1
|
Lifestyle Behaviors Associated With Body Fat Percent in 9- to 11-Year-Old Children. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2021; 33:40-47. [PMID: 33771944 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine (1) associations between body fat percent (BF) and lifestyle behaviors in children aged 9-11 years and (2) the consistency of these associations over a 10-year period. METHODS In this repeat, cross-sectional study, 15,977 children aged 9-11 years completed an anthropometric assessment and the SportsLinx Lifestyle survey between 2004 and 2013. Body fat was estimated according to the sum of the triceps and subscapular skinfold measurements. Multilevel models were utilized to examine associations between BF and responses to the lifestyle survey while controlling for known covariates. RESULTS Lifestyle behaviors explained 8.6% of the total variance in body fat. Specifically, negative associations were found between BF and active transport to school ( β = -0.99 [0.19], P < .001), full-fat milk (-0.07 [0.15], P < .001), and sweetened beverage consumption (-0.40 [0.15], P = .007). Relative to the reference group of ≤8:00 PM, later bedtime was positively associated with BF: 8:00 to 8:59 PM ( β = 1.60 [0.26], P < .001); 9:00 to 10:00 PM ( β = 1.04 [0.24], P < .001); ≥10:00 PM ( β = 1.18 [0.30], P < .001). Two-way interactions revealed opposing associations between BF and the consumption of low-calorie beverages for boys ( β = 0.95 [0.25], P < .001) and girls ( β = -0.85 [0.37], P = .021). There was no significant change in these associations over a 10-year period. CONCLUSIONS In this population-level study covering a decade of data collection, lifestyle behaviors were associated with BF. Policies and interventions targeting population-level behavior change, such as active transport to school, sleep time, and consumption of full-fat milk, may offer an opportunity for improvements in BF.
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The question whether food choice and eating behavior influence the mood or are influenced by the mood has been inquisitive to scientists and researchers. The purpose of this review is to support or refuse the argument that mood is affected by food or vice versa. RECENT FINDINGS The association between food and mood has been comprehensively elucidated in this review based on several studies that include participants from different ages, cultural backgrounds, and health status. The correlation among food, mood, and diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and depression was thoroughly investigated. The effect of different foods and nutrients on the mood was further explained. It is concluded that the mood significantly affects food intake and food choices. On the other hand, food also influences the mood, which affects the diseases either positively or negatively. Appropriate food choices play a significant role in mood enhancement. Advertisement is another crucial factor that negatively affects food choices and mood and contributes to many diseases. Understanding the interaction between food and mood can help to prevent or alleviate undesired health issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Welayah A AlAmmar
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima H Albeesh
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabie Y Khattab
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miyake K, Kito K, Kotemori A, Sasaki K, Yamamoto J, Otagiri Y, Nagasawa M, Kuze-Arata S, Mogi K, Kikusui T, Ishihara J. Association between Pet Ownership and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103498. [PMID: 32429543 PMCID: PMC7277191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for lifestyle-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Several studies have investigated the association between pet ownership and obesity, but the findings have been inconsistent. This systematic literature review and meta-analysis assessed the association between pet ownership and obesity. Using PubMed and Scopus, we overviewed the literature published until December 2019 and selected pertinent data for meta-analysis. Two independent reviewers extracted the data. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for obesity were calculated using the random-effects model with inverse-variance weighting. The 21 included articles were cross-sectional studies. Five publications (nine analyses) that reported adjusted RRs for BMI ≥ 25 were included in the meta-analysis. No significant association existed between pet ownership and obesity (pooled RR = 1.038; 95% CI, 0.922–1.167; I2 = 51.8%). After stratification by age group (children vs. adults), no significant association was detected (pooled RR = 0.844; 95% CI, 0.604–1.179; I2 = 64.1% vs. pooled RR = 1.099; 95% CI, 0.997–1.212; I2 = 25.2%). Similarly, no significant association was observed between dog ownership and obesity, indicating no association between pet ownership and obesity. However, no infer causation can be reported because all studies included in this meta-analysis were cross-sectional. Therefore, further prospective studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Miyake
- Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (K.M.); (A.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Kumiko Kito
- Graduate School of Environmental Health, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan;
| | - Ayaka Kotemori
- Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (K.M.); (A.K.); (J.Y.)
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (M.N.); (S.K.-A.); (K.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Kazuto Sasaki
- Faculty of Nutritional Science, Sagami Women’s University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-0383, Japan;
| | - Junpei Yamamoto
- Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (K.M.); (A.K.); (J.Y.)
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (M.N.); (S.K.-A.); (K.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Yuko Otagiri
- Center for Science Information Services, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan;
| | - Miho Nagasawa
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (M.N.); (S.K.-A.); (K.M.); (T.K.)
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kuze-Arata
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (M.N.); (S.K.-A.); (K.M.); (T.K.)
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mogi
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (M.N.); (S.K.-A.); (K.M.); (T.K.)
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kikusui
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (M.N.); (S.K.-A.); (K.M.); (T.K.)
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Junko Ishihara
- Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (K.M.); (A.K.); (J.Y.)
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (M.N.); (S.K.-A.); (K.M.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-769-2669
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Keller KL, Kling SMR, Fuchs B, Pearce AL, Reigh NA, Masterson T, Hickok K. A Biopsychosocial Model of Sex Differences in Children's Eating Behaviors. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030682. [PMID: 30909426 PMCID: PMC6470823 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and eating disorders varies by sex, but the extent to which sex influences eating behaviors, especially in childhood, has received less attention. The purpose of this paper is to critically discuss the literature on sex differences in eating behavior in children and present new findings supporting the role of sex in child appetitive traits and neural responses to food cues. In children, the literature shows sex differences in food acceptance, food intake, appetitive traits, eating-related compensation, and eating speed. New analyses demonstrate that sex interacts with child weight status to differentially influence appetitive traits. Further, results from neuroimaging suggest that obesity in female children is positively related to neural reactivity to higher-energy-dense food cues in regions involved with contextual processing and object recognition, while the opposite was found in males. In addition to differences in how the brain processes information about food, other factors that may contribute to sex differences include parental feeding practices, societal emphasis on dieting, and peer influences. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings, as they may have implications for the development of effective intervention programs to improve dietary behaviors and prevent obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Keller
- Department of Nutritional Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16803, USA.
| | - Samantha M R Kling
- Department of Nutritional Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Bari Fuchs
- Department of Nutritional Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Alaina L Pearce
- Department of Nutritional Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Nicole A Reigh
- Department of Nutritional Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Travis Masterson
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03756, USA.
| | - Kara Hickok
- Department of Nutritional Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Childhood dietary trajectories and adolescent cardiovascular phenotypes: Australian community-based longitudinal study. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:2642-2653. [PMID: 29947308 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018001398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the intention to inform future public health initiatives, we aimed to determine the extent to which typical childhood dietary trajectories predict adolescent cardiovascular phenotypes. DESIGN Longitudinal study. Exposure was determined by a 4 d food diary repeated over eight waves (ages 4-15 years), coded by Australian Dietary Guidelines and summed into a continuous diet score (0-14). Outcomes were adolescent (Wave 8, age 15 years) blood pressure, resting heart rate, pulse wave velocity, carotid intima-media thickness, retinal arteriole-to-venule ratio. Latent class analysis identified 'typical' dietary trajectories from childhood to adolescence. Adjusted linear regression models assessed relationships between trajectories and cardiovascular outcomes, adjusted for a priori potential confounders. SETTING Community sample, Melbourne, Australia. SUBJECTS Children (n 188) followed from age 4 to 15 years. RESULTS Four dietary trajectories were identified: unhealthy (8 %); moderately unhealthy (25 %); moderately healthy (46 %); healthy (21 %). There was little evidence that vascular phenotypes associated with the trajectories. However, resting heart rate (beats/min) increased (β; 95 % CI) across the healthy (reference), moderately healthy (4·1; -0·6, 8·9; P=0·08), moderately unhealthy (4·5; -0·7, 9·7; P=0·09) and unhealthy (10·5; 2·9, 18·0; P=0·01) trajectories. CONCLUSIONS Decade-long dietary trajectories did not appear to influence macro- or microvascular structure or stiffness by mid-adolescence, but were associated with resting heart rate, suggesting an early-life window for prevention. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings, the threshold of diet quality associated with these physiological changes and whether functional changes in heart rate are followed by phenotypic change.
Collapse
|
6
|
Westgarth C, Boddy LM, Stratton G, German AJ, Gaskell RM, Coyne KP, Bundred P, McCune S, Dawson S. The association between dog ownership or dog walking and fitness or weight status in childhood. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12:e51-e56. [PMID: 27793067 PMCID: PMC5697616 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health benefits of dog walking are established in adults: dog owners are on average more physically active, and those walking their dogs regularly have lower weight status than those who do not. However, there has been little research on children. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the association between dog ownership or dog walking and childhood fitness or weight status. METHODS A survey of pet ownership and involvement in dog walking was combined with fitness and weight status measurements of 1021 9 to 10-year-old children in the Liverpool SportsLinx study. RESULTS We found little evidence to support that children who live with, or walk with, dogs are any fitter or less likely to be obese than those who do not. CONCLUSIONS This is an important finding, as it suggests that the activity that children currently do with dogs is not sufficient enough to impact weight status or fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Westgarth
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - L. M. Boddy
- Physical Activity, Exercise and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - G. Stratton
- Sport and Health PortfolioCollege of Engineering Swansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - A. J. German
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK,Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - R. M. Gaskell
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - K. P. Coyne
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - P. Bundred
- Institute of Psychology Health and Society, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolBrownlow HillUK
| | - S. McCune
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet NutritionLeicsUK
| | - S. Dawson
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stability and change in dietary scores and patterns across six waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:1137-1150. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis study aimed to derive and compare longitudinal trajectories of dietary scores and patterns from 2–3 to 10–11 years and from 4–5 to 14–15 years of age. In waves two to six of the Baby (B) Cohort and one to six of the Kindergarten (K) Cohort of the population-based Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, parents or children reported biennially on the study child’s consumption of twelve to sixteen healthy and less healthy food or drink items for the previous 24 h. For each wave, we derived a dietary score from 0 to 14, based on the 2013 Australian Dietary Guidelines (higher scores indicating healthier diet). We then used factor analyses to empirically derive dietary patterns for separate waves. Using group-based trajectory modelling, we generated trajectories of dietary scores and empirical patterns in 4504 B and 4640 K Cohort children. Four similar trajectories of dietary scores emerged for the B and K Cohorts, containing comparable proportions of children in each cohort: ‘never healthy’ (8·8 and 11·9 %, respectively), ‘moderately healthy’ (24·0 and 20·7 %), ‘becoming less healthy’ (16·6 and 27·3 %) and ‘always healthy’ (50·7 and 40·2 %). Deriving trajectories based on dietary patterns, rather than dietary scores, produced similar findings. For ‘becoming less healthy’ trajectories, dietary quality appeared to worsen from 7 years of age in both cohorts. In conclusion, a brief dietary measure administered repeatedly across childhood generated robust, nuanced dietary trajectories that were replicable across two cohorts and two methodologies. These trajectories appear ideal for future research into dietary determinants and health outcomes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Eating fruit and vegetables (FV) offers important health benefits for children and adolescents, but their average intake is low. To explore if negative trends with age exist as children grow, this study modelled differences in FV consumption from childhood to young adulthood. A pseudo-panel was constructed using years 1-4 (combined) of the Rolling Programme of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) (2008/2009-2011/2012). Intake of FV in the NDNS was recorded using 4-d unweighted food diaries. The data consisted of 2131 observations of individuals aged 2-23 years. Age-year-cohort decomposition regression analyses were used to separate age effects from year and cohort effects in the data. Total energy intake was included to account for age differences in overall energy consumption. Fruit intake started to decrease from the age of 7 years for boys and girls, and reached its lowest level during adolescence. By 17 years, boys were consuming 0·93 (P=0·037) less fruit portions compared with the age of 2 years. By 15 years, girls were consuming 0·8 fruit portions less (P=0·053). Vegetable intake changed little during childhood and adolescence (P=0·0834 and P=0·843 for change between 7 and 12 years, boys and girls, respectively). There was unclear evidence of recovery of FV intakes in early adulthood. Efforts to improve FV intake should consider these trends, and focus attention on the factors influencing intake across childhood and adolescence in order to improve the nutritional quality of diets during these periods.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fairclough SJ, Hackett AF, Davies IG, Gobbi R, Mackintosh KA, Warburton GL, Stratton G, van Sluijs EMF, Boddy LM. Promoting healthy weight in primary school children through physical activity and nutrition education: a pragmatic evaluation of the CHANGE! randomised intervention study. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:626. [PMID: 23819701 PMCID: PMC3733685 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This pragmatic evaluation investigated the effectiveness of the Children's Health, Activity and Nutrition: Get Educated! (CHANGE!) Project, a cluster randomised intervention to promote healthy weight using an educational focus on physical activity and healthy eating. METHODS Participants (n = 318, aged 10-11 years) from 6 Intervention and 6 Comparison schools took part in the 20 weeks intervention between November 2010 and March/April 2011. This consisted of a teacher-led curriculum, learning resources, and homework tasks. Primary outcome measures were waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and BMI z-scores. Secondary outcomes were objectively-assessed physical activity and sedentary time, and food intake. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, at post-intervention (20 weeks), and at follow-up (30 weeks). Data were analysed using 2-level multi-level modelling (levels: school, student) and adjusted for baseline values of the outcomes and potential confounders. Differences in intervention effect by subgroup (sex, weight status, socio-economic status) were explored using statistical interaction. RESULTS Significant between-group effects were observed for waist circumference at post-intervention (β for intervention effect =-1.63 (95% CI = -2.20, -1.07) cm, p<0.001) and for BMI z-score at follow-up (β=-0.24 (95% CI = -0.48, -0.003), p=0.04). At follow-up there was also a significant intervention effect for light intensity physical activity (β=25.97 (95% CI = 8.04, 43.89) min, p=0.01). Interaction analyses revealed that the intervention was most effective for overweight/obese participants (waist circumference: β=-2.82 (95% CI = -4.06, -1.58) cm, p<0.001), girls (BMI: β=-0.39 (95% CI = -0.81, 0.03) kg/m2, p=0.07), and participants with higher family socioeconomic status (breakfast consumption: β=8.82 (95% CI = 6.47, 11.16), p=0.07). CONCLUSIONS The CHANGE! intervention positively influenced body size outcomes and light physical activity, and most effectively influenced body size outcomes among overweight and obese children and girls. The findings add support for the effectiveness of combined school-based physical activity and nutrition interventions. Additional work is required to test intervention fidelity and the sustained effectiveness of this intervention in the medium and long term. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN03863885.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Fairclough
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 62, Great Crosshall Street, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|