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Pham N, Benhammou JN. Statins in Chronic Liver Disease: Review of the Literature and Future Role. Semin Liver Dis 2024. [PMID: 38701856 DOI: 10.1055/a-2319-0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a major contributor to global mortality, morbidity, and healthcare burden. Progress in pharmacotherapeutic for CLD management is lagging given its impact on the global population. While statins are indicated for the management of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease, their role in CLD prevention and treatment is emerging. Beyond their lipid-lowering effects, their liver-related mechanisms of action are multifactorial and include anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and immune-protective effects. In this review, we highlight what is known about the clinical benefits of statins in viral and nonviral etiologies of CLD and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and explore key mechanisms and pathways targeted by statins. While their benefits may span the spectrum of CLD and potentially HCC treatment, their role in CLD chemoprevention is likely to have the largest impact. As emerging data suggest that genetic variants may impact their benefits, the role of statins in precision hepatology will need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Pham
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jihane N Benhammou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Comprehensive Liver Research Center at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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2
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Mysore Y, Hytti M, Deen AJ, Ranta-Aho S, Piippo N, Toppila M, Loukovaara S, Harju N, Kauppinen A. Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and the Effect of Atorvastatin on it in ARPE-19 cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01305-w. [PMID: 38777991 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01305-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) develops after an unsuccessful or complicated recovery from rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery. Intraocular scar formation with the contribution of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in RPE cells is prominent in the pathology of PVR. In the present study, the EMT process was experimentally induced in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE; ARPE-19) cells, and the effect of atorvastatin on the process was studied. The mRNA and protein levels of mesenchymal markers actin alpha 2 (ACTA2) / alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin (FN), and epithelial markers occludin (OCLN) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were measured using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot methods, respectively. In addition, α-SMA and FN were visualized using immunofluorescence staining. Cells were photographed under a phase contrast light microscope. Changes in the functionality of cells following the EMT process were studied using the IncuCyte scratch wound cell migration assay and the collagen cell invasion assay with confocal microscopy. The induction of EMT in ARPE-19 cells increased the expression of mesenchymal markers ACTA2/α-SMA and fibronectin and reduced the expression of epithelial marker OCLN both at mRNA and protein levels. The mRNA levels of ZO-1 were lower after EMT, as well. Increased levels of α-SMA and FN were confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. Atorvastatin further increased the mRNA levels of mesenchymal markers ACTA2 and FN as well as the protein levels of α-SMA and reduced the mRNA levels of epithelial markers OCLN and ZO-1 under the EMT process. EMT promoted wound closure and cell invasion into the 3D collagen matrix when compared to untreated control cells. These data present cellular changes upon the induction of the EMT process in ARPE-19 cells and the propensity of atorvastatin to complement the effect. More studies are needed to confirm the exact influence of the EMT process and atorvastatin treatment on the PVR development after RRD surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashavanthi Mysore
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria Hytti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ashik Jawahar Deen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sofia Ranta-Aho
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Piippo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija Toppila
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sirpa Loukovaara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Unit of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Harju
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Head and Neck Center, Ophthalmology Research Unit, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Dolivo DM, Reed CR, Gargiulo KA, Rodrigues AE, Galiano RD, Mustoe TA, Hong SJ. Anti-fibrotic effects of statin drugs: a review of evidence and mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115644. [PMID: 37321414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological repair process common among organs, that responds to damage by replacement of tissue with non-functional connective tissue. Despite the widespread prevalence of tissue fibrosis, manifesting in numerous disease states across myriad organs, therapeutic modalities to prevent or alleviate fibrosis are severely lacking in quantity and efficacy. Alongside development of new drugs, repurposing of existing drugs may be a complementary strategy to elect anti-fibrotic compounds for pharmacologic treatment of tissue fibrosis. Drug repurposing can provide key advantages to de novo drug discovery, harnessing the benefits of previously elucidated mechanisms of action and already existing pharmacokinetic profiles. One class of drugs a wealth of clinical data and extensively studied safety profiles is the statins, a class of antilipidemic drugs widely prescribed for hypercholesterolemia. In addition to these widely utilized lipid-lowering effects, increasing data from cellular, pre-clinical mammalian, and clinical human studies have also demonstrated that statins are able to alleviate tissue fibrosis originating from a variety of pathological insults via lesser-studied, pleiotropic effects of these drugs. Here we review literature demonstrating evidence for direct effects of statins antagonistic to fibrosis, as well as much of the available mechanistic data underlying these effects. A more complete understanding of the anti-fibrotic effects of statins may enable a clearer picture of their anti-fibrotic potential for various clinical indications. Additionally, more lucid comprehension of the mechanisms by which statins exert anti-fibrotic effects may aid in development of novel therapeutic agents that target similar pathways but with greater specificity or efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Dolivo
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Charlotte R Reed
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Kristine A Gargiulo
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Adrian E Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Robert D Galiano
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Thomas A Mustoe
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Seok Jong Hong
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States.
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Razali RA, Yazid MD, Saim A, Idrus RBH, Lokanathan Y. Approaches in Hydroxytyrosol Supplementation on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in TGFβ1-Induced Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043974. [PMID: 36835384 PMCID: PMC9967984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is an olive polyphenol with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HT treatment on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in primary human respiratory epithelial cells (RECs) isolated from human nasal turbinate. HT dose-response study and growth kinetic study on RECs was performed. Several approaches on HT treatment and TGFβ1 induction with varying durations and methods was studied. RECs morphology and migration ability were evaluated. Vimentin and E-cadherin immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting [E-cadherin, vimentin, SNAIL/SLUG, AKT, phosphorylated (p)AKT, SMAD2/3 and pSMAD2/3] were performed after 72-h treatment. In silico analysis (molecular docking) of HT was performed to evaluate the potential of HT to bind with the TGFβ receptor. The viability of the HT-treated RECs was concentration-dependent, where the median effective concentration (EC50) was 19.04 μg/mL. Testing of the effects of 1 and 10 µg/mL HT revealed that HT suppressed expression of the protein markers vimentin and SNAIL/SLUG while preserving E-cadherin protein expression. Supplementation with HT protected against SMAD and AKT pathway activation in the TGFβ1-induced RECs. Furthermore, HT demonstrated the potential to bind with ALK5 (a TGFβ receptor component) in comparison to oleuropein. TGFβ1-induced EMT in RECs and HT exerted a positive effect in modulating the effects of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabiatul Adawiyah Razali
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Dain Yazid
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin Saim
- Graduate School of Medicine, KPJ Healthcare University College, Kota Seriemas, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Yogeswaran Lokanathan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9145-9590; Fax: +60-3-9145-7678
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The Microbiome in PDAC-Vantage Point for Future Therapies? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235974. [PMID: 36497456 PMCID: PMC9739548 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms have been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of malignant diseases, potentially affecting different hallmarks of cancer. Despite the fact that we have recently gained tremendous insight into the existence and interaction of the microbiome with neoplastic cells, we are only beginning to understand and exploit this knowledge for the treatment of human malignancies. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive solid tumor with limited therapeutic options and a poor long-term survival. Recent data have revealed fascinating insights into the role of the tumoral microbiome in PDAC, with profound implications for survival and potentially therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we outline the current scientific knowledge about the clinical and translational role of the microbiome in PDAC. We describe the microbial compositions in healthy and tumoral pancreatic tissue and point out four major aspects of the microbiome in PDAC: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. However, caution must be drawn to inherent pitfalls in analyzing the intratumoral microbiome. Among others, contamination with environmental microbes is one of the major challenges. To this end, we discuss different decontamination approaches that are crucial for clinicians and scientists alike to foster applicability and physiological relevance in this translational field. Without a definition of an exact and reproducible intratumoral microbial composition, the exploitation of the microbiome as a diagnostic or therapeutic tool remains theoretical.
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Fu A, Yao B, Dong T, Cai S. Emerging roles of intratumor microbiota in cancer metastasis. Trends Cell Biol 2022:S0962-8924(22)00258-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Shahinuzzaman ADA, Kamal AHM, Chakrabarty JK, Rahman A, Chowdhury SM. Identification of Inflammatory Proteomics Networks of Toll-like Receptor 4 through Immunoprecipitation-Based Chemical Cross-Linking Proteomics. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10030031. [PMID: 36136309 PMCID: PMC9506174 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a receptor on an immune cell that can recognize the invasion of bacteria through their attachment with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Hence, LPS is a pro-immune response stimulus. On the other hand, statins are lipid-lowering drugs and can also lower immune cell responses. We used human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells engineered to express HA-tagged TLR-4 upon treatment with LPS, statin, and both statin and LPS to understand the effect of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. We performed a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) of HA-tagged TLR4 and its interacting proteins in the HEK 293 extracted proteins. We utilized an ETD cleavable chemical cross-linker to capture weak and transient interactions with TLR4 protein. We tryptic digested immunoprecipitated and cross-linked proteins on beads, followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of the peptides. Thus, we utilized the label-free quantitation technique to measure the relative expression of proteins between treated and untreated samples. We identified 712 proteins across treated and untreated samples and performed protein network analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software to reveal their protein networks. After filtering and evaluating protein expression, we identified macrophage myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKSL1) and creatine kinase proteins as a potential part of the inflammatory networks of TLR4. The results assumed that MARCKSL1 and creatine kinase proteins might be associated with a statin-induced anti-inflammatory response due to possible interaction with the TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. A. Shahinuzzaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Hena Mostafa Kamal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Advanced Technology Cores, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jayanta K. Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Aurchie Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Saiful M. Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-817-272-5439
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Szlasa W, Kiełbik A, Szewczyk A, Novickij V, Tarek M, Łapińska Z, Saczko J, Kulbacka J, Rembiałkowska N. Atorvastatin Modulates the Efficacy of Electroporation and Calcium Electrochemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011245. [PMID: 34681903 PMCID: PMC8539882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is influenced by the features of the targeted cell membranes, e.g., the cholesterol content and the surface tension of the membrane. The latter is eventually affected by the organization of actin fibers. Atorvastatin is a statin known to influence both the cholesterol content and the organization of actin. This work analyzes the effects of the latter on the efficacy of electroporation of cancer cells. In addition, herein, electroporation was combined with calcium chloride (CaEP) to assess as well the effects of the statin on the efficacy of electrochemotherapy. Cholesterol-rich cell lines MDA-MB231, DU 145, and A375 underwent (1) 48 h preincubation or (2) direct treatment with 50 nM atorvastatin. We studied the impact of the statin on cholesterol and actin fiber organization and analyzed the cells’ membrane permeability. The viability of cells subjected to PEF (pulsed electric field) treatments and CaEP with 5 mM CaCl2 was examined. Finally, to assess the safety of the therapy, we analyzed the N-and E-cadherin localization using confocal laser microscopy. The results of our investigation revealed that depending on the cell line, atorvastatin preincubation decreases the total cholesterol in the steroidogenic cells and induces reorganization of actin nearby the cell membrane. Under low voltage PEFs, actin reorganization is responsible for the increase in the electroporation threshold. However, when subject to high voltage PEF, the lipid composition of the cell membrane becomes the regulatory factor. Namely, preincubation with atorvastatin reduces the cytotoxic effect of low voltage pulses and enhances the cytotoxicity and cellular changes induced by high voltage pulses. The study confirms that the surface tension regulates of membrane permeability under low voltage PEF treatment. Accordingly, to reduce the unfavorable effects of preincubation with atorvastatin, electroporation of steroidogenic cells should be performed at high voltage and combined with a calcium supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Szlasa
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksander Kiełbik
- Medical University Hospital, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (Z.Ł.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Anna Szewczyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (Z.Ł.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 03227 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Mounir Tarek
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Zofia Łapińska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (Z.Ł.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Jolanta Saczko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (Z.Ł.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (Z.Ł.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Nina Rembiałkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (Z.Ł.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-717840692
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MicroRNA-34a Promotes EMT and Liver Fibrosis in Primary Biliary Cholangitis by Regulating TGF- β1/smad Pathway. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6890423. [PMID: 33977112 PMCID: PMC8087466 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6890423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune cholestatic liver disease. We found microRNA-34a (miR-34a), as the downstream gene of p53, was overexpressed in some of fibrogenic diseases. In this study, we sought to explore whether miR-34a plays a role in the fibrosis of PBC. Methods The peripheral blood of PBC patients and controls was collected to analyze the level of miR-34a. Human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (HIBEC) were cultured. The expression of miR-34a was regulated by miR-34a mimics and inhibitor. The biomarkers of epithelium-mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibrogenesis, inflammation, and transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1/smad pathway were analyzed. Results We found that miR-34a was overexpressed in the peripheral blood in PBC patients. In vitro, overexpressed miR-34a increased the EMT and fibrogenesis activity of HIBEC. Transforming growth factor-beta type 1 receptor (TβR1), TGF-β1, and p-smad2/3 were upregulated by miR-34a. Inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and IL-17 were also upregulated. Finally, we showed that miR-34a promoted EMT and liver fibrosis in PBC by targeting the TGF-β1/smad pathway antagonist transforming growth factor-beta-induced factor homeobox 2 (TGIF2). Conclusions Our findings show that miR-34a plays an important role in the EMT and fibrosis of PBC through the TGF-β1/smad pathway by targeting TGIF2. This study suggests that miR-34a may be a new marker of fibrogenesis in PBC. Inhibition of miR-34a may be a promising strategy in treating PBC and improving the prognosis of the disease.
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Li Z, Paulin D, Lacolley P, Coletti D, Agbulut O. Vimentin as a target for the treatment of COVID-19. BMJ Open Respir Res 2020; 7:7/1/e000623. [PMID: 32913008 PMCID: PMC7482103 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others propose vimentin as a possible cellular target for the treatment of COVID-19. This innovative idea is so recent that it requires further attention and debate. The significant role played by vimentin in virus-induced infection however is well established: (1) vimentin has been reported as a co-receptor and/or attachment site for SARS-CoV; (2) vimentin is involved in viral replication in cells; (3) vimentin plays a fundamental role in both the viral infection and the consequent explosive immune-inflammatory response and (4) a lower vimentin expression is associated with the inhibition of epithelial to mesenchymal transition and fibrosis. Moreover, the absence of vimentin in mice makes them resistant to lung injury. Since vimentin has a twofold role in the disease, not only being involved in the viral infection but also in the associated life-threatening lung inflammation, the use of vimentin-targeted drugs may offer a synergistic advantage as compared with other treatments not targeting vimentin. Consequently, we speculate here that drugs which decrease the expression of vimentin can be used for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 and advise that several Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs be immediately tested in clinical trials against SARS-CoV-2, thus broadening therapeutic options for this type of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Li
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm U1164, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Denise Paulin
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm U1164, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Lacolley
- Inserm, UMR_S 1116, DCAC, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, Lorraine, France
| | - Dario Coletti
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm U1164, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France.,Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine & Orthopedics, Histology & Medical Embryology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm U1164, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
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Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165786. [PMID: 32806665 PMCID: PMC7460823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities and human cells, through a dynamic crosstalk, maintain a mutualistic relationship that contributes to the maintenance of cellular metabolism and of the immune and neuronal systems. This dialogue normally occurs through the production and regulation of hormonal intermediates, metabolites, secondary metabolites, proteins, and toxins. When the balance between host and microbiota is compromised, the dynamics of this relationship change, creating favorable conditions for the development of diseases, including cancers. Microbiome metabolites can be important modulators of the tumor microenvironment contributing to regulate inflammation, proliferation, and cell death, in either a positive or negative way. Recent studies also highlight the involvement of microbiota metabolites in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, thus favoring the setup of the metastatic niche. An investigation of microbe-derived metabolites in "liquid" human samples, such as plasma, serum, and urine, provide further information to clarify the relationship between host and microbiota.
