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Andrucioli MCD, Ferreira Amato PA, Kuchler ÉC, Matsumoto MAN, Bergamo AZN, Silva RABD, Silva LABD, Nelson-Filho P. Effect of chlorhexidine mouthwashes on periodontal parameters and extrinsic tooth staining in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2023; 164:855-861. [PMID: 37642605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2023.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal health and biofilm control are primordial to success in orthodontic treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwashes on periodontal status and extrinsic tooth staining in orthodontic patients. METHODS Thirty-three patients of both sexes, aged 11-33 years, under orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances at <16 months, were randomly distributed into 2 groups. In the control group, patients received mechanical hygiene instruction, and in the experimental group, patients also used CHX wash twice a week for 60 days. The effectivity of the protocols was evaluated using the plaque, gingival, gingival bleeding, and discoloration indexes before the hygiene protocol was applied, 15, 30, and 60 days after protocol implementation. RESULTS In the experimental group, there was a decrease in the plaque, gingival, and gingival bleeding indexes at the different evaluation periods (P <0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference in the discoloration index at 60 days compared with initial time points after implementing hygiene protocols in the experimental group (P <0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences in plaque, gingival, gingival bleeding, and discoloration indexes in the control group at any time (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS CHX mouthwash administered 30 days, twice a week, significantly improved the periodontal status with mild brown staining. After this period, expressive extrinsic tooth staining was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Érika Calvano Kuchler
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mírian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Zilda Nazar Bergamo
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Figuero E, Serrano J, Arweiler NB, Auschill TM, Gürkan A, Emingil G. Supra and subgingival application of antiseptics or antibiotics during periodontal therapy. Periodontol 2000 2023. [PMID: 37766668 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) are characterized by inflammatory processes which arise as a result of disruption of the balance in the oral ecosystem. According to the current S3 level clinical practice guidelines, therapy of patients with periodontitis involves a stepwise approach that includes the control of the patient's risk factors and the debridement of supra and subgingival biofilm. This debridement can be performed with or without the use of some adjuvant therapies, including physical or chemical agents, host modulating agents, subgingivally locally delivered antimicrobials, or systemic antimicrobials. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to review in a narrative manner the existing literature regarding the adjuvant application of local agents, either subgingivally delivered antibiotics and antiseptics or supragingivally applied rinses and dentifrices, during the different steps in periodontal therapy performed in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Figuero
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Research Group, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Serrano
- Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Research Group, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Birgit Arweiler
- Department of Periodontology and Peri-implant Diseases, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mathias Auschill
- Department of Periodontology and Peri-implant Diseases, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ali Gürkan
- Department of Peridontology, Ege University School of Dentistry, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Emingil
- Department of Peridontology, Ege University School of Dentistry, Bornova, Turkey
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Coluccia A, Matti F, Zhu X, Lussi A, Stähli A, Sculean A, Eick S. In Vitro Study on Green Propolis as a Potential Ingredient of Oral Health Care Products. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121764. [PMID: 36551420 PMCID: PMC9774696 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is increasingly being discussed as an alternative to commonly used antiseptics. This in vitro study focused on the ethanolic extract of green Brazilian propolis (EEPg) as an additive in an oral health care product. We investigated (i) a potential inflammation-modulation activity of EEPg when a periodontal or Candida biofilm was exposed to monocytic (MONO-MAC-6) cells, (ii) the adhesion of oral pathogens to gingival keratinocytes and (iii) the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of different toothpaste formulations. EEPg decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and increased IL-10 in MONO-MAC cells challenged with a periodontal biofilm. In contact with TIGK cells, EEPg reduced the numbers of adherent Porphyromonas gingivalis to 0.5% but did not affect the adhesion of Candida albicans. The frequent brushing of a cariogenic biofilm with a toothpaste supplemented with EEPg reduced the surface microhardness loss of enamel specimens. Mixing an experimental erythritol toothpaste with 25 and 50 mg/mL of EEPg confirmed the antibacterial activity of EEPg against oral bacteria and particularly inhibited periodontal biofilm formation. The suggested toothpaste formulations seem to have potential in the prevention of caries, gingivitis and periodontitis and should be evaluated in further in vitro research and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Coluccia
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Matti
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xilei Zhu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Lussi
- Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Stähli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Kim DH, Bae J, Heo JH, Park CH, Kim EB, Lee JH. Nanoparticles as Next-Generation Tooth-Whitening Agents: Progress and Perspectives. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10042-10065. [PMID: 35704786 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whitening agents, such as hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide, are currently used in clinical applications for dental esthetic and dental care. However, the free radicals generated by whitening agents cause pathological damage; therefore, their safety issues remain controversial. Furthermore, whitening agents are known to be unstable and short-lived. Since 2001, nanoparticles (NPs) have been researched for use in tooth whitening. Importantly, nanoparticles not only function as abrasives but also release reactive oxygen species and help remineralization. This review outlines the historical development of several NPs based on their whitening effects and side effects. NPs can be categorized into metals or metal oxides, ceramic particles, graphene oxide, and piezoelectric particles. Moreover, the status quo and future prospects are discussed, and recent progress in the development of NPs and their applications in various fields requiring tooth whitening is examined. This review promotes the research and development of next-generation NPs for use in tooth whitening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Hwan Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Bae
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials Technology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hyun Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials Technology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Lorusso F, Tartaglia G, Inchingolo F, Scarano A. Early Response and Clinical Efficacy of a Mouthwash Containing Chlorhexidine, Anti Discoloration System, Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Vinyl Acetate and Sodium DNA in Periodontitis Model: A Triple-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10060101. [PMID: 35735643 PMCID: PMC9221572 DOI: 10.3390/dj10060101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVP/VA) is a molecule with increased adhesion capacity, and can be associated in the bacterial plaque control with sodium DNA, a natural anti-aging molecule able to improve gingival trophism. The aim of the study is to test at two weeks the antimicrobial and antiplaque properties, subjects affected by chronic periodontitis, showed by a mouthwash containing Chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2% with Anti Discoloration System (ADS), PVP-VA, and Sodium DNA in comparison with a placebo mouthwash. A single center randomized controlled trial was conducted on a total of fifty-four (54) subjects. In the test Group (n = 27) patients were treated by a 0.2% Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash with ADS, PVP-VA, and Sodium DNA, while a placebo mouthwash was used in the control Group (B). The full mouth plaque score (FMPS), full mouth bleeding score (FMBS), and gingival index (GI) were assessed at baseline, and at 1 and 2 weeks after treatment. FMPS score recorded at baseline (V2) was 52.7 ± 9.2 in the Group Test and 58.2 ± 6.1 in the Group Control (p > 0.05). After 1 week (V3), FMPS was 13.3 ± 5.6 in the Group Test and 18.7 ± 4.3 in the Group Control (p < 0.05), while at V4 (2 weeks), FMPS was 14.2 ± 4.1 in the Group Test and 20.3 ± 5.2 in the Group Control (p < 0.05). FMBS score recorded at baseline (V2) was 46.7 ± 8.7 in the Group Test and 49.2 ± 6.2 in the Group Control (p > 0.05). After 1 week (V3), FMBS was 12.7 ± 4.2 in the test Group Test and 18.5 ± 5.9 in the control Group Control (p < 0.05), while after 2 weeks (V4), it was 13.1 ± 3.2 in the Group Test and 19.8 ± 4.9 Group Control (p < 0.05). This trial has clinically showed the efficacy of a new formulation of chlorhexidine mouthwash in reducing bacterial plaque and gingival inflammation. A significant reduction of inflammation and bleeding scores was found in periodontal patients treated by a mouthwash containing CHX 0.2% with ADS, PVP-VA, and Sodium DNA compared to those treated with a placebo mouthwash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, College Ingà, UNINGÁ, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim 29312, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-087-1355-4084 (ext. 4099)
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Oxidative/anti-oxidative effects of colloidal silver ions and chlorhexidine in saliva and gingival fluid of periodontal patients. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/vsp200921137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim. Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease. Oxidative stress is an important factor in periodontitis progress, hence examining the antioxidative properties of antiseptics, such as chlorhexidine (CHX) and silver ions solution (SSI), is a beneficial biomarker in estimating the recovery of tissue impairment during periodontal disease treatment. Methods. This clinical trial was conducted on the control group referred to healthy volunteers and individuals with periodontal disease, divided into two subgroups: before and after applying antiseptic treatments (CHX or SSI). Measurements of oxidative/antioxidative parameters were addressed to determine thiobarbituric acid products (TBARS) concentration and total superoxide dismutase (tSOD) activity in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontal patients. Results. TBARS concentration was increased in saliva before the CHX treatment compared to the periodontal group after the CHX treatment, as well as before both CHX and SSI antiseptic treatment in CGF, compared to controls and periodontal groups after the treatment. Patients before SSI treatment had increased tSOD activity in saliva compared to the control group treated with SSI, as well as compared to patients after the SSI treatment. Additionally, tSOD activity was increased in GCF in patients with periodontitis before antiseptic treatment (CHX, SSI) compared to the control or the group of patients after the appropriate treatment. Conclusion. Our results revealed elevated lipid peroxidation in CGF, which reflected the promotion of oxidative stress during periodontal inflammation. The study suggests that antiseptics with antioxidant properties may reduce tissue damage initiated by periodontal disease. Moreover, the determination of oxidative/antioxidative parameters can be important for diagnosing, monitoring, and prognosis of the clinical state of periodontal patients.
