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Akullo JO, Kiage-Mokua BN, Nakimbugwe D, Ng’ang’a J, Kinyuru J. Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts of two varieties of ginger and garlic. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18806. [PMID: 37576272 PMCID: PMC10412845 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of ginger and garlic consumed in Uganda. This could have an impact on its widespread use and industrial application. Thus, this study was done to determine the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of two varieties of ginger and garlic commonly consumed in Uganda. Fresh ginger rhizomes and garlic cloves of "local" and "hybrid" varieties were acquired from a local food market, washed, grated, and extracted using acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water. Standard techniques were used to determine the phytochemical composition. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride assays, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined using the 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Ginger extracts exhibited significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content compared to garlic (p˂0.05). The highest total phenolic and flavonoid content was in ethanol and methanol extracts of local ginger: 1968.49 and 2172.65 mg GAE/100 g; 254.24 and 184.62 mg QE/100 g, respectively. Tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids were in varying concentrations in the extracts. Levels of Vitamin C were significantly high in aqueous extracts (p˂0.05), 38.34 and 40.80 AAE/100 g in local and hybrid ginger; 33.65 and 35.24 mg AAE/100 g in local and hybrid garlic, respectively. The free radical scavenging activity of extracts varied depending on concentration, with a strong positive correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranged from 0.16 to 8.93 mg/ml in local ginger, 4.43-6.44 mg/ml in hybrid ginger, 3.93-5.64 mg/ml in local garlic, and 4.44-5.27 mg/ml in hybrid garlic. The best antioxidant activity was exhibited by ethanol extracts of the local ginger. According to the findings, the two varieties of ginger and garlic have strong antioxidant activity due to their different phytochemical compositions, which could make them useful as natural antioxidants in food and medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolly Oder Akullo
- Department of Animal Production and Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Busitema University, Uganda
- Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, School of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - Beatrice N. Kiage-Mokua
- Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, School of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - Dorothy Nakimbugwe
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bio-engineering, Makerere University, Uganda
| | - Jeremiah Ng’ang’a
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - John Kinyuru
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
- African Institute for Capacity Development, P.O. Box 46179 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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A Comprehensive Review with Future Prospects on the Medicinal Properties and Biological Activities of Curcuma caesia Roxb. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:7006565. [PMID: 36704214 PMCID: PMC9873438 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7006565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are the primary source of the food chain and are rich in nutrients and biochemical compounds that mainly give beneficial effects to humans as well as other living organisms. Curcuma caesia Roxb. is a family member of Zingiberaceae commonly known as black turmeric. The leaves and rhizomes of this plant are extensively used in Ayurvedic medicine and as traditional remedies for various ailments. The aromatic rhizomes and leaves are due to the presence of essential oils reported as camphor, ar-turmerone, (Z)-β-ocimene, ar-curcumene, 1,8-cineole, β-elemene, borneol, bornyl acetate, tropolone, ledol, β-elemenone, and α-bulnesene. Previous research studies have revealed most of the biological activities of C. caesia, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, which are due to the presence of various bioactive components. The diverse chemical composition contained in this plant contributes to various biological activities, which may be beneficial for the health, food, and cosmetic industries. The purpose of this review was to summarise updated research on the in vitro and in vivo activities of C. caesia as well as the current clinical investigations. A compilation of the latest findings regarding the potential activities of C. caesia and mechanisms related to its health benefits is discussed and reviewed. This valuable information is the key that can be used for the development of drugs, functional food ingredients, and food products.
