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Mohammed AQI, Berman L, Staroselsky M, Wenn P, Hai O, Makaryus AN, Zeltser R. Clinical Presentation and Risk Stratification of Pulmonary Embolism. Int J Angiol 2024; 33:82-88. [PMID: 38846996 PMCID: PMC11152639 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) presents with a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic cases to life-threatening events. Common symptoms include sudden dyspnea, chest pain, limb swelling, syncope, and hemoptysis. Clinical presentation varies based on thrombus burden, demographics, and time to presentation. Diagnostic evaluation involves assessing symptoms, physical examination findings, and utilizing laboratory tests, including D-dimer. Risk stratification using tools like Wells score, Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index, and Hestia criteria aids in determining the severity of PE. PE is categorized based on hemodynamic status, temporal patterns, and anatomic locations of emboli to guide in making treatment decisions. Risk stratification plays a crucial role in directing management strategies, with elderly and comorbid individuals at higher risk. Early identification and appropriate risk stratification are essential for effective management of PE. As we delve into this review article, we aim to enhance the knowledge base surrounding PE, contributing to improved patient outcomes through informed decision-making in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorin Berman
- Department of Cardiology, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY
| | - Mark Staroselsky
- Department of Cardiology, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY
| | - Peter Wenn
- Department of Cardiology, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY
| | - Ofek Hai
- Department of Cardiology, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY
| | - Amgad N. Makaryus
- Department of Cardiology, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY
- Department of Cardiology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Roman Zeltser
- Department of Cardiology, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY
- Department of Cardiology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
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Xiong W, Zhao Y, Cheng Y, Du H, Sun J, Wang Y, Xu M, Guo X. Comparison of VTE risk scores in guidelines for VTE diagnosis in nonsurgical hospitalized patients with suspected VTE. Thromb J 2023; 21:8. [PMID: 36658654 PMCID: PMC9850809 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-023-00450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of VTE likelihood with VTE risk scores is essential prior to imaging examinations during VTE diagnostic procedure. Little is known with respect to the disparity of predictive power for VTE diagnosis among VTE risk scores in guidelines for nonsurgical hospitalized patients with clinically suspected VTE. METHODS A retrospective study was performed to compare the predictive power for VTE diagnosis among the Wells, Geneva, YEARS, PERC, Padua, and IMPROVE scores in the leading authoritative guidelines in nonsurgical hospitalized patients with suspected VTE. RESULTS Among 3168 nonsurgical hospitalized patients with suspected VTE, VTE was finally excluded in 2733(86.3%) ones, whereas confirmed in 435(13.7%) ones. The sensitivity and specificity resulted from the Wells, Geneva, YEARS, PERC, Padua, and IMPROVE scores were (90.3%, 49.8%), (88.7%, 53.6%), (73.8%, 50.2%), (97.7%,16.9%), (80.9%, 44.0%), and (78.2%, 47.0%), respectively. The YI were 0.401, 0.423, 0.240, 0.146, 0.249, and 0.252 for the Wells, Geneva, YEARS, PERC, Padua, and IMPROVE scores, respectively. The C-index were 0.694(0.626-0.762), 0.697(0.623-0.772), 0.602(0.535-0.669), 0.569(0.486-0.652), 0.607(0.533-0.681), and 0.609(0.538-0.680) for the Wells, Geneva, YEARS, PERC, Padua, and IMPROVE scores, respectively. Consistency was significant in the pairwise comparison of Wells vs Geneva(Kappa 0.753, P = 0.565), YEARS vs Padua(Kappa 0.816, P = 0.565), YEARS vs IMPROVE(Kappa 0.771, P = 0.645), and Padua vs IMPROVE(Kappa 0.789, P = 0.812), whereas it did not present in the other pairs. The YI was improved to 0.304, 0.272, and 0.264 for the PERC(AUC 0.631[0.547-0.714], P = 0.006), Padua(AUC 0.613[0.527-0.700], P = 0.017), and IMPROVE(AUC 0.614[0.530-0.698], P = 0.016), with a revised cutoff of 5 or less, 6 or more, and 4 or more denoting the VTE-likely, respectively. CONCLUSIONS For nonsurgical hospitalized patients with suspected VTE, the Geneva and Wells scores perform best, the PERC scores performs worst despite its significantly high sensitivity, whereas the others perform intermediately, albeit the absolute predictive power of all isolated scores are mediocre. The predictive power of the PERC, Padua, and IMPROVE scores are improved with revised cutoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- grid.459502.fDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pudong New District, Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - He Du
- grid.412532.3Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyuan Sun
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yanmin Wang
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of General Practice, North Bund Community Health Service Center, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejun Guo
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092 China
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Karny-Epstein N, Abuhasira R, Grossman A. Current use of D-dimer for the exclusion of venous thrombosis in hospitalized patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12376. [PMID: 35859105 PMCID: PMC9300739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
D-dimer assay’s utility for excluding venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients is debatable. We aimed to assess the current use of D-dimer as a diagnostic tool for excluding VTE in hospitalized patients and examine a mandatory age-adjusted D-dimer (AADD) threshold for diagnostic imaging. Retrospective cohort study between 2014 to 2019 that included patients from medical and surgical wards with a positive AADD result drawn during their hospitalization. The outcomes were determining a D-dimer threshold requiring further evaluation and assessing the prognostic value of D-dimer in predicting clinically relevant VTE in hospitalized patients. The cohort included 354 patients, 56% of them underwent definitive diagnostic imaging, and 7.6% were diagnosed with VTE after a positive AADD within 90 days of follow-up. Mortality rates were higher in patients diagnosed with VTE (33.3% vs. 15.9%, p = 0.03). Patients with pneumonia and other infectious etiologies were less likely to be further evaluated by definitive imaging (p = 0.001). Patients with a respiratory complaint (p = 0.02), chest pain (p < 0.001), or leg swelling (p = 0.01) were more likely to undergo diagnostic imaging. Patients with D-dimer levels > X2 the AADD were at increased risk of VTE [OR 3.87 (1.45–10.27)]. At 90 days of follow-up, no excess mortality was observed for patients without diagnostic evaluation following elevated AADD. D-dimer may be used in hospitalized patients to exclude VTE using the traditional AADD thresholds, with a high negative predictive value. D-dimer levels > X2 the AADD usually mandates further diagnostic imaging, while lower levels, probably do not require additional workup, with a sensitivity of almost 80% and no excess mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Karny-Epstein
- Internal Medicine B, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Jabotinsky 39 St., Petah-Tikva, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ran Abuhasira
- Internal Medicine B, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Jabotinsky 39 St., Petah-Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Grossman
- Internal Medicine B, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Jabotinsky 39 St., Petah-Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Quezada-Feijoo M, Ramos M, Lozano-Montoya I, Sarró M, Cabo Muiños V, Ayala R, Gómez-Pavón FJ, Toro R. Elderly Population with COVID-19 and the Accuracy of Clinical Scales and D-Dimer for Pulmonary Embolism: The OCTA-COVID Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5433. [PMID: 34830715 PMCID: PMC8619636 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elderly COVID-19 patients have a high risk of pulmonary embolism (PE), but factors that predict PE are unknown in this population. This study assessed the Wells and revised Geneva scoring systems as predictors of PE and their relationships with D-dimer (DD) in this population. METHODS This was a longitudinal, observational study that included patients ≥75 years old with COVID-19 and suspected PE. The performances of the Wells score, revised Geneva score and DD levels were assessed. The combinations of the DD level and the clinical scales were evaluated using positive rules for higher specificity. RESULTS Among 305 patients included in the OCTA-COVID study cohort, 50 had suspected PE based on computed tomography pulmonary arteriography (CTPA), and the prevalence was 5.6%. The frequencies of PE in the low-, intermediate- and high-probability categories were 5.9%, 88.2% and 5.9% for the Geneva model and 35.3%, 58.8% and 5.9% for the Wells model, respectively. The DD median was higher in the PE group (4.33 mg/L; interquartile range (IQR) 2.40-7.17) than in the no PE group (1.39 mg/L; IQR 1.01-2.75) (p < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) for DD was 0.789 (0.652-0.927). After changing the cutoff point for DD to 4.33 mg/L, the specificity increased from 42.5% to 93.9%. CONCLUSIONS The cutoff point DD > 4.33 mg/L has an increased specificity, which can discriminate false positives. The addition of the DD and the clinical probability scales increases the specificity and negative predictive value, which helps to avoid unnecessary invasive tests in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Quezada-Feijoo
- Cardiology Departament, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, C/Reina Victoria, 24, 28003 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (R.A.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Avda. De la Universidad, 1, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-M.); (F.J.G.-P.)
| | - Mónica Ramos
- Cardiology Departament, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, C/Reina Victoria, 24, 28003 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (R.A.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Avda. De la Universidad, 1, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-M.); (F.J.G.-P.)
| | - Isabel Lozano-Montoya
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Avda. De la Universidad, 1, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-M.); (F.J.G.-P.)
