Characteristics and Antioxidative Activity of Gelatin Hydrolysates from Unicorn Leatherjacket Skin as Affected by Autolysis-Assisted Process

Securidaca inappendiculata stem extract confers robust antioxidant and antidiabetic effects against high fructose/streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes in rats. Exploration of bioactive compounds using UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS

Diabetes mellitus is the most deadly and most prevalent metabolic disease of contemporary times. This study evaluated the antidiabetic, antioxidant, and pancreato-protective effects of Securidaca inappendiculata extract (SIE) in high-fructose/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes. SIE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was administered to diabetic rats for 8 weeks, thereafter glycaemic parameters, pancreatic β cell function, lipid profile, hepatorenal function, and antioxidant parameters were evaluated in diabetic rats treated SIE. The results indicated that treatment with SIE markedly lowered blood glucose, lipid parameters, hepatorenal function parameters, and lipid peroxidation at the end of the intervention. Additionally, serum insulin levels were significantly increased as supported by restoration of pancreatic β-cell cells in the H&E staining. Moreover, SIE also upregulated serum antioxidant enzyme activities in the treated diabetic rats. The results revealed that SIE possesses potent antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects with the considerable restoration of pancreatic β-cells function.

Arundinosides I-IX and graminifolosides A-B: 2R-benzylmalate and 2R-isobutylmalates derivatives from Arundina graminifolia (D.Don) Hochr. with antioxidant, cytocompatibility and cytoprotective properties

Phytochemical investigation of the underground parts of Arundina graminifolia D.Don Hochr was conducted leading to the isolation of nine new glucosyloxybenzyl 2R-benzylmalate and two new glucosyloxybenzyl 2R-isobutylmalate derivatives. The compounds were purified using chromatographic techniques and their structures were deduced based on spectroscopic techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry as well as comparing with previous literature. The antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were also evaluated. The compounds showed potent antioxidant activities in the ABTS radical scavenging, DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP activities. Furthermore, the isolated compounds were observed to exert minimal cytotoxic effects against RAW 264.7 cell, suggesting biocompatibility as well as cytoprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide induced cell toxicity.

Effect of ultrasound-assisted pretreatment in combination with heating on characteristics and antioxidant activities of protein hydrolysate from edible bird's nest co-product

Protein hydrolysates (P-HS) from edible bird's nest co-product prepared without and with ultrasound (US) pretreatment in combination with heating before hydrolysis using alcalase at different concentrations were characterized. US treatment of co-product in water at 60% amplitude for 20 min, followed by heating at 95 °C for 3 h was done before enzymatic hydrolysis. The degree of hydrolysis (DH), yield and sialic acid (SL) content of P-HS samples were not different (p > 0.05) when 1 or 2% alcalase was used for hydrolysis. The highest protein content and lightness (L * ) were observed in P-HS prepared from co-product subjected to US treatment (60% amplitude for 20 min) using 1% alcalase for hydrolysis. When antioxidant activities of dried P-HS were determined, P-HS from co-product subjected to US treatment had higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, ferrous reducing antioxidant power and oxygen radical absorbance capacity, compared to those prepared from non-US treated co-product. P-HS with higher DH contained greater amount of small peptides having MW lower than 1,883 Da. The P-HS produced under optimum condition had major essential amino acids (EA-A) including leucine, threonine, lysine and valine of 4.28, 3.53, 3.30 and 3.08%, respectively. Therefore, P-HS from co-product could serve as both nutrients and functional ingredients.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05420-5.

Effect of carbohydrates on protein hydrolysis in anaerobic digestion

This study aimed to assess the effect of carbohydrates on protein hydrolysis and potential implications for the design of anaerobic reactors for treatment of protein-rich wastewaters. Batch experiments were carried out with dissolved starch (Sta) and gelatine (Gel) at different chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratios ranging from 0 to 5.5 under methanogenic conditions for methane production and up to 3.8 under non-methanogenic conditions for volatile fatty acids (VFA), both at 35 °C. The Sta/Gel did not have a direct effect on the gelatine hydrolysis rate constants under methanogenic (0.51 ± 0.05 L g VSS^-1 day^-1) and non-methanogenic conditions (0.48 ± 0.05 L g VSS^-1 day^-1). However, under non-methanogenic conditions, gelatine hydrolysis was inhibited by 64% when a spectrum of VFA was added at a VFA/Gel (COD) ratio of 5.9. This was not caused by the ionic strength exerted by VFA but by the VFA itself. These results imply that methanogenesis dictates the reactor design for methane production but hydrolysis does for VFA production from wastewater proteins.

Fish protein hydrolysates as a health-promoting ingredient-recent update

Dietary habits and lifestyle-related diseases indicate that food has a direct impact on individual health. Hence, a diet containing essential nutrients is important for healthy living. Fish and fish products are important in diets worldwide because of their nutritional value, especially their easily digestible proteins with essential amino acids. Similarly, fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) obtained from fish muscle and by-products has been reported to exhibit various biological activities and to have functional properties, which make FPH a suitable nutraceutical candidate. This review focuses on the health-promoting ability of FPH in terms of skin health, bone and cartilage health, blood lipid profile, and body-weight management studied in rats and human model systems. The absorption and bioavailability of FPH in humans is discussed, and challenges and obstacles of FPH as a functional food ingredient are outlined.

Bioactive peptides from fisheries residues: A review of use of papain in proteolysis reactions

Papain is a cysteine endopeptidase of vegetal origin (papaya (Carica papaya L.) with diverse applications in food technology. In this review we have focused our attention on its application in the production of bio-peptides by hydrolysis of proteins from fish residues. This way, a residual material, that can become a contaminant if dumped without control, is converted into highly interesting products. The main bioactivity of the produced peptides is their antioxidant activity, followed by their nutritional and functional activities, but peptides with many other bioactivities have been produced. Thera are also examples of production of hydrolysates with several bioactivities. The enzyme may be used alone, or in combination with other enzymes to increase the degree of hydrolysis.

Ethanolic extract of Betel (Piper betle L.) and Chaphlu (Piper sarmentosum Roxb.) dechlorophyllized using sedimentation process: Production, characteristics, and antioxidant activities

Sedimentation process was used to remove chlorophyll from betel leaf ethanolic extracts (BLEE) and chaphlu leaf ethanolic extracts (CLEE). The influence of water quantity on chlorophyll content, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of the extracts was studied. The sedimentation process showed a remarkable reduction in chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and total chlorophyll contents of both extracts. Nevertheless, no differences in chlorophyll content, TPC, and antioxidant activities were observed between dechlorophyllized fractions in both extracts (p > .05). Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS) profiling showed that the BLEE dechlorophyllized using the extract/water ratio of 1:1 (BLEE-DC1) had higher phenolic compounds than CLEE-DC1. Isovitexin was the most abundant compound identified in the BLEE-DC1 while vitexin 4'-O-galactoside was the most prevalent in CLEE-DC1. When thermal and pH stabilities of the dechlorophyllized extracts were tested, BLEE-DC1 exhibited more heat stability (at 60-100°C for 0-60 min) than CLEE-DC1. Both dechlorophyllized extracts showed optimum antioxidant activities at pH 5.0. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Oxidation process is associated with the numerous human diseases as well as it induces the deteriorative changes in foods, especially those rich in fat or lipid containing high polyunsaturated fatty acids. Numerous synthetic antioxidants have been employed but they may not be safe. Natural antioxidants have gained attention, particularly those from several leaves rich in polyphenols. However, due to the green color caused by chlorophylls, the extract is limited for further applications. Betel leaf ethanolic extract possessing high antioxidant activity could be dechlorophyllized using sedimentation process with the appropriate proportion of water. This green process not only showed the effective removal of chlorophyll, but also increased the proportion of polyphenol in the extract. Greenless betel leaf extract with augmented antioxidant activity can be used as natural additive to replace synthetic counterpart.