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Tran TV, Nguyen DTC, Kumar PS, Din ATM, Qazaq AS, Vo DVN. Green synthesis of Mn 3O 4 nanoparticles using Costus woodsonii flowers extract for effective removal of malachite green dye. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113925. [PMID: 35868583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of organic dyes such as malachite green is one of the globally critical issues, calling for efficient mitigation methods. Herein, we developed green Mn3O4 nanoparticles synthesized using natural compounds extracted from Costus woodsonii flowers under an ultrasound-assisted mode. The materials were characterized using several physicochemical techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption desorption isotherm measurement. The X-ray diffraction and N2 isotherm plots confirmed the presence of tetragonal γ-Mn3O4 phase and mesoporous structure, respectively. Carbonyl groups derived from flavonoids or carboxylic compounds were found in the surface of green Mn3O4 nanoparticles. The effect of pH, contact time, dose, and concentration on the adsorption of malachite green over green Mn3O4 was carried out. The maximum malachite green adsorption capacity for green Mn3O4 nanoparticles was 101-162 mg g-1. Moreover, kinetic and isotherm adsorption of malachite green obeyed Langmuir (Radj.2 = 0.980-0.995) and pseudo first-order models (Radj.2 = 0.996-1.00), respectively. Adsorption of malachite green over green Mn3O4 was a thermodynamically spontaneous process due to negative Gibbs free energy values (ΔGο < 0). Green Mn3O4 nanoparticles offered a high stability through the FR-IR spectra analysis. With a good recyclability of 4 cycles, green Mn3O4 nanoparticles can be used as potential adsorbent for removing malachite green dye from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Van Tran
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Viet Nam; NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Viet Nam
| | - Duyen Thi Cam Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Viet Nam; NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Viet Nam
| | - Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India
| | - Azam Taufik Mohd Din
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Amjad Saleh Qazaq
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Al Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Viet Nam; School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
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Assessment of physicochemical, functional, thermal, and phytochemical characteristics of refined rice bran wax. Food Chem 2022; 396:133737. [PMID: 35870241 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The drastic increase in the utilization and conversion of biomass has been an effect of sustainability and circular economy in the food processing sector. Rice bran wax (RBW), an intermediate by-product of rice bran oil refining industries, has been one of the underutilized waste materials. The FT-IR analysis showed that RBW contains many similar compounds to that of beeswax (BW) and carnauba wax (CW). The DSC thermographs showed melting and crystallization temperatures of RBW as 78.55 and 73.43 °C, respectively, lesser than CW and more than BW. The peak profiling of XRD diffractographs has shown full-width at half-maximum of CW and RBW as 0.61 and 0.45, respectively, indicating distortion in crystal formation. The sequential extracts of RBW in hexane, dichloromethane, and ethylacetate have shown antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. typhi. The research provides a baseline for extraction and separation of specialty compounds from RBW for by-product utilization.
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Ahmed N, Karobari MI, Yousaf A, Mohamed RN, Arshad S, Basheer SN, Peeran SW, Noorani TY, Assiry AA, Alharbi AS, Yean CY. The Antimicrobial Efficacy Against Selective Oral Microbes, Antioxidant Activity and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Zingiber officinale. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2773-2785. [PMID: 35668854 PMCID: PMC9166953 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s364175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been one of the most commonly consumed herbal medicines for a long time to treat several common diseases. Antibacterial activity, antioxidant properties and many bioactive compounds in ginger have been identified previously, which could be used as an alternative method to treat many infectious diseases. Methods The current study evaluates ginger’s biochemical profile using qualitative and quantitative analysis and its bioactive potentials using antioxidant and antimicrobial assays against Streptococcus mutans and selective oral microbes. HPLC analysis was performed for the quantitative analysis. DPPH and disc diffusion assays were used for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial activity was checked against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. All solvents were removed by rotary evaporation before testing the dried extracts. Results The observed IC50 value showed that distilled water extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (43.9), followed by ethanol extract (52.4), and the lowest activity was observed in n-butanol extract (91.2) and n-hexane (90.6). Different plant extracts have shown significant antibacterial activity (p = 0.001) against each bacterium. The highest antibacterial activity against tested bacteria was observed in n-hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts. In comparison, the ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water extracts showed low antibacterial activity. Conclusion This study emphasizes that Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) against Gram-positive bacteria is an effective antimicrobial herb. Furthermore, it can be used as a potential natural source of antioxidants. Further studies on the toxicity analysis of ginger are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, 12211, Cambodia.,Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India.,Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Anam Yousaf
- Department of Pathology Laboratory, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute & Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Roshan Noor Mohamed
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohaib Arshad
- Periodontics Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Syed Nahid Basheer
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Wali Peeran
- Department of Periodontics, Armed Forces Hospital Jizan, Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahir Yusuf Noorani
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Ali A Assiry
- Preventive Dental Science Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz S Alharbi
- Saudi Board of Pediatric Dentistry (SB-PD), King Fahad Military Medical Complex - KFMMC, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Malaysia
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