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Al-Shami AM, Alshami MA, Al-Kholani AI, Al-Sayaghi AAM. Color stability of nanohybrid and microhybrid composites after immersion in common coloring beverages at different times: a laboratory study. BDJ Open 2023; 9:39. [PMID: 37587114 PMCID: PMC10432500 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-023-00161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/AIM This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the color stability of microhybrid and nanohybrid restorative composites after exposure to immersion media common in Yemen for different periods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two composite materials, nanohybrid Tetric N-Ceram and microhybrid Te-Econom Plus, were investigated. Six groups of 30 cylindrical specimens (n = 5/group; diameter, 10 mm; thickness, 2 mm; shade A2) of each restorative material were immersed for 1 week in distilled water, qat solution, Yemeni coffee, traditional Yemeni coffee (qishr), red tea, and Dilsi cola. Color changes were evaluated by colorimetry. The color data and pH were measured before and 1, 3, and 7 days after immersion. The data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Tetric N-Ceram showed lesser discoloration than did Te-Econom Plus. Qat, coffee, and red tea caused highly significant discoloration than did Dilsi cola and distilled water (p < 0.05). The role of low pH in discoloration depended on the colorant. DISCUSSION Nanohybrid Tetric N-Ceram composites are more resistant to discoloration than are microhybrid Te-Econom Plus composites. Qat and coffee have the highest effect on composite discoloration. CONCLUSIONS These findings will aid in selecting composite materials and patient instruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Mohammad Al-Shami
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Mohammad Ali Alshami
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.
| | - Abdulwahab I Al-Kholani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
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Shamala A, Halboub E, Al-Maweri SA, Al-Sharani H, Al-Hadi M, Ali R, Laradhi H, Murshed H, Mohammed MM, Ali K. Oral cancer knowledge, attitudes, and practices among senior dental students in Yemen: a multi-institution study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:435. [PMID: 37391820 PMCID: PMC10314541 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP)" approach is crucial in health system. Appreciating the current KAP status will reveal the extent of the efficiency of applied health strategies, and subsequently help to determine the appropriate health policy to be employed for improving the health indicators of a given disease/condition, including Oral Cancer (OC). This large-scale cross-sectional study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice on OC among senior dental students in Yemen. METHODS A pre-validated online questionnaire was used for data collection. It consisted of a series of close-ended questions on knowledge, attitudes and practices related to OC. Yemeni dental students in clinical levels (4th and 5th years) from nine dental schools based in four major cities were invited to complete the survey. The SPSS Version 28.0 was used for data analysis. Differences by different grouping factors were assessed by Chi-squared and Mann Whitney-U tests, as appropriate. RESULTS A total of 927 students completed the questionnaire: a response rate of 43%. While the majority identified smoking (93.8%), and smokeless tobacco (92.1%) as potential risk factors of OC, only 76.2% recognized sun exposure as a risk factor for lip cancer and only 50% were aware of old age as a risk factor of OC. Regarding clinical signs of OC, 84.1% reported that OC can present as non-healing ulcer, but only two thirds of the participants recognized that OC can present as a white and/or red lesion. With respect to practices, although 92.1% reported asking their patients regarding oral habits, only 78% reported they regularly carry out a soft tissue examination. Only 54.5% of the participants considered themselves to be well-trained to provide smoking cessation advice, and 21% were confident regarding their knowledge on OC. The 5th year students showed significantly better knowledge and practices than the 4th year students did (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The study suggests significant gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices of senior dental students in Yemen regarding OC. The findings also underscore the urgent need to improve OC teaching and training of undergraduate dental students, and to provide periodic well-structured continuing professional development activities for dental professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Shamala
- Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, College of Dentistry, University of Science & Technology, Sanaa, Yemen
| | - Esam Halboub
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hesham Al-Sharani
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of maxillofacial surgery, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Mona Al-Hadi
- Dental Medicine Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Raheq Ali
- Internship program, College of Dentistry, University of Science & Technology, Sanaa, Yemen.
