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González-Curbelo MÁ, Kabak B. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Dried Fruits Worldwide, with a Focus on Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:576. [PMID: 37756002 PMCID: PMC10537527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried fruits are popular and nutritious snacks consumed worldwide due to their long shelf life and concentrated nutrient content. However, fruits can be contaminated with various toxigenic fungal species during different stages, including cultivation, harvesting, processing, drying, and storage. Consequently, these products may contain high levels of mycotoxins. This risk is particularly pronounced in developed countries due to the impact of climate change. Several factors contribute to mycotoxin production, including the type of fruit, geographical location, climate conditions, harvest treatments, and storage management practices. The main mycotoxins in dried fruits are aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which can induce human health problems and economic losses. Mycotoxin contamination can vary significantly depending on the geographic origin of dried fruits (vine fruits, figs, dates, apricots, prunes, and mulberries). The aim of this review was to fill the knowledge gap by consolidating data from various regions to understand the global picture and identify regions with higher contamination risks. By consolidating research from various origins and stages of the supply chain, the review intends to shed light on potential contamination events during pre-harvest, drying, storage, and trading, while also highlighting the effects of storage conditions and climate change on mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 no 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Machinery and Manufacturing Technology Application and Research Center, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
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Xu Y, Dong H, Liu C, Lou H, Zhao R. Efficient Aflatoxin B1 degradation by a novel isolate, Pseudomonas aeruginosa M-4. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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3
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Celik D, Kabak B. Assessment to propose a maximum permitted level for ochratoxin A in dried figs. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Evaluation of fungal hazards associated with dried fig processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 365:109541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Fan C, Chen J, Li H, Quan K, Qiu H. Preparation and evaluation of two silica-based hydrophilic-hydrophobic and acid-base balanced stationary phases via in-situ surface polymerization. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1667:462912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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6
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Fan C, Quan K, Chen J, Qiu H. Comparison of chromatographic performance of co-grafted silica using octadecene respectively with vinylpyrrolidone, vinylimidazole and vinylpyridine. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462690. [PMID: 34883356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Three reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) stationary phases were obtained by using long-chain 1-octadecene (OD) co-grafted with three short-chain monomers, including N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP), 1-vinylimidazole (VIm) and 4-vinylpyridine (VPy), respectively (noted as Sil@ODNVP, Sil@ODVIm and Sil@ODVPy). Peak broadening phenomenon in RPLC mode which resulted by short-chain was examined carefully. Compared with Sil@ODNVP, both of Sil@ODVIm and Sil@ODVPy had smaller peak width and higher column efficiency in the separation of 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 7 alkyl benzenes, 7 aromatic acids, 7 aromatic esters and 9 phenols. In addition, VPy has the strongest ion exchange capacity than other two short-chains. In this case, we can see that VPy and VIm maybe more suitable to be used as functional monomeric modifiers of new chromatographic stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaijun Quan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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7
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A target fishing study to spot possible biological targets of fusaric acid: Inhibition of protein kinase-A and insights on the underpinning mechanisms. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 159:112663. [PMID: 34748883 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fusaric acid is a secondary metabolite produced by various Fusarium fungi, present with relatively high incidence in Fusarium-contaminated foods. It was already described as phytotoxic and cytotoxic. However, the understanding of its molecular mechanisms is still fragmentary and further data are needed to ensure an informed assessment of the risk related to its presence in food. This work applied an integrated in silico/in vitro approach to reveal novel potential biological activities of fusaric acid and to investigate the underpinning mechanisms. An in silico reverse screening was used to identify novel biological targets for fusaric acid. Computational results indicated as target protein kinase-A, which was confirmed with biochemical cell-free assays providing evidence of its actual inhibitory potential. Cell-based experiments on intestinal cells (HCEC-1CT cells) identified the mitochondrial network and cell membranes as potentially affected organelles, possibly resulting from PKA inhibition. The integration of 3D molecular modeling supported the plausibility of fusaric acid-dependent inhibition. From the hazard identification perspective, considering the Low Observed Adverse Effect Level described here (0.1 mM) and the possible level of contamination in food, fusaric acid might raise concern from a food safety standpoint and the gastrointestinal tract was described as a meaningful system to investigate with priority.
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Qiu T, Wang H, Yang Y, Yu J, Ji J, Sun J, Zhang S, Sun X. Exploration of biodegradation mechanism by AFB1-degrading strain Aspergillus niger FS10 and its metabolic feedback. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Sulyok M, Krska R, Senyuva H. Profiles of fungal metabolites including regulated mycotoxins in individual dried Turkish figs by LC-MS/MS. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:381-387. [PMID: 32671680 PMCID: PMC7536152 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungal metabolites including regulated mycotoxins were identified by a validated LC-MS/MS method in 180 individual Turkish dried figs from 2017 and 2018 harvests. Hand-selected dried figs were subjectively classified based on the extent of fluorescence. Forty-three fungal metabolites including eight EU-regulated mycotoxins were identified and quantified. Figs classified as being uncontaminated mostly did not contain aflatoxins above 1 μg/kg. Despite being "uncontaminated" from an aflatoxin perspective, kojic acid was present in significant quantities with a maximum level of 3750 mg/kg (0.375% w/w) and tenuazonic acid was also found (2 μg/kg to 298 mg/kg) in some figs. Notable in the screening of figs has been the presence of significant amounts of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in figs also containing significant levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is the first time that AFM1 has been reported as naturally occurring in dried figs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Hamide Senyuva
- FoodLife International Ltd., ODTU Teknokent, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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Ye Z, Wang X, Fu R, Yan H, Han S, Gerelt K, Cui P, Chen J, Qi K, Zhou Y. Determination of six groups of mycotoxins in Chinese dark tea and the associated risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114180. [PMID: 32088438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chinese dark tea is widely enjoyed for its multiple health-promoting effects and pleasant taste. However, its production involves fermentation by microbiota in raw tea, some of which are filamentous fungi and thus potential mycotoxin producers. Accordingly, whether mycotoxins pose health risk on dark tea consumption has become a public concern. In this study, a cleaning method of multi-functional column (MFC) and immunoaffinity column (IAC) in tandem combined to HPLC detection was developed and validated for determining ten mycotoxins of six groups (i.e., aflatoxins of B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins of B1, B2, and T-2) in dark teas. The interferences from secondary metabolites were effectively reduced, and the sensitivities and recoveries of the method were qualified for tea matrices. Six groups mycotoxins were determined in 108 samples representing the major Chinese dark teas by using the new method. Subsequently, the dietary exposure and health risks were evaluated for different age and gender groups in Kunming and Pu'er in China and Ulan Bator in Mongolia. The occurrence of zearalenone was 4.63% and that of ochratoxin A was 1.85%, with the other four groups mycotoxins were below the limits of quantification. The hazard index values for the five groups' non-carcinogenic mycotoxins were far below 1.0. The deterministic risk assessment indicated no non-carcinogenic risks for dark tea consumption in the three areas. Probabilistic estimation showed that the maximum value of 95th percentile carcinogenic risk value for the aflatoxins was 2.12 × 10-8, which is far below the acceptable carcinogenic risk level (10-6). Hereby, six groups mycotoxins in Chinese dark tea showed no observed risk concern to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Ruiyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Hangbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Sanqing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Khishigjargal Gerelt
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Pu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Kezong Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, China.
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11
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Yun S, Yoon J, Kim B, Ahn S, Choi K. Purity Assessment of Fumonisin B
1
by Quantitative
1
H NMR Spectroscopy. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Yun
- Department of ChemistryChung‐Ang University Seoul 06974 South Korea
| | - Jeongbin Yoon
- Department of ChemistryChung‐Ang University Seoul 06974 South Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Division of Chemical and Medical MetrologyKorea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon 34113 South Korea
| | - Sangdoo Ahn
- Department of ChemistryChung‐Ang University Seoul 06974 South Korea
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Division of Chemical and Medical MetrologyKorea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon 34113 South Korea
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12
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Potortì AG, Tropea A, Lo Turco V, Pellizzeri V, Belfita A, Dugo G, Di Bella G. Mycotoxins in spices and culinary herbs from Italy and Tunisia. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:167-171. [PMID: 30957566 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1598995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Spices and aromatic herbs can be contaminated with mycotoxins, since of their preharvest, postharvest, and storage conditions. In this study, 112 samples of different spices and aromatic herbs were evaluated for their mycotoxins content by HPLC-MS/MS in order to highlight their possible risk linked with human use. The results showed that mycotoxins were occasionally detected only in samples of coriander, laurel, mint, rosemary, and verbena. In both geographical origins a different contamination was detected. Among the investigated mycotoxins, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, T2 and HT2 were detected, whereas none of the samples contained AFB1 and FB1. The co-occurrence of two toxins were observed for some samples of rosemary and verbena. This study indicates that it is essential minimize the toxins in agriculture, industry, and food-product manufacturing for the consumer health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Tropea
- Ufficio di Trasferimento Tecnologico, Unità Speciale Ricerca Scientifica ed Internazionalizzazione, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Asma Belfita
- APAE Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Monastir, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- BioMorf Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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