Hydrolyzed collagen from porcine lipase-defatted seabass skin: Antioxidant, fibroblast cell proliferation, and collagen production activities

Defatting of seabass skins using porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) at 25 or 50 units/g dry matter) for 1-3 hr at 30ºC was investigated. Treatment of seabass skin with PPL (25 unit/g dry matter) for 3 hr removed 83.81% lipids when compared to 57.27% using isopropanol. Hydrolysis of PPL-treated skin by papain (0.3 unit/g dry matter) (PPL-papain-3 process) at 40ºC for 90 min provided hydrolyzed collagen (HC) with higher yield, α-amino group content, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and metal chelating activity than other treatments (p < 0.05). There was no difference in fishy odor between HC from PPL-papain-2 and PPL-papain-3 processes (p > 0.05). All the HC (50-250 µg/ml) samples stimulated L929 fibroblast cell proliferation and also induced collagen production in a dose-dependent manner. Also, all HC contained peptides with molecular weight of 406-11,860 Da. Gly and imino acids were dominant amino acids in HC prepared with PPL-papain-3 process. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Seabass skin is a potential raw material for the production of hydrolyzed collagen (HC). However, seabass skin contains a large amount of lipids, including polyunsaturated fatty acids. These unsaturated lipids are oxidized during processing, particularly during hydrolysis at high temperature. This leads to the development of undesirable odor, especially fishy odor. Therefore, seabass skin defatting is an important step for improving the quality of the resulting HC. The use of lipase is an alternative method that can be used to remove lipids in skins without using solvents. HC from defatted skins will contain bioactive peptides and therefore, can be used as a food supplement or for skin nourishment.

Impact of retort process on characteristics and bioactivities of herbal soup based on hydrolyzed collagen from seabass skin

Impact of retort processing on the characteristics and bioactivity of herbal soup, based on hydrolyzed collagen from seabass fish skins, as sterilized health drink in glass bottles, was investigated. Retort processing was conducted at either 115 °C or 121 °C for 5, 7, 9 or 11 min (F0 values) and compared to no retort processing. All retort processing conditions yielded sterile soups, but some differences in moisture content, pH, viscosity, UV-absorbance, browning index, fluorescence intensity, color, α-amino group and total reducing compound contents were observed, compared to those without retort processing. Retort processing enhanced antioxidative activity of herbal hydrolyzed collagen (HHC) soups, regardless of conditions. HHC soups with F0 value of 7 at 115 °C (115/7) and 121 °C (121/7) showed significantly higher ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power and H2O2 scavenging activity, compared to others. Retort processing had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the appearance, color, odor, viscosity, flavor, taste and overall perception of HHC soups. The 115/7 and 121/7 samples stimulated cell proliferation and enhance collagen production of L929 mouse fibroblast cells. It was therefore concluded that retort processing could be used for preparing sterilized HHC soup as a ready-to-serve functional drink that is both healthy and safe.

Antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative effects of gelatin hydrolysate from unicorn leatherjacket skin

BACKGROUND

The in vitro cellular bioactivities including, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative effects of a gelatin hydrolysate (GH) prepared from unicorn leatherjacket skin, using partially purified glycyl endopeptidase, were investigated in order to optimize the use of fish skin waste products as functional food ingredients.

RESULTS

GH under the tested concentrations (750-1500 µg mL(-1) ) protected against H2 O2 -induced DNA damage in U937 cells. GH also protected against the H2 O2 -induced reduction in cellular antioxidant enzyme activities, superoxide dismutase and catalase, in HepG2 cells. GH demonstrated immunomodulatory potential by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β) production and nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Cell proliferation in human colon cancer (Caco-2) cells was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner following incubation with GH.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that GH has several bioactivities which support its potential as a promising functional food ingredient with various health benefits. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.