| | - Hajer Laradhi
- Internship program, College of Dentistry, University of Science & Technology, Sanaa, Yemen
| | - Heba Murshed
- Internship program, College of Dentistry, University of Science & Technology, Sanaa, Yemen
| | - Marwan Mansoor Mohammed
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kamran Ali
- College of dental medicine, QU health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Halboub E, Alamri AA, Kamili G, Alqahtani AS. Dental caries experience among qat chewers in dental college clinics, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:114. [PMID: 36803499 PMCID: PMC9940438 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS There is a considerable debate on the impact of qat chewing on dental and oral health. Thereby, this study aimed at assessing the dental caries among qat chewers (QC) and non-qat chewers (NQC) who attend outpatient dental clinics, College of Dentistry, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of 100 QC and 100 NQC were recruited amongst those attended dental clinics, college of dentistry, Jazan University during the 2018-2019 academic year. Their dental health was assessed by three pre-calibrated male interns using DMFT index. The Care Index, Restorative Index and Treatment Index were calculated. Comparisons between both subgroups were done using independent t test. Multiple linear regression analyses were further conducted to stand on the independent determinants of the oral health among this population. RESULTS QC were unintentionally older (36.55 ± 8.74 years) than NQC (32.96 ± 8.49 years; P = 0.004). Fifty-six percent of QC reported brushing their teeth compared to only 35% (P = 0.001). NQC with university and postgraduate educational levels were more than QC. The mean Decayed [5.91 (5.16)] and DMFT [9.15 (5.87)] were higher among QC compared to NQC [3.73 (3.62) and 6.7 (4.58); P = 0.001 and 0.001, respectively]. The other indices were not different between both subgroups. The multiple linear regression revealed that qat chewing and age, individually or together, as independent determinants for the dental decay, missing, DMFT and TI. CONCLUSION Qat chewing habit has a detrimental impact on dental health. It is associated with higher dental caries and missing teeth, and a lower treatment index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam Halboub
- grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostics Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab Ahmed Alamri
- grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Dental Intern, Internship Program, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazi Kamili
- grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Dental Intern, Internship Program, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Shaher Alqahtani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostics Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
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Albagieh H, Aloyouny A, Alshagroud R, Alwakeel A, Alkait S, Almufarji F, Almutairi G, Alkhalaf R. Habitual khat chewing and oral melanoacanthoma: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:449-455. [PMID: 36686340 PMCID: PMC9850976 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i2.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habitual khat (Catha edulis) chewing has been proven to cause numerous oral tissue changes. However, oral melanoacanthoma triggered by chronic khat chewing is rare. Oral melanoacanthoma is an uncommon, sudden, asymptomatic, benign pigmentation of the oral cavity. Under the microscope, the epithelial layer of the oral mucosa showed dendritic melanocyte proliferation and acanthosis. The study aimed to highlight chronic khat chewing as a trigger for oral melanoacanthoma.
CASE SUMMARY In the current study, we report a case of a 26-year-old male patient with a rare presentation of oral melanoacanthoma triggered by regular khat chewing. Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors can cause oral pigmentation. Chewing khat is an extrinsic factor that can cause several diseases, including oral pigmentation. In this case, the definitive diagnosis was oral melanoacanthoma. This diagnosis was made based on the patient’s history, clinical lesion presentation, and microscopic biopsy results.