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Vasudevan K, Stahl V. Cannabinoids infused mouthwash products are as effective as chlorhexidine on inhibition of total-culturable bacterial content in dental plaque samples. J Cannabis Res 2020; 2:20. [PMID: 33526124 PMCID: PMC7819473 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-020-00027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental plaque is a global health problem affecting people of various age groups. Cannabinoids are gaining enormous research attention due to its beneficial properties for various applications. A preliminary observation on antimicrobial property of cannabinoids against dental plaque bacteria has been reported recently. As a follow-up research, here we report the in vitro evaluation of cannabinoids infused mouthwash products against total culturable (aerobic) bacterial content from dental plaque samples. METHODS We tested two cannabinoid-infused mouthwash products containing cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) respectively (each mouthwash containing < 1% cannabinoid by weight) in vitro against total-culturable bacteria from dental plaque samples collected from 72 adults aged between 18 and 83 years. The participants were grouped on the basis of Dutch periodontal screening index (DPSI) score. To compare the efficacy of our products, we included two most commonly available products over the counter (Product A and Product B) to represent commercially available mouthwash products and the gold standard chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% as a positive control. The product A represents mouthwash containing essential oils and alcohol, and Product B represents alcohol-free mouthwash that contains fluoride. All the mouthwash products were evaluated directly as such without any dilution through disc diffusion and agar well diffusion approaches and the diameter of zone of inhibition was measured. The limitation in methodology was that, the samples were open-label and the person who performed the manual measurements was unblind to test and control products used. RESULTS On average, the cannabinoids infused mouthwash products showed the similar bactericidal efficacy as that of chlorhexidine 0.2%. Both chlorhexidine 0.2% and cannabinoids infused mouthwash products were effective against all the samples tested. Product A did not show any significant antimicrobial activity in any of the samples tested, except that a very marginal inhibition with a zone of 7-8 mm was observed only in 9 samples. Product B did not show any detectable inhibition zone at all in any of the samples tested. The ranges of zones of inhibition (and their average) were 8-25 mm (18.1 mm) for CBD-mouthwash, 8-25 mm (17.7 mm) for CBG-mouthwash; 12-25 mm (16.8 mm) for chlorhexidine 0.2%; 0-8 mm (0.1 mm) for Product A; and 0 mm for Product B. Although the difference in performance was slightly higher than chlorhexidine in both the cases, the difference was statistically significant for CBD-mouthwash and near significant for CBG-mouthwash. No significant difference was observed between CBD- and CBG-mouthwash. No significant difference in performance was found between DPSI score groups for any of the product tested. To our knowledge this is the first report on such efficient mouthwash product with natural key ingredients including cannabinoids and without any kind of fluoride or alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro results demonstrate the potential of cannabinoids in developing efficient and safer mouthwash products and next generation oral care products without fluoride and alcohol.
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Van Swaaij BWM, van der Weijden GA(F, Bakker EWP, Graziani F, Slot DE. Does chlorhexidine mouthwash, with an anti-discoloration system, reduce tooth surface discoloration without losing its efficacy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dent Hyg 2020; 18:27-43. [PMID: 31054209 PMCID: PMC7003798 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX-MW), with an anti-discoloration system(ADS), is effective in preventing extrinsic tooth surface discoloration. Additionally, this paper seeks to evaluate whether CHX combined with an ADS maintains its efficacy with respect to reducing plaque and gingivitis scores. MATERIAL AND METHODS MEDLINE-PubMed and Cochrane-Central were searched up to October 2018 to identify eligible studies. Papers evaluating the effect of CHX-MW+ADS compared to CHX without an ADS were included. A descriptive analysis and when feasible a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS Screening resulted in 13 eligible publications, presenting 16 comparisons. Six of these evaluated the MW in a non-brushing model and ten as an adjunct to toothbrushing. A descriptive analysis demonstrated that the majority showed no differences in bleeding, gingivitis and plaque scores. This was confirmed by the meta-analysis. In non-brushing experiments, the difference-of-means (DiffM) for plaque scores was 0.10 (P = 0.45, 95%CI: [-0.15; 0.34]) and for the gingival index 0.04 (P = 0.15,95%CI: [-0.02; 0.11]). The DiffM in brushing studies for plaque scores was 0.01 (P = 0.29, 95%CI: [-0.01; 0.02]) and for the gingival index 0.00 (P = 0.87,95%CI: [-0.05; 0.06]). With respect to staining scores, the meta-analysis revealed that in non-brushing studies, the standardized mean difference was 3.19 (P = 0.0005,95%CI: [-3.98; -1.41]) while in brushing studies, the DiffM was 0.12 (P = 0.95,95%CI: [-3.32; 3.55]). CONCLUSION There is moderate quality evidence from non-brushing studies that the addition of an ADS to CHX-MW reduces tooth surface discoloration and does not appear to affect its properties with respect to gingival inflammation and plaque scores. In brushing studies, there is also moderate quality evidence that ADS does not affect the anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis efficacy of CHX. The majority of comparisons and the meta-analysis including these indicate no significant effect of ADS on tooth staining in situations where the mouthwash is used in addition to toothbrushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregje W. M. Van Swaaij
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Hogeschool Arnhem NijmegenUniversity of Applied SciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - G. A. (Fridus) van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eric W. P. Bakker
- Division Clinical Methods and Public Health, Academic Medical Centre (AMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Filippo Graziani
- Department of Surgical, Medical Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
- Department of PeriodontologyUCL Eastman Dental InstituteLondonUK
| | - Dagmar E. Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Effectiveness of Different Commercial Chlorhexidine-Based Mouthwashes After Periodontal and Implant Surgery: A Systematic Review. IMPLANT DENT 2019; 28:74-85. [PMID: 30648980 DOI: 10.1097/id.0000000000000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to review the effectiveness, side effects, and patient acceptance of different concentrations and formulation of chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes used after periodontal and implant surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PRISMA guideline was adopted in the search strategy using electronic databases PubMed and MEDLINE to identify randomized and case-control prospective studies on humans written in English language and published up to September 2017. RESULTS A total of 10 articles were selected for a total of 344 patients. Because of the significant heterogeneity of the outcome measures, meta-analysis was not performed, and the data were summarized in a table. A positive relationship between the use of chlorhexidine and reduction of plaque was found, demonstrating the effectiveness of the substance in terms of antisepsis and decrease of inflammation after periodontal and implant surgery. CONCLUSION Chlorhexidine is recognized as the primary agent for plaque control and the gold standard in preventing infection, although the presence of largely known side effects would affect patient compliance. Future research should be directed at finding chlorhexidine formulation with negligible adverse effects, without compromising or even increasing its effectiveness as the antiseptics and antiplaque agent.
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Guerra F, Pasqualotto D, Rinaldo F, Mazur M, Corridore D, Nofroni I, Ottolenghi L, Nardi GM. Therapeutic efficacy of chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes and its adverse events: Performance-related evaluation of mouthwashes added with Anti-Discoloration System and cetylpyridinium chloride. Int J Dent Hyg 2019; 17:229-236. [PMID: 30375179 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare 3 mouthwashes: 0.20% chlorhexidine (CHX) with Anti-Discoloration System (ADS), 0.20% CHX and 0.12% CHX with 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), in terms of reduction of plaque and gingival bleeding and side effects. METHODS Mild gingivitis patients were randomly divided into three Groups: they underwent professional oral hygiene and received instructions: oral rinse with 10 mL for 1', twice a day, 30' after tooth brushing, for 14 days. Primary outcomes were plaque and gingival bleeding, assessed with Plaque Control Record and Gingival Bleeding Index. Feedback questionnaire and spectrophotometer evaluated secondary outcomes: adverse events. Timing of the study was T0 (baseline), T1 (professional oral hygiene) and T2 (14th day after mouthwash use). RESULTS Sixty-six patients were recruited, two patients dropped out, and 64 patients completed the study. PCR T1-T2 mean variation was 30.67 (SD = 15.22; 95% CI 23.55 to 37.80; P = 0.000), 19.93 (SD = 11.03; 95% CI 14.90 to 24.95; P = 0.000) and 16.24 (SD = 15.35; 95% CI 9.60 to 22.88; P = 0.000) respectively in Groups 0.2% CHX + ADS, 0.2% CHX and 0.12% CHX + CPC. GBI mean variation (T0-T2) was -9.82 (SD = 9.27; 95% CI -5.48 to 14.16; P = 0.000), -19.31 (SD = 11.33; 95% CI -14.15 to -24.47; P = 0.000) and -21.13 (SD = 12.56; 95% CI -15.70 to -26.56; P = 0.000) respectively in Groups 0.2% CHX + ADS, 0.2% CHX and 0.12% CHX + CPC. Statistical significance was found in lower efficacy of 0.2% CHX + ADS Group. Patients tolerated 0.12% CHX + CPC mouthwash better in bleeding perception (95.5%; P = 0.046), burning sensation (13.6%; P = 0.006), and mouthwash taste (100%; P = 0.000). Results on staining were no statistically significant (P = 0.106). CONCLUSIONS Addition of CPC allows reduction of CHX percentage in mouthwash formulation while keeping equal efficacy and less side effects. ADS addition decreases CHX efficacy in reducing plaque and bleeding, while resulting more tolerated than CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Guerra
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Pasqualotto
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rinaldo
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Mazur
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Denise Corridore
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Italo Nofroni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Ottolenghi
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianna Maria Nardi
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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N-acetyl cysteine versus chlorhexidine mouthwashes in prevention and treatment of experimental gingivitis: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:3833-3842. [PMID: 30673864 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02813-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) mouthwash with chlorhexidine (CHX) in prevention and treatment of experimental gingivitis MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty subjects were assigned randomly and blindly into one of three equal groups: NAC, CHX, or placebo group. The study was conducted in two stages: preventive and treatment substudies. Professional prophylaxis was performed ahead of starting the preventive substudy. Then, the subjects were instructed to stop oral hygiene practices and begin rinsing twice/day with 15 ml of the assigned mouthwash (1.25% NAC, 0.2% CHX, or inert base). Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and papillary bleeding index (PBI) were measured at baseline, 7, 14, and 21 days. The treatment substudy started on day 21 in which the subjects in the placebo group (now with established experimental gingivitis) were assigned to NAC (n = 10) or CHX (n = 10); the abovementioned indices were measured at 28 and 35 days. Efficacy of these interventions was compared. RESULTS All groups accumulated plaque and developed some degree of gingivitis: full-blown in the placebo group and remarkably mild in the CHX group. NAC had slight preventive properties at days 14 and 21. In the treatment substudy, CHX was associated with remarkable reduction in plaque and gingivitis while NAC resulted in insignificant reductions. CONCLUSIONS 1.25% NAC is marginally effective in prevention and treatment of experimental gingivitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE When compared with the placebo, NAC showed promising preventive and treatment effects of gingivitis that deserve further development and studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN31352091.
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Efficacy of chlorhexidine rinses after periodontal or implant surgery: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:21-32. [PMID: 30535817 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm management and infection control are essential after periodontal and implant surgery. In this context, chlorhexidine (CHX) mouth-rinses are frequently recommended post-surgically. Despite its common use and many studies in this field, a systematic evaluation of the benefits after periodontal or implant surgery is-surprisingly-still missing. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the benefits of chlorhexidine rinsing after periodontal or implant surgery in terms of plaque and inflammation reduction potential. Furthermore, to screen whether the concentration changes or additives in CHX solutions reduce side effects associated with its use. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature search was performed for clinical trials, which compared CHX rinsing after periodontal or implant surgery with rinsing using placebo, non-staining formulations, or solutions with reduced concentrations of the active compound. Four databases (Medline, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane) were searched up to June 2018. Two reviewers independently identified and screened the literature. RESULTS From 691 titles identified, only eleven publications met the inclusion criteria and were finally included. Mainly early publications assessed the benefits of CHX over placebo rinsing, whereas more recent publications focused more on the evaluation of new formulations with regard to effectiveness and side effects. The use of CHX after surgery showed in general significant reduction in plaque (means of 29-86% after 1 week) and bleeding (up to 73%) as compared to placebo. No consensus, however, was found regarding the most beneficial CHX formulation avoiding side effects. CONCLUSION Chlorhexidine rinsing helps to reduce biofilm formation and gingival inflammation after surgery. However, no additional reduction of periodontal probing depth over any given placebo or control solution could be found irrespective of whether CHX was used or not. The use of additives such as antidiscoloration systems (ADS) or herbal extracts may reduce side effects while retaining efficacy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Within the limitations of this review, it can be concluded that CHX may represent a valuable chemo-preventive tool immediately after surgery, during the time period in which oral hygiene capacity is compromised. To reduce the side effects of CHX and maintain comparable clinical effects, rinsing with less concentrated formulations (e.g., 0.12%) showed the most promising results so far.