- Geriatric Departament, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, C/Reina Victoria, 24, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Sarró
- Radiology Departament, Hospital Central de La Cruz Roja, C/Reina Victoria, 24, 28003 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Verónica Cabo Muiños
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, C/Reina Victoria, 24, 28003 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rocío Ayala
- Cardiology Departament, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, C/Reina Victoria, 24, 28003 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (R.A.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Avda. De la Universidad, 1, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-M.); (F.J.G.-P.)
| | - Francisco J. Gómez-Pavón
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Avda. De la Universidad, 1, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-M.); (F.J.G.-P.)
- Geriatric Departament, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, C/Reina Victoria, 24, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Toro
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Av/Ana de Viya 21, 11009 Cádiz, Spain;
- Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Cádiz University, Edificio Andrés Segovia 30 Floor, C/Dr Marañón S/N, 21001 Cádiz, Spain
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Chen X, Liu X, Liu J, Zhang D. Pulmonary embolism secondary to deep venous thrombosis: A retrospective and observational study for clinical characteristics and risk stratification. Phlebology 2021; 36:627-635. [PMID: 33757375 DOI: 10.1177/0268355521990964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk factors, predilection sites in pulmonary embolism (PE) patients caused by deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and explore the value of scoring systems in assessing the risk of PE in DVT patients. METHODS A total of 692 DVT patients were enrolled, and divided into no pulmonary embolism (NPE, 226, 32.66%), silent pulmonary embolism (SPE, 330, 47.67%) and featuring pulmonary embolism (FPE, 136, 19.65%) groups. For each group, the differences of clinical data and PE locations were compared, and the risk factors of PE secondary to DVT were analyzed. The predictive value of the scoring system for the diagnosis of PE and FPE was evaluated. RESULTS PE presented more in the bilateral pulmonary arteries (PAs) (249, 53.43%) and has no significant difference in PESI scores in different locations. Gender, DVT locations, and previous surgery were the independent risk factors of PE. DVT locations, previous history of COPD, and previous surgical interventions were the independent risk factors of FPE. The results for areas under the ROC curves were: AUC(Wells) = 0.675, AUC (Revised Geneva) = 0.601, AUC(D-dimer) = 0.595 in the PE group; AUC(Wells) = 0.722, AUC (Revised Geneva) = 0.643, AUC(D-dimer) = 0.557 in the FPE group. CONCLUSIONS PE secondary to DVT mostly occurs in the bilateral PAs. Male gender, DVT locations, and previous surgery increased the risk of PE. The Wells scoring system was more advantageous for evaluating the diagnosis of PE in patients with DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xian Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinglun Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Lei M, Liu C, Luo Z, Xu Z, Jiang Y, Lin J, Wang C, Jiang D. Diagnostic management of inpatients with a positive D-dimer test: developing a new clinical decision-making rule for pulmonary embolism. Pulm Circ 2021; 11:2045894020943378. [PMID: 33456753 PMCID: PMC7797584 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020943378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A positive D-dimer test has high sensitivity but relatively poor specificity
for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, causing difficulty for clinicians
unskilled in pulmonary embolism diagnosis in determining whether a patient
with a positive D-dimer test needs to undergo computed tomographic pulmonary
angiography. Objectives We sought to develop a new clinical decision-making rule based on a positive
D-dimer result to predict the probability of pulmonary embolism and to guide
clinicians in making decisions regarding the need for computed tomographic
pulmonary angiography. Methods We conducted a prospective, multicenter study in three hospitals in China. A
total of 3014 inpatients with positive D-dimer results were included. In the
derivation group, we built a multivariate logistic regression model and
deduced a regression equation from which our score was derived. Finally, we
validated the score in an independent cohort. Results Our score included nine variables (points): chest pain (1.4), chest tightness
(2.3), shortness of breath (3.6), hemoptysis (3.4), heart rate ≥100
beats/min (3.6), blood gas analysis (2.9), electrocardiogram presenting a
typical S1Q3T3 pattern (4.1), electrocardiogram findings (2.4), and
ultrasonic cardiogram findings (3.7). The sensitivities and specificities
were 100% and 86.94%, respectively, in the derivation group and 100% and
90.82%, respectively, in the validation group. Additionally, the observed
and predicted proportions of patients who underwent computed tomographic
pulmonary angiography were 16.82% and 10.76%, respectively, in the
derivation group and 18.72% and 11.40%, respectively, in the validation
group. Conclusions The new score can categorize inpatients with a positive D-dimer test as
pulmonary embolism-likely or pulmonary embolism-unlikely, thus reducing
unnecessary computed tomographic pulmonary angiography examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lei
