, Zenteno E, Cano-Sánchez P. The B Subunit of PirAB vp Toxin Secreted from Vibrio parahaemolyticus Causing AHPND Is an Amino Sugar Specific Lectin. Pathogens 2020; 9:E182. [PMID: 32138213 PMCID: PMC7157558 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) is the etiological agent of the acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in Penaeus vannamei shrimp. Vp possesses a 63-70 kb conjugative plasmid that encodes the binary toxin PirAvp/PirBvp. The 250 kDa PirABvp complex was purified by affinity chromatography with galactose-sepharose 4B and on a stroma from glutaraldehyde-fixed rat erythrocytes column, as a heterotetramer of PirAvp and PirBvp subunits. In addition, recombinant pirB (rPirBvp) and pirA (rPirAvp) were obtained. The homogeneity of the purified protein was determined by SDS-PAGE analysis, and the yield of protein was 488 ng/100 μg of total protein of extracellular products. The PirABvp complex and the rPirBvp showed hemagglutinating activity toward rat erythrocytes. The rPirAvp showed no hemagglutinating capacity toward the animal red cells tested. Among different mono and disaccharides tested, only GalNH2 and GlcNH2 were able to inhibit hemagglutination of the PirABvp complex and the rPirBvp. Glycoproteins showed inhibitory specificity, and fetuin was the glycoprotein that showed the highest inhibition. Other glycoproteins, such as mucin, and glycosaminoglycans, such as heparin, also inhibited the activity. Desialylation of erythrocytes enhanced the hemagglutinating activity. This confirms that Gal or Gal (β1,4) GlcNAc are the main ligands for PirABvp. The agglutinating activity of the PirABvp complex and the rPirBvp is not dependent on cations, because addition of Mg2+ or Ca2+ showed no effect on the protein capacity. Our results strongly suggest that the PirBvp subunit is a lectin, which is part of the PirA/PirBvp complex, and it seems to participate in bacterial pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Victorio-De Los Santos
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad de Acuacultura y Manejo Ambiental, Av. Sábalo-Cerritos S/N A.P. 711, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82112, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura, Tepic, Nayarit 63190, Mexico
| | - Norberto Vibanco-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura, Tepic, Nayarit 63190, Mexico
| | - Sonia Soto-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad de Acuacultura y Manejo Ambiental, Av. Sábalo-Cerritos S/N A.P. 711, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82112, Mexico
| | - Ali Pereyra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, CDMX 04510, Mexico; (A.P.); (E.Z.)
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, CDMX 04510, Mexico; (A.P.); (E.Z.)
| | - Patricia Cano-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, CDMX 04510, Mexico;
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10
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Nakamura R, Pedrosa-Gerasmio IR, Alenton RRR, Nozaki R, Kondo H, Hirono I. Anti-PirA-like toxin immunoglobulin (IgY) in feeds passively immunizes shrimp against acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1125-1132. [PMID: 31115066 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by a toxin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain, has become a serious threat to shrimp aquaculture. The need to regulate antibiotic use prompted the development of alternative ways to treat infections in aquaculture including the use of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) for passive immunization. This study evaluated the protective effect of IgY against AHPND infection in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). IgY was isolated from eggs laid by hens immunized with recombinant PirA-like (rPirA) and PirB-like (rPirB) toxins. Whole-egg powders having IgY specific to rPirA (anti-PirA-IgY) and rPirB (anti-PirB-IgY) and IgY from non-immunized hen (control-IgY) were mixed with basal diets at 20% concentrations and used to prefeed shrimp 3 days before the bacterial challenge test. Survival rates of the challenged shrimp fed the anti-PirA-IgY, anti-PirB-IgY and control-IgY diets were 86%, 14% and 0%, respectively. Only the feed containing anti-PirA-IgY protected shrimp against AHPND. Increasing the concentration of rPirA antigen to immunize hens and lowering the amount of egg powder in feeds to 10% consistently showed higher survival rates in shrimp fed with anti-PirA-IgY (87%) compared with the control (12%). These results confirm that addition of anti-PirA-IgY in feeds could be an effective prophylactic method against AHPND infection in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Nakamura
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ivane R Pedrosa-Gerasmio
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Marine Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Rod Russel R Alenton
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Nozaki