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12
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Jiang Y, Chen X, Fu S. Advances in the Correlation between Intestinal Microbiota and Breast Cancer Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2020.1112066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Chakrabarty JK, Kamal AHM, Shahinuzzaman ADA, Chowdhury SM. Proteomics Network Analysis of Polarized Macrophages. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2184:61-75. [PMID: 32808218 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0802-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a critical role in innate immunity through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are a ligand of microbial origin that can trigger cell signaling in macrophages through TLRs and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Statin, a hypercholesterolemia drug, on the contrary, can reduce inflammatory cytokine production, and inflammation at large. Discovery-based quantitative proteomics is a useful method for unraveling complex protein networks and inter-protein interactions. Here, we describe protocols for studying the inflammatory proteomics network in RAW 264.7 cells (a model murine macrophage cell line) with the singular or sequential treatment of LPS and statin. We provide detailed protocols, including a quantitative proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry data, a protein network analysis by bioinformatics, and a validation of target through biochemical methods (e.g., immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, gene silencing, and real-time PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta K Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Abu Hena Mostafa Kamal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - A D A Shahinuzzaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Saiful M Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
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Ding YF, Peng ZX, Ding L, Peng YR. Baishouwu Extract Suppresses the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:389. [PMID: 31068809 PMCID: PMC6491767 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The root of Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight, known as Baishouwu, has been widely used for a tonic supplement since ancient times. The current study was performed to explore the effect of Baishouwu extract on the development of experimental hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the potential mechanism involved. Methods: Rats were injected diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to initiate the multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. Animals were treated concurrently with Baishouwu extract given daily by oral gavage for 20 weeks to evaluate its protective effects. Time series sera and organ samples from each group were collected to evaluate the effect of Baishouwu extract on hepatic carcinogenesis. Results: It was found that Baishouwu extract pretreatment successfully attenuated liver injury induced by DEN, as shown by decreased levels of serum biochemical indicators (AST, ALT, ALP, TP, and T-BIL). Administration of Baishouwu extract inhibited the fibrosis-related index in serum and live tissue, respectively from inflammation stage to HCC stage after DEN treatment. It significantly reduced the incidence and multiplicity of DEN-induced HCC development in a dose-dependent manner. Macroscopic and microscopic features suggested that pretreatment with Baishouwu extract for 20 weeks was effective in inhibiting DEN-induced inflammation, liver fibrosis, and HCC. Furthermore, TLR4 overexpression induced by DEN was decreased by Baishouwu extract, leading to the markedly down-regulated levels of MyD88, TRAF6, NF-κB p65, TGF-β1 and α-SMA in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocarcinoma. Conclusion: In conclusion, Baishouwu extract exhibited potent effect on the development of HCC by altering TLR4/MyD88/ NF-κB signaling pathway in the sequence of hepatic inflammation-fibrosis-cancer, which provided novel insights into the mechanism of Baishouwu extract as a candidate for the pretreatment of HCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Fang Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Peng
- Third College of Clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Lan Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Suzhou Wuzhong People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun-Ru Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Tang YM, Yu HY. Progress in research of mechanism of biliary epithelial cell injury in primary biliary cholangitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:36-42. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by chronic biliary cholestasis and progressive intrahepatic and small bile duct non- suppurative inflammation with early infiltration of inflammatory cells around biliary epithelial cells (BECs). BECs lining the bile duct express multiple receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns and can activate intracellular signaling pathways and participate in immune regulation. The etiology and pathogenesis of PBC are not fully understood yet, but the key step found in its pathogenesis is the targeted destruction of biliary cells. Since bile duct epithelial cells participate in a series of intrahepatic immune regulation processes, bile duct epithelial cell injury is an important mechanism involved in the development of intrahepatic inflammation in PBC. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of BEC injury can help us find some new targets for the treatment of PBC. This article briefly reviews the progress in the research of mechanism of biliary epithelial cell injury in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Mei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
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Toll-like receptor 4 shRNA attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1210-1217. [PMID: 30257335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (IBECs) of the bile duct in liver tissue of patients with hepatolithiasis promoted the development of diseases through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This study investigated whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell-wall constituent of gram-negative bacteria, could induce EMT of IBECs and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) had a regulatory role via activating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/Snail signaling pathway during this process in vivo. METHODS TLR4 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) adenovirus or negative control shRNA (NC shRNA) adenovirus (1 × 109 plaque-forming unit (PFU), respectively) was injected into the caudal vein of rats. After 96 h, 1 mg/kg LPS was infused retrogradely into the common bile duct for 48 h per rat. The effects of TLR4 shRNA on LPS-induced EMT were determined by evaluating the histopathological changes in IBECs using hematoxylin and eosin staining and the changes in the levels of EMT markers, TLR4, NF-κB p65, pNF-κB p65, and Snail using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Compared with normal saline treatment, a loss of epithelial cell markers (E-cadherin and cytokeratin 7) and a gain of mesenchymal cell markers (N-cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase 2) were revealed. The levels of TLR4, NF-κB phosphorylation, and Snail significantly increased after LPS treatment, whereas pretreatment with TLR4 shRNA inhibited the LPS-induced EMT by downregulating the NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS LPS induced the EMT of IBECs by activating TLR4. The RNAi-mediated knockdown of TLR4 suppressed EMT occurrence via downregulating the NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway, implicating TLR4 as a new target for human hepatolithiasis.
