Baek YS, Lee DH, Jo Y, Lee SC, Choi W, Kim DH. Artificial intelligence-estimated biological heart age using a 12-lead electrocardiogram predicts mortality and cardiovascular outcomes.
Front Cardiovasc Med 2023;
10:1137892. [PMID:
37123475 PMCID:
PMC10133724 DOI:
10.3389/fcvm.2023.1137892]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
There is a paucity of data on artificial intelligence-estimated biological electrocardiography (ECG) heart age (AI ECG-heart age) for predicting cardiovascular outcomes, distinct from the chronological age (CA). We developed a deep learning-based algorithm to estimate the AI ECG-heart age using standard 12-lead ECGs and evaluated whether it predicted mortality and cardiovascular outcomes.
Methods
We trained and validated a deep neural network using the raw ECG digital data from 425,051 12-lead ECGs acquired between January 2006 and December 2021. The network performed a holdout test using a separate set of 97,058 ECGs. The deep neural network was trained to estimate the AI ECG-heart age [mean absolute error, 5.8 ± 3.9 years; R-squared, 0.7 (r = 0.84, p < 0.05)].
Findings
In the Cox proportional hazards models, after adjusting for relevant comorbidity factors, the patients with an AI ECG-heart age of 6 years older than the CA had higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 1.60 [1.42-1.79]) and more major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) [HR: 1.91 (1.66-2.21)], whereas those under 6 years had an inverse relationship (HR: 0.82 [0.75-0.91] for all-cause mortality; HR: 0.78 [0.68-0.89] for MACEs). Additionally, the analysis of ECG features showed notable alterations in the PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval and corrected QT Interval (QTc) as the AI ECG-heart age increased.
Conclusion
Biological heart age estimated by AI had a significant impact on mortality and MACEs, suggesting that the AI ECG-heart age facilitates primary prevention and health care for cardiovascular outcomes.
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