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Fuling Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Respiratory medicine, The Second Clinical Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuang Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Clinical Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Zhibo Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu City, Chengdu, China
| | - Youfan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory medicine, The Second Clinical Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiachen Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu City, Chengdu, China
| | - Chu Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Clinical Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Depeng Jiang
- Department of Respiratory medicine, The Second Clinical Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Coelho J, Divernet-Queriaud M, Roy PM, Penaloza A, Le Gal G, Trinh-Duc A. Comparison of the Wells score and the revised Geneva score as a tool to predict pulmonary embolism in outpatients over age 65. Thromb Res 2020; 196:120-126. [PMID: 32862033 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TITLE Comparison of the Wells score and the revised Geneva score as a tool to predict pulmonary embolism in outpatients over 65 years of age. INTRODUCTION The incidence and mortality of pulmonary embolism (PE) is high in the elderly. The Wells score (SW) and the revised Geneva score (RGS) have been validated in patient populations with a large age range. The aim of this study was to compare the predictive accuracy of these two scores in diagnosis of PE in patients over 65 years of age. METHOD A prospective multicentre study (nine French and three Belgian centres) was conducted at the same time as the PERCEPIC study. A total of 1757 patients admitted with suspected PE were included and divided into two groups according to age (≥65 years or <65 years). The pre-test probability of PE was assessed prospectively for the RGS. The SW was calculated retrospectively. The predictive accuracy of the two scores was compared by the area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curves. RESULTS The overall prevalence of PE was 11.3%. The prevalence among patients aged ≥65 in the low, moderate and high pre-test probability groups, evaluated using the WS and was respectively 13.5% (CI 95%: CI 9.9-17.3), 28.2% (CI 22.1-34.3), 50% (CI 26-74) and 8.1% (CI 3.2-12.9), 22.3% (CI 18.2-26.3), 43.7% (CI 25.6-61.9) using the RGS. The AUC for the WS and RGS for patients aged ≥65 was 0.632 (CI 0.574-0.691) and 0.610 (CI 0.555-0.666). The difference between the AUCs was not statistically significant (p = .441). CONCLUSION In the population for this study, the WS and RGS have the same PE diagnostic accuracy in patients over age 65. This result should be validated in a prospective study that directly compares these scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Coelho
- Centre Hospitalier d'Agen-Nérac, Site St Esprit, 21 route de Villeneuve, 47923 Agen, France.
| | | | - Pierre-Marie Roy
- Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers, Institut Mitovasc, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Andréa Penaloza
- Emergency Department, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Grégoire Le Gal
- Division of Hematology-Thrombosis Program, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Albert Trinh-Duc
- Centre Hospitalier d'Agen-Nérac, Site St Esprit, 21 route de Villeneuve, 47923 Agen, France
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Patel H, Sun H, Hussain AN, Vakde T. Advances in the Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism: A Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E365. [PMID: 32498355 PMCID: PMC7345080 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) is increasing. The increase in suspicion for VTE has lowered the threshold for performing imaging studies to confirm diagnosis of VTE. However, only 20% of suspected cases have a confirmed diagnosis of VTE. Development of pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) and update in pre-test probability have changed the paradigm of ruling-out patient with low index of suspicion. The D-dimer test in conjunction to the pre-test probability has been utilized in VTE diagnosis. The age appropriate D-dimer cutoff and inclusion of YEARS algorithm (signs of the DVT, hemoptysis and whether PE is the likely diagnosis) for the D-dimer cutoff have been recent updates in the evaluation of suspected PE. Multi-detector computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and compression ultrasound (CUS) are the preferred imaging modality to diagnose PE and DVT respectively. The VTE diagnostic algorithm do differ in pregnant individuals. The prerequisite of avoiding excessive radiation has recruited planar ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan as preferred in pregnant patients to evaluate for PE. The modification of CUS protocol with addition of the Valsalva maneuver should be performed while evaluating DVT in pregnant individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Patel
- Department of Medicine, BronxCare Hospital Center a Clinical Affiliate of Mt Sinai Health Systems and Academic affiliate of Icahn School of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10457, USA; (H.S.); (A.N.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Haozhe Sun
- Department of Medicine, BronxCare Hospital Center a Clinical Affiliate of Mt Sinai Health Systems and Academic affiliate of Icahn School of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10457, USA; (H.S.); (A.N.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Ali N. Hussain
- Department of Medicine, BronxCare Hospital Center a Clinical Affiliate of Mt Sinai Health Systems and Academic affiliate of Icahn School of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10457, USA; (H.S.); (A.N.H.); (T.V.)
| | - Trupti Vakde
- Department of Medicine, BronxCare Hospital Center a Clinical Affiliate of Mt Sinai Health Systems and Academic affiliate of Icahn School of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10457, USA; (H.S.); (A.N.H.); (T.V.)
- Division of the Pulmonary and Critical Care, BronxCare Hospital Center a Clinical Affiliate of Mt Sinai Health Systems and Academic Affiliate of Icahn School of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10457, USA
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Stals MAM, Klok FA, Huisman MV. Diagnostic management of acute pulmonary embolism in special populations. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:729-736. [DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1753505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milou A. M. Stals
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frederikus A. Klok
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno V. Huisman
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Zhao B, Hao B, Xu H, Premaratne S, Zhang J, Jiao L, Zhang W, Wang S, Su X, Sun L, Yao J, Yu Y, Yang T. Predictive Model for Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with Deep Vein Thrombosis. Ann Vasc Surg 2020; 66:334-343. [PMID: 31911130 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To develop and verify a risk predictive model/scoring system for pulmonary embolism (PE) among hospitalized patients with deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities (LDVT). METHODS 776 patients with LDVT were enrolled in a case-control study between January 2016 and June 2017 from the Vascular Surgery Department of Shanxi Dayi Hospital, China. They were randomly divided into development (543 patients, 70%) and validation (233 patients, 30%) databases. Based on the results of pulmonary computed tomography arteriography, patients were divided into 2 categories; those with PE were designated as the case group, whereas those without comprised the controls. A logistic regression model and scoring system for PE in patients with LDVT was established in the development database and verified in the validation database. Scoring system (Shanxi Dayi Hospital score [SDH score]) was tabulated as follows: right lower extremity or bilateral lower extremities, 1; surgery or immobilization, 1; malignant tumor, 1; history of venous thromboembolism (VTE), 2; D-dimer >1,000 ng/mL, 2; and unprovoked, 2. Calibration and discrimination of the model were assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Wells score, the Revised Geneva score, and the SDH score for predictive value of PE by AUC in the validation database were compared. RESULTS 776 patients with LDVT were divided into 2 risk categories based on the scores from the risk model as follows: PE unlikely (score <3) and PE likely (score ≥3). Sensitivity, specificity, and crude agreement of the SDH score in the development database were 76.39%, 55.89%, and 61.33%, respectively. In the validation database, the logistic regression model showed good calibration and discriminative power. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test P value was >0.05, and the AUC was 0.705 (95% CI: 0.634-0.776, P < 0.001). The SDH score also showed good discriminative power, and the AUC was 0.702 (95% CI: 0.631-0.774, P < 0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, and crude agreement of the SDH score in the validation database were 67.61%, 61.73%, and 63.52%, respectively. AUC for the Wells score and the Revised Geneva score was 0.611 (95% CI: 0.533-0.688, P = 0.007) and 0.585 (95% CI: 0.503-0.666, P = 0.040), respectively. Difference of the AUC was not statistically significant between the Wells score and the SDH score (0.611 vs. 0.702, P = 0.059) but was so between the Revised Geneva score and the SDH score (0.585 vs. 0.702, P = 0.016). Sensitivity of the Wells score, Revised Geneva score, and the SDH score (64.79%, 67.61% vs. 67.61%) was not statistically significant. However, the specificity of the Wells score and Revised Geneva score was significantly lower than that of the SDH score (48.77%, 39.51% vs. 61.73%). CONCLUSIONS Our logistic regression model and the SDH score based on 7 risk factors as right lower extremity, bilateral lower extremities, unprovoked, surgery or immobilization, malignant tumor, history of VTE, and D-dimer>1,000 ng/mL showed good calibration and discriminative power for the assessment of PE risk in patients with LDVT. The SDH score is more specific for PE prediction in the Chinese population, compared with the Wells score and the Revised Geneva score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binliang Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Bin Hao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Shyamal Premaratne
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Le Jiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Wenpei Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Shengquan Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Xudong Su
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China.