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Kagbo-Kue S, Ajose T, Bakinde N. Aspirin inhibited the metastasis of colon cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of toll-like receptor 4. Cell Biosci 2018; 8:36. [PMID: 29942487 PMCID: PMC5963149 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suaka Kagbo-Kue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Taiwo Ajose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Nicolas Bakinde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
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18
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Ning X, Zhang K, Wu Q, Liu M, Sun S. Emerging role of Twist1 in fibrotic diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:1383-1391. [PMID: 29314610 PMCID: PMC5824384 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a pathological process that occurs in a variety of diseases, including organ fibrosis. Twist1, a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor, is involved in EMT and plays significant roles in various fibrotic diseases. Suppression of the EMT process represents a promising approach for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. In this review, we discuss the roles and the underlying molecular mechanisms of Twist1 in fibrotic diseases, including those affecting kidney, lung, skin, oral submucosa and other tissues. We aim at providing new insight into the pathogenesis of various fibrotic diseases and facilitating the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Ning
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingfeng Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minna Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiren Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Hu Y, Lou J, Mao YY, Lai TW, Liu LY, Zhu C, Zhang C, Liu J, Li YY, Zhang F, Li W, Ying SM, Chen ZH, Shen HH. Activation of MTOR in pulmonary epithelium promotes LPS-induced acute lung injury. Autophagy 2016; 12:2286-2299. [PMID: 27658023 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1230584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin [serine/threonine kinase]) plays a crucial role in many major cellular processes including metabolism, proliferation and macroautophagy/autophagy induction, and is also implicated in a growing number of proliferative and metabolic diseases. Both MTOR and autophagy have been suggested to be involved in lung disorders, however, little is known about the role of MTOR and autophagy in pulmonary epithelium in the context of acute lung injury (ALI). In the present study, we observed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation induced MTOR phosphorylation and decreased the expression of MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β)-II, a hallmark of autophagy, in mouse lung epithelium and in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. The activation of MTOR in HBE cells was mediated by TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4) signaling. Genetic knockdown of MTOR or overexpression of autophagy-related proteins significantly attenuated, whereas inhibition of autophagy further augmented, LPS-induced expression of IL6 (interleukin 6) and IL8, through NFKB signaling in HBE cells. Mice with specific knockdown of Mtor in bronchial or alveolar epithelial cells exhibited significantly attenuated airway inflammation, barrier disruption, and lung edema, and displayed prolonged survival in response to LPS exposure. Taken together, our results demonstrate that activation of MTOR in the epithelium promotes LPS-induced ALI, likely through downregulation of autophagy and the subsequent activation of NFKB. Thus, inhibition of MTOR in pulmonary epithelial cells may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing ALI induced by certain bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jian Lou
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Mao
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Tian-Wen Lai
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Li-Yao Liu
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Chen Zhu
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Chao Zhang
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Juan Liu
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yu-Yan Li
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Fan Zhang
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Wen Li
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Song-Min Ying
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Zhi-Hua Chen
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Hua-Hao Shen
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China.,b State Key Lab of Respiratory Diseases , Guangzhou , China
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