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Lin SJ, Chen YF, Hsu KC, Chen YL, Ko TP, Lo CF, Wang HC, Wang HC. Structural Insights to the Heterotetrameric Interaction between the Vibrio parahaemolyticus PirA vp and PirB vp Toxins and Activation of the Cry-Like Pore-Forming Domain. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040233. [PMID: 31013623 PMCID: PMC6520838 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a newly emergent penaeid shrimp disease which can cause 70-100% mortality in Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon, and has resulted in enormous economic losses since its appearance. AHPND is caused by the specific strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that harbor the pVA1 plasmid and express PirAvp and PirBvp toxins. These two toxins have been reported to form a binary complex. When both are present, they lead to the death of shrimp epithelial cells in the hepatopancreas and cause the typical histological symptoms of AHPND. However, the binding mode of PirAvp and PirBvp has not yet been determined. Here, we used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to measure the binding affinity of PirAvp and PirBvp. Since the dissociation constant (Kd = 7.33 ± 1.20 μM) was considered too low to form a sufficiently stable complex for X-ray crystallographic analysis, we used alternative methods to investigate PirAvp-PirBvp interaction, first by using gel filtration to evaluate the molecular weight of the PirAvp/PirBvp complex, and then by using cross-linking and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry to further understand the interaction interface between PirAvp and PirBvp. Based on these results, we propose a heterotetrameric interaction model of this binary toxin complex. This model provides insight of how conformational changes might activate the PirBvp N-terminal pore-forming domain and should be helpful for devising effective anti-AHPND strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Jen Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Ling Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Ching Wang
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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12
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Cruz-Flores R, Mai HN, Dhar AK. Multiplex SYBR Green and duplex TaqMan real-time PCR assays for the detection of Photorhabdus Insect-Related (Pir) toxin genes pirA and pirB. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 43:20-28. [PMID: 30576786 PMCID: PMC7127373 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), also known as Early mortality syndrome (EMS), is a recently emerged lethal disease that has caused major economic losses in shrimp aquaculture. The etiologic agents are Vibrio spp. that carry Photorhabdus Insect-Related (Pir) toxin genes pirA and pirB. A multiplex SYBR Green real-time PCR was developed that detects pirA, pirB, and two internal control genes, the shrimp 18S rRNA and the bacterial 16S rRNA genes in a single reaction. The pirB primers amplify the 3'-end of the pirB gene allowing the detection of Vibrio spp. mutants that contain a complete deletion of pirA and the partial deletion of pirB. The assay also detects mutants that contain the entire pirA gene and the deletion of the pirB gene. Since both toxin genes are needed for disease development, this assays can distinguish between pathogenic strains of Vibrio spp. that cause AHPND in shrimp and mutants that do not cause disease. The amplicons for pirA, pirB, 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA showed easily distinguishable melting temperatures of 78.21 ± 0.18, 75.20 ± 0.20, 82.28 ± 0.34 and 85.41 ± 0.21 °C respectively. Additionally, a duplex real-time PCR assay was carried out by designing TaqMan probes for the pirA and pirB primers. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was compared between the SYBR Green and TaqMan assays. Both assays showed similar sensitivity with a limit of detection being 10 copies for pirA and pirB, and neither assays showed any cross reaction with other known bacterial and viral pathogens in shrimp. The high sensitivity of both assays make them suitable for the detection of low copies of the pirA and pirB genes in AHPND causing Vibrio spp. as well as for detecting non-pathogenic mutants. Development of a multiplex SYBR Green real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection of the pirA and pirB genes of Vibrio spp. Comparison of the SYBR Green assay with the TaqMan assay for the detection of the pirA and pirB genes of Vibrio spp. First report of real-time PCR assays for the simultaneous detection of the pirA and pirB genes of Vibrio spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cruz-Flores
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, AZ. 85721, USA
| | - Hung Nam Mai
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, AZ. 85721, USA
| | - Arun K Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, AZ. 85721, USA.
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