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Trombelli L, Simonelli A, Pramstraller M, Guarnelli ME, Fabbri C, Maietti E, Farina R. Clinical efficacy of a chlorhexidine-based mouthrinse containing hyaluronic acid and an antidiscoloration system in patients undergoing flap surgery: A triple-blind, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2018; 16:541-552. [PMID: 30101416 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the postsurgery gingival healing as well as plaque, gingival inflammation and staining levels following the use of a 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution with or without antidiscoloration system (ADS) and 0.2% hyaluronic acid (HA). METHODS Patients undergoing flap surgery at sites with an intact or reduced but healthy periodontium participated in a parallel-arm RCT. After surgery, patients used the assigned mouthrinse (CHX + HA + ADS or CHX) for 21 days. At days 7 and 21, the healing process was evaluated at experimental teeth using a composite index, namely the Gingival Healing Index (GHI). GHI score was obtained as the sum of the scores related to the severity of wound dehiscence (score 1-3) and the profile of the buccal and oral aspects of the papilla (score 1-3). Therefore, GHI ranged from 2 (worst quality of healing) to 6 (optimal quality of healing). Plaque Index (PlI), Gingival Index (GI), angulated bleeding score (AngBS), and tooth and tongue staining were also assessed. RESULTS In both groups, GHI assumed values of 5 or 6 at both days 7 and 21 in ≥50% of patients, and low median values of PlI, GI, AngBS and staining were observed during the 21-day period. Except for a significantly lower GI in CHX group at day 7, no other significant intergroup differences were found. CONCLUSIONS Postsurgery plaque control based on either CHX or CHX + HA + ADS mouthrinses results in optimal plaque control and quality of early gingival healing along with limited tooth and tongue staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trombelli
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Operative Unit of Dentistry, University-Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Simonelli
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mattia Pramstraller
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Operative Unit of Dentistry, University-Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Guarnelli
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Operative Unit of Dentistry, University-Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Fabbri
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Operative Unit of Dentistry, University-Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Maietti
- Center of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Farina
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Operative Unit of Dentistry, University-Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Lorenz K, Jockel-Schneider Y, Petersen N, Stölzel P, Petzold M, Vogel U, Hoffmann T, Schlagenhauf U, Noack B. Impact of different concentrations of an octenidine dihydrochloride mouthwash on salivary bacterial counts: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2917-2925. [PMID: 29500541 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This bi-centric, placebo-controlled, randomized, evaluator-blinded, incomplete cross-over clinical phase II trial was initialized to identify the most appropriate concentration of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) in mouth rinses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rinses of 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% OCT were compared to a saline placebo rinse regarding the reduction of salivary bacterial counts (SBCs) in 90 gingivitis patients over 4 days. Changes in plaque (PI) and gingival index (GI), taste perception, and safety issues were evaluated. RESULTS At baseline, the first OCT (0.10, 0.15, 0.20%) rinse resulted in a decrease of SBC (reduction by 3.63-5.44 log10 colony forming units [CFU]) compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Differences between OCT concentrations were not verified. After 4 days, the last OCT rinse again resulted in a significant SBC decrease (3.69-4.22 log10 CFU) compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Overall, SBC reduction between baseline and day 4 was significantly higher in OCT 0.15 and 0.20% groups compared to OCT 0.10% and placebo. Mean GI/PIs were significantly lower in OCT groups than in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Differences in GI/PI between OCT groups were not verified. Adverse effects increased with increasing OCT concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Considering antibacterial efficacy, frequency of adverse events, and user acceptance, 0.10% OCT was identified as the preferred concentration to be used in future clinical trials. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Due to its low toxicity and pronounced antibacterial properties, octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) is a promising candidate for the use in antiseptic mouth rinses. OCT concentrations of 0.10% are recommended for future clinical trials evaluating the plaque-reducing properties of OCT mouth rinses. ( www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT022138552).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Lorenz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | - Nicole Petersen
- Department of Periodontology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peggy Stölzel
- Department of Periodontology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Petzold
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Vogel
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schlagenhauf
- Department of Periodontology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Noack
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Arweiler NB, Auschill TM, Sculean A. Patient self-care of periodontal pocket infections. Periodontol 2000 2017; 76:164-179. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hennequin-Hoenderdos NL, van der Sluijs E, van der Weijden GA, Slot DE. Efficacy of a rubber bristles interdental cleaner compared to an interdental brush on dental plaque, gingival bleeding and gingival abrasion: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2017; 16:380-388. [PMID: 28952192 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the efficacy of a rubber bristles interdental cleaner (RBIC) compared to an interdental brush (IDB) in reducing gingivitis and additionally to evaluate participants' attitudes and possible side effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was a 2-treatment, parallel, split-mouth, examiner-blind RCT, evaluating the reversal of experimental gingivitis. In total, 42 systemically healthy volunteers were recruited that were currently non-users of interdental cleaning devices. After familiarization and prophylaxis, participants refrained from brushing mandibular teeth for 21 days, followed by 4-week product use of the assigned interdental cleaning device as adjunct to manual toothbrushing. Bleeding on marginal probing (BOMP), dental plaque index score (PI) and gingival abrasion score (GAs) were assessed in the lower jaw. RESULTS Overall, no statistically significant differences between the RBIC and IDB in reducing BOMP and PI were obtained. Analysing the sites that were accessible for the RBIC/IDB only showed that the sites treated with the RBIC had significantly less BOMP after 4 weeks (P = .009). The RBIC also caused less GAs (P => .016) and was considered more pleasurable to use by the participants (P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS In accessible sites, the RBIC, in conjunction with manual toothbrushing, was found to be more effective in reducing gingival inflammation after 4 weeks. The RBIC caused less abrasion of the gingiva and was appreciated more by the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Hennequin-Hoenderdos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E van der Sluijs
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G A van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D E Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jurišić S, Verzak Ž, Jurišić G, Jurić H. Assessment of efficacy of two chlorhexidine mouthrinses on oral hygiene and gingival health in adolescents wearing two types of orthodontic brackets. Int J Dent Hyg 2017; 16:e52-e57. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Jurišić
- Private Practice; Dental Polyclinic Jurišić; Mostar Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ž Verzak
- Paediatric Dentistry Department; School of Dental Medicine; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
| | - G Jurišić
- Private Practice; Dental Polyclinic Jurišić; Mostar Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - H Jurić
- Paediatric Dentistry Department; School of Dental Medicine; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
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Abdulbaqi HR, Himratul-Aznita WH, Baharuddin NA. Evaluation of Salvadora persica L. and green tea anti-plaque effect: a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:493. [PMID: 27903262 PMCID: PMC5131433 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background In the author’s earlier in vitro investigation, a combination of 0.25 mg/ml green tea and 7.82 mg/ml Salvadora persica L. aqueous extracts was found to exhibit significant synergistic anti-bacterial and anti-adherence effects against primary plaque colonizers biofilm. A clinical trial was needed to support these preliminary in vitro results and to investigate its efficacy as a mouthwash in the control of dental plaque. Methods A 24 h plaque re-growth, double-blinded, randomized crossover trial was carried out. Participants (n = 14) randomly rinsed with test formulation, 0.12% chlorhexidine (control) and placebo mouthwashes for 24 h. A week before the trial, all participants received scaling, polishing and oral hygiene education. On the trial day, the participants received polishing at baseline and rinsed with 15 ml of randomly allocated mouthwash twice daily without oral hygiene measures. After 24 h, plaque index was scored and then the participants entered a 6-days washout period with regular oral hygiene measures. The same protocol was repeated for the next 2 mouthwashes. Results The results were expressed as mean (±SD) plaque index. The test mouthwash (0.931 ± 0.372) significantly reduced plaque accumulation when compared with placebo (1.440 ± 0.498, p < 0.0167) and chlorhexidine (1.317 ± 0.344, p < 0.0167) mouthwashes. No significant difference was found between chlorhexidine and placebo (p > 0.0167). Conclusions The test mouthwash has an anti-plaque effect for a 24 h period. Longer-term clinical studies are highly encouraged to investigate its anti-plaque effect for longer periods. Trial registration This study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT02624336 in December 3, 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1487-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Laugisch O, Ramseier CA, Salvi GE, Hägi TT, Bürgin W, Eick S, Sculean A. Effects of two different post-surgical protocols including either 0.05 % chlorhexidine herbal extract or 0.1 % chlorhexidine on post-surgical plaque control, early wound healing and patient acceptance following standard periodontal surgery and implant placement. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2175-2183. [PMID: 26795622 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare early wound healing, tooth staining and patient acceptance with two different post-surgical maintenance protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty patients scheduled for flap surgery to treat periodontal pockets or accommodate dental implants were randomly assigned to receive the following two different post-surgical maintenance protocols: (a) 2 weeks rinsing with a 0.05 % chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX)/herbal extract combination (test) or (b) a 0.1 % CHX solution (control). Early wound healing was evaluated clinically and immunologically. Tooth staining and patient acceptance were assessed by means of visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS Both groups presented with comparable wound healing profiles. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two protocols regarding early wound healing and plaque index (p > 0.05). However, in the control group, statistically significantly more patients felt discomfort due to tooth staining (p = 0.0467). Compared with patients from the test group, patients in the control group reported statistically significant more irritation of taste at week 1 (p = 0.0359) and at week 2 (p = 0.0042). CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that the two CHX protocols resulted in comparable healing and inhibition of plaque formation. Tooth staining and subjective discomfort related to irritation of taste were more frequent in the control group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A post-operative protocol including 0.05 % CHX/herbal extract may have the potential to improve patient compliance during post-operative maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Laugisch
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph A Ramseier
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni E Salvi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias T Hägi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Walter Bürgin
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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Jurczyk K, Nietzsche S, Ender C, Sculean A, Eick S. In-vitro activity of sodium-hypochlorite gel on bacteria associated with periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2165-2173. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gallob JT, Lynch M, Charles C, Ricci-Nittel D, Mordas C, Gambogi R, Revankar R, Mutti B, Labella R. A randomized trial of ethyl lauroyl arginate-containing mouthrinse in the control of gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:740-747. [PMID: 26087864 PMCID: PMC4744955 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim This 4‐week, single‐centre, randomized, examiner‐blind, controlled study investigated the efficacy and safety of 0.15% ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE)‐containing mouthrinse in adults with mild‐to‐moderate gingivitis. Material and Methods Subjects were randomized to use 0.15% LAE‐containing mouthrinse or 5% hydroalcohol‐negative control twice daily after brushing with standard fluoride toothpaste. Plaque, gingivitis and bleeding were assessed at baseline and Weeks 2 and 4. The oral microflora was analysed at baseline and Week 4. Results Eighty‐seven subjects were randomized to treatment. The 0.15% LAE‐containing mouthrinse was associated with statistically significantly (p < 0.001) greater reductions in mean plaque and gingivitis scores versus the negative control at Week 2 (difference [95% confidence interval]: plaque 0.83 [0.64, 1.02], 29.1%; gingivitis 0.11 [0.07, 0.14], 4.8%) and Week 4 (co‐primary endpoints: plaque 1.23 [1.07, 1.39], 42.6%; gingivitis 0.23 [0.19, 0.28], 10.7%). Bleeding‐index scores were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced versus the control at Weeks 2 (by 0.04 [0.03, 0.06], 36.3%) and 4 (by 0.06 [0.04, 0.08], 50.9%). No shifts were detected in the oral microflora. There were no treatment‐related adverse events. Conclusions The 0.15% LAE‐containing mouthrinse was well tolerated and significantly reduced plaque, gingivitis and bleeding when used as an adjunct to tooth brushing for 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Gallob
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Michael Lynch
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer and Personal Products Worldwide, Skillman, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Carolyn Mordas
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer and Personal Products Worldwide, Skillman, NJ, USA
| | - Robert Gambogi
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer and Personal Products Worldwide, Skillman, NJ, USA
| | - Ratna Revankar
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer and Personal Products Worldwide, Skillman, NJ, USA
| | | | - Roberto Labella
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Services EAME Ltd., Maidenhead, UK
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A combination of cis-2-decenoic acid and chlorhexidine removes dental plaque. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1655-61. [PMID: 26351749 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the ability of cis-2-decenoic acid (C2DA) to induce dispersion in single-species biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, as well as to remove their bacterial-fungal dual-species biofilms when combined with low concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX). METHODS For biofilm dispersal bioassays, single-species biofilms of S. mutans and C. albicans were grown on the inside surface of petri dishes, using a semi-batch culture method in which the medium was replaced every 24h for 5 days. Biofilms were then treated with very low concentrations of C2DA (100 and 310 nM) for 1h to release cells into the bulk liquid and to evaluate dispersed cell number by measuring the optical density (OD). To assess the ability of C2DA combined CHX treatments to remove tested microorganisms' dual-species biofilms, they were grown on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (sHA) discs for 48 h and then were treated with three different concentrations of CHX (0.08%, 0.06% and 0.04%) alone or in combination with indicated concentrations of C2DA for 1 min twice daily for 3 subsequent days. Biofilms were then either subjected to the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis or harvested and colony forming units (CFUs) were counted after plating on agar. RESULTS Treatment of pre-established biofilms with 310 nM C2DA caused an approximately two-fold increase in the number of planktonic cells in both cultures. A combination of 310 nM C2DA and 0.04% CHX resulted in significant removal (p-value <0.05) of dual-species biofilms from sHA discs surface. CONCLUSIONS Anti-biofilm characteristic of C2DA boosts the action of CHX even at low concentrations.
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