CONCLUSION Habitual khat (Catha edulis) chewing causes many oral tissue changes including oral melanoacanthoma. The study aimed to highlight chronic khat chewing as a trigger for oral melanoacanthoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Albagieh
- Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwag Aloyouny
- Basic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Alshagroud
- Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shahad Alkait
- Postgraduate, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Almufarji
- Postgraduate, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer Almutairi
- Postgraduate, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Alkhalaf
- Postgraduate, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Marufu C, Kisumbi BK, Osiro OA, Otieno FO. Effect of finishing protocols and staining solutions on color stability of dental resin composites. Clin Exp Dent Res 2022; 8:561-570. [PMID: 35349747 PMCID: PMC9033545 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of finishing protocol and exposure to staining solutions on color stability of dental resin composites. Materials and Methods A nanofill and microhybrid composite, three finishing protocols (mylar, Soflex disc, and white polishing stone) and four staining solutions (tea, red wine, khat extract—two concentrations, control—distilled water) were evaluated. A digital spectrophotometer was used for color change (ΔE) measurements employing the CIE‐Lab‐color system. Paired/independent‐sample t test and two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference posthoc test were used for inferential statistics at α = .05. Results Soflex finish was associated with least staining and comparable color stability for the two materials in tea and red wine. In Khat 2, microhybrid composite had statistically significant better color stability than nanofill for Soflex finish (14 days t = 3.270, p = .011). For microhybrid composite, mylar resulted in highest mean ΔE, whereas Soflex recorded the least in all staining solutions. For nanofill composite, white stone resulted in highest mean ΔE, whereas Soflex demonstrated the least mean ΔE in all staining solutions, except red wine where mylar demonstrated the least mean ΔE. For mylar finish, nanofill demonstrated statistically significant better color stability than microhybrid in both red wine (14 days t = 4.902, p = .001) and Khat 1 (14 days t = 3.252, p = .012). For stone finish, microhybrid demonstrated statistically significant better color stability than nanofill in all staining solutions (14 days t ≥ 4.785, p ≤ .001). Two‐way ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference in mean ΔE between and within specimens (F = 42.658, p < .001). All staining solutions caused clinically unacceptable discoloration for mylar and white stone finish. For Soflex finish, red wine produced clinically unacceptable color difference beyond 48 h. Conclusion There was a difference in color stability of resin composites depending on filler type, further influenced by finishing protocol. Soflex disc finish results in better color stability than mylar and white stone in both microhybrid and nanofill composites. Clinical significance Esthetic dental restorations such as resin composites are routine in contemporary restorative practice. Color stability of composites may be influenced by surface finish, dependent on the filler type, and consumption of chromogenic substances such as khat. To prolong their service, selection of suitable finishing protocols is an important consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamunorwa Marufu
- Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernina K Kisumbi
- Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Olivia A Osiro
- Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fred O Otieno
- Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Al-Duais MA, Al-Awthan YS. Khat Chewing and Lipid Profile in Human and Experimental Animals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6001885. [PMID: 34977243 PMCID: PMC8719995 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6001885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catha edulis, also known as khat or qat, is a plant that grows in East Africa and southern Arabia. Several millions of people chew the leaves and twigs of khat plant for their central stimulating amphetamine-like effects. Khat chewing is becoming more common in Europe and the United States, owing to worldwide migration. OBJECTIVE This review examines the khat ingredients, global prevalence, and legal status as well as its effects on lipid profile. Methodology. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to collect information within articles published up to April 2021 with the goal of identifying relevant studies. The proposed mechanisms of cathinone effects on total cholesterol and triglyceride were also discussed. CONCLUSION The khat chewing habit is considered as a serious economic and health issue that needs specialized programs to assist those people to quit or reducing this habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Al-Duais
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Yahya S. Al-Awthan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
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Ye S, Hu J, Liu Z, Liang M. Progress and Research Trends on Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl. ( Catha edulis): A Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:705376. [PMID: 34867319 PMCID: PMC8632648 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.705376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl., known as Catha edulis or Khat is a traditional and regional plant for chewing, smoking and drinking, that has posed a worldwide public health problem due to its recent emerging abused consumption. In the face of the massive use of Catha edulis, we reviewed related publications to analyze the progress and research trends through bibliometric methods. After screening, a total of 514 scientific publications published from 1997 to 2020 were included by systematic retrieval from the Web of Science (WoS) database. According to further scientometric analysis, the annual number of publications output kept rising in most of the years. Ