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Ferreira RSB, Farias FO, de Araujo EJS, Martínez J, Batista EAC. Deep eutectic solvents as an alternative for extraction of flavonoids from soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) and okara: An experimental and computational approach based on COSMO-SAC model. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113266. [PMID: 37803579 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, different Deep Eutectic Solvents based on choline chloride ([Ch]Cl) with carboxylic acids, sugars, and glycerol, were investigated as alternative solvents for the extraction of flavonoids from soybean and okara. Initially, the COSMO-SAC was investigated as a tool in solvent screening for the extraction of flavonoids. Experimental validation was performed using total flavonoid analysis with the solvents that showed greater interaction with the solutes. The extracts obtained from soybean and okara using the DES [Ch]Cl:acetic acid added with 30 % water showed the highest total flavonoid content, 1.05 mg eq. of catechin/g dry soybean and 0.94 mg eq. of catechin /g dry okara, respectively. For phenolic compound extraction, [Ch]Cl: acetic acid DES extracted approximately 1.16 mg GAE/g of soybean and 0.69 mg GAE/g of okara. For antioxidant activity, soybean and okara extracts obtained with [Ch]Cl: acetic acid showed FRAP results of 0.40 mg Trolox/mL of extract and 0.45 mg Trolox/mL of extract, respectively. In addition, the isoflavones daidzein, genistein, glycitein, daidzin, genistin, and glycitin were identified and quantified in the soybean and okara extracts obtained with DES [Ch]Cl: acetic acid with 30% water, totaling 1068.05 and 424.32 µg total isoflavones/g dry sample. Therefore, The COSMO-SAC model was a useful tool in solvent screening, saving time and costs. Also, DES can be an alternative solvent for extracting flavonoids to replace conventional organic solvents, respecting current environmental and human health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon S B Ferreira
- Laboratory of Extraction, Applied Thermodynamics and Equilibrium - EXTRAE, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 80 Monteiro Lobato Street, 13083-062 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fabiane O Farias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Center, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Erick J S de Araujo
- Laboratory of High Pressure in Food Engineering (LAPEA), School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Julian Martínez
- Laboratory of High Pressure in Food Engineering (LAPEA), School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A C Batista
- Laboratory of Extraction, Applied Thermodynamics and Equilibrium - EXTRAE, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 80 Monteiro Lobato Street, 13083-062 Campinas, Brazil.
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Dresler S, Strzemski M, Baczewska I, Koselski M, Hassanpouraghdam MB, Szczepanek D, Sowa I, Wójciak M, Hanaka A. Extraction of Isoflavones, Alpha-Hydroxy Acids, and Allantoin from Soybean Leaves-Optimization by a Mixture Design of the Experimental Method. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093963. [PMID: 37175385 PMCID: PMC10179801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybeans are commonly known as a valuable source of biologically active compounds including isoflavones as well as allantoin and alpha-hydroxy acids. Since these compounds exhibit skin therapeutic effects, they are widely used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The presented paper shows the optimization of three solvent systems (ethanol, water, and 1,3-propanediol) to increase the extraction efficiency of isoflavones (daidzin, genistin, 6″-O-malonyldaidzin, 6″-O-malonylglycitin, 6″-O-malonylgenistin), allantoin, and alpha-hydroxy acids (citric acid, malic acid) from soybean leaves. A simplex centroid mixture design for three solvents with interior points was applied for the experimental plan creation. Based on the obtained results of metabolite extraction yield in relation to solvent composition, polynomial regression models were developed. All models were significant, with predicted R-squared values between 0.77 and 0.99, while in all cases the model's lack of fit was not significant. The optimal mixture composition enabling the maximization of extraction efficiency was as follows: 32.9% ethanol, 53.9% water, and 13.3% propanediol (v/v/v). Such a mixture composition provided the extraction of 99%, 91%, 100%, 92%, 99%, 70%, 92%, and 69% of daidzin, genistin, 6″-O-malonyldaidzin, 6″-O-malonylglycitin, 6″-O-malonylgenistin, allantoin, citric acid, and malic acid, respectively. The solvent mixture composition developed provides a good extraction efficiency of the metabolites from soybean leaves and high antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Dresler
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Strzemski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Baczewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Koselski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Dariusz Szczepanek
- Chair and Department of Neurosurgery and Paediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wójciak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Hanaka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Tran T, Bui X, Loan N, Anh N, Le T, Truong T. Adsorption and Desorption Characteristics and Purification of Isoflavones from Crude Soybean Extract Using Macroporous Resins. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/149816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Morreeuw ZP, Ríos-González LJ, Salinas-Salazar C, Melchor-Martínez EM, Ascacio-Valdés JA, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HMN, Reyes AG. Early Optimization Stages of Agave lechuguilla Bagasse Processing toward Biorefinement: Drying Procedure and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Flavonoid Extraction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237292. [PMID: 34885874 PMCID: PMC8659232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Agave lechuguilla agro-waste is a promising renewable material for biorefining purposes. The procurement of added-value co-products, such as bioactive phytochemicals, is required to improve bioprocesses and promote the bio-based economy of the productive areas of Mexico. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of post-harvest management and enzymatic pretreatment as the first stages of the A. lechuguilla valorization process. Four drying methods were compared, and enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized to obtain a flavonoid-enriched extract applying ultrasound-assisted extraction. In both experiments, the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, HPLC-UV flavonoid profiles, and radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) were considered as response variables. The results demonstrated that light exposure during the drying process particularly affected the flavonoid content, whereas oven-dehydration at 40 °C in the dark preserved the flavonoid diversity and antioxidant functionality of the extracts. Flavonoid glycoside recovery, particularly anthocyanidins, was 1.5-1.4-fold enhanced by enzymatic hydrolysis using the commercial mix Ultraflo© under optimized conditions (pH 4, 40 °C, 180 rpm, and 2.5 h) compared to the unpretreated biomass. The extraction of flavonoids from A. lechuguilla bagasse can be carried out using a scalable drying method and enzymatic pretreatment. This study confirmed the potential of this agro-waste as a source of marketable natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé P. Morreeuw
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico;
| | - Leopoldo J. Ríos-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila (UAdeC), Blvd. V. Carranza, Republica Oriente, Saltillo 25280, Mexico;
| | - Carmen Salinas-Salazar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (C.S.-S.); (E.M.M.-M.)
| | - Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (C.S.-S.); (E.M.M.-M.)
| | - Juan A. Ascacio-Valdés
- Bioprocess and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila (UAdeC), Republica Oriente, Saltillo 25280, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (C.S.-S.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.-S.); (H.M.N.I.); (A.G.R.)
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (C.S.-S.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.-S.); (H.M.N.I.); (A.G.R.)
| | - Ana G. Reyes
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico;
- CONACYT-CIBNOR, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.P.-S.); (H.M.N.I.); (A.G.R.)
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