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Hadžić R, Maksimović Ž, Stajić M, Lončar-Stojiljković D. D-dimer: A role in ruling out pulmonary embolism in an emergency care department. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2020. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed51-25479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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12
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Panic D, Todorovic A, Stanojevic M, Cupic VI. Wells’ Score in Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism in Patient with Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2017-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Current diagnostic workup of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE) usually starts with the assessment of clinical pretest probability, using clinical prediction rules and plasma D-dimer measurement. Although an accurate diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients is thus of crucial importance, the diagnostic management of suspected PE is still challenging.
A 60-year-old man with chest pain and expectoration of blood was admitted to the Department of Cardiology, General Hospital in Cuprija, Serbia. After physical examination and laboratory analyses, the diagnosis of Right side pleuropne monia and acute pulmonary embolism was established. Clinically, patient was hemodynamically stable, auscultative slightly weaker respiratory sound right basal, without pretibial edema. Laboratory: C-reactive protein (CRP) 132.9 mg/L, Leukocytes (Le) 18.9x109/L, Erythrocytes (Er) 3.23x1012/L, Haemoglobin (Hgb) 113 g/L, Platelets (Plt) 79x109/L, D-dimer 35.2. On the third day after admission, D-dimer was increased and platelet count was decreased (Plt up to 62x109/L). According to Wells’ rules, score was 2.5 (without symptoms on admission), a normal clinical finding with clinical manifestation of hemoptysis and chest pain, which represents the intermediate level of clinical probability of PE. After the recidive of PE, Wells’ score was 6.5. In summary, this study suggests that Wells’ score, based on a patient’s risk for pulmonary embolism, is a valuable guidance for decision-making in combination with knowledge and experience of clinicians. Clinicians should use validated clinical prediction rules to estimate pretest probability in patients in whom acute PE is being consiered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Panic
- Department of Cardiology , General Hospital Cuprija , Cuprija , Serbia
| | - Andreja Todorovic
- Department of Cardiology , General Hospital Cuprija , Cuprija , Serbia
| | | | - Violeta Iric Cupic
- Department of Internal medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Clinical Center Kragujevac , Serbia
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Nagel SN, Steffen IG, Schwartz S, Hamm B, Elgeti T. Age-dependent diagnostic accuracy of clinical scoring systems and D-dimer levels in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). Eur Radiol 2019; 29:4563-4571. [PMID: 30783786 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-019-06039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the age-dependent diagnostic performance of clinical scores and D-dimer testing to identify patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS Consecutive patients with suspected PE referred from the emergency department for computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) were retrospectively evaluated. Diagnostic scores (classic Wells score (WS), modified WS, simplified WS, revised Geneva score (GS), simplified GS, and YEARS score) were calculated from medical records. Results of D-dimer testing were retrieved from the laboratory database. CTPA was the diagnostic reference standard. Four age groups were analyzed (< 50, 50-64, 65-74, and ≥ 75 years). Statistical analysis used receiver operating characteristics as well as uni- and multivariate analyses with calculation of prediction models. The study was IRB approved. RESULTS One thousand consecutive patients were included. Areas under the curve (AUC) and accuracies were superior in patients < 50 years. For the classic WS, the AUC decreased by 11% with the optimal cutoff dropping 1.5 points in patients ≥ 75 years; for D-dimer levels, the optimal cutoff was 900 μg/L higher in both ≥ 65 years groups with a max. decrease of the AUC of 9%. In terms of accuracy, the YEARS score performed best across all groups. Classic WS and D-dimer level showed a significant interaction with patient age in prediction models. CONCLUSION D-dimer measurement and clinical scores perform best in patients < 50 years. The YEARS score performs best across all age groups and is therefore recommended. KEY POINTS • The probability of pulmonary embolism predicted by fibrin fibrinogen degradation products and clinical scores shows the highest accuracy in patients < 50 years. • The probability of pulmonary embolism predicted by the YEARS score shows the highest accuracy in each age group. • Classic Wells score and fibrin fibrinogen degradation products show a significant interaction with patient age in a logistic regression model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian N Nagel
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Radiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ingo G Steffen
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Radiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwartz
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hämatologie und Onkologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hamm
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Radiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Elgeti
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Radiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Evaluation and Management of Adult Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Suspected Acute Venous Thromboembolic Disease. Ann Emerg Med 2018; 71:e59-e109. [PMID: 29681319 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Barcan A, Tarta D, Tarta C. Clinical Update. Clinical Presentations of Pulmonary Embolism in the Emergency Department. JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/jce-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is one of the most severe conditions encountered in the emergency department (ED) and one of the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in patients presenting with hemodynamic instability, right ventricular dysfunction, or necessitating cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The early recognition and treatment of PE is essential, as many studies demonstrated that mortality rates drop significantly if adequate therapy is administered from the early stages. The aim of this update is to summarize the various patterns of PE presentations in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Barcan
- Clinic of Cardiology, Municipal Hospital, Mediaș , Romania
| | - Dorin Tarta
- Clinic of Cardiology, Municipal Hospital, Mediaș , Romania
| | - Cristina Tarta
- Clinic of Cardiology, Municipal Hospital, Mediaș , Romania
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Perera M, Aggarwal L, Scott IA, Cocks N. Underuse of risk assessment and overuse of computed tomography pulmonary angiography in patients with suspected pulmonary thromboembolism. Intern Med J 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Perera
- Department of General and Acute Medicine Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Leena Aggarwal
- Department of Medical Assessment and Planning Unit Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Ian A. Scott
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Nicholas Cocks
- Department of Medical Assessment and Planning Unit Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia
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17
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Harringa JB, Bracken RL, Nagle SK, Schiebler ML, Pulia MS, Svenson JE, Repplinger MD. Negative D-dimer testing excludes pulmonary embolism in non-high risk patients in the emergency department. Emerg Radiol 2017; 24:273-280. [PMID: 28116533 PMCID: PMC5438894 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-017-1478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of d-dimer testing to obviate the need for cross-sectional imaging for patients at "non-high risk" for pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS This is a retrospective study of emergency department patients at an academic medical center who underwent cross-sectional imaging (MRA or CTA) to evaluate for PE from 2008 to 2013. The primary outcome was the NPV of d-dimer testing when used in conjunction with clinical decision instruments (CDIs = Wells', Revised Geneva, and Simplified Revised Geneva Scores). The reference standard for PE status included image test results and a 6-month chart review follow-up for venous thromboembolism as a proxy for false negative imaging. Secondary analyses included ROC curves for each CDI and calculation of PE prevalence in each risk stratum. RESULTS Of 459 patients, 41 (8.9%) had PE. None of the 76 patients (16.6%) with negative d-dimer results had PE. Thus, d-dimer testing had 100% sensitivity and NPV, and there were no differences in CDI performance. Similarly, when evaluated independently of d-dimer results, no CDI outperformed the others (areas under the ROC curves ranged 0.53-0.55). There was a significantly higher PE prevalence in the high versus "non-high risk" groups when stratified by the Wells' Score (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Negative d-dimer testing excluded PE in our retrospective cohort. Each CDI had similar NPVs, whether analyzed in conjunction with or independently of d-dimer results. Our results confirm that PE can be safely excluded in patients with "non-high risk" CDI scores and a negative d-dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Harringa
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 800 University Bay Drive, Suite 310, Mail Code 9123, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Rebecca L Bracken
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 800 University Bay Drive, Suite 310, Mail Code 9123, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Scott K Nagle
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Mark L Schiebler
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Michael S Pulia
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 800 University Bay Drive, Suite 310, Mail Code 9123, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - James E Svenson
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 800 University Bay Drive, Suite 310, Mail Code 9123, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Michael D Repplinger
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 800 University Bay Drive, Suite 310, Mail Code 9123, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.
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Ma Y, Huang J, Wang Y, Wu T, Cai D, Liu Y, Wu Q, Hui J, Shi Y. Comparison of the Wells score with the revised Geneva score for assessing pretest probability of pulmonary embolism in hospitalized elderly patients. Eur J Intern Med 2016; 36:e18-e19. [PMID: 27650507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China.
| | - Jiale Huang
- Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongwei Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danxian Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanna Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qijing Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Hui
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China; Department of Emergency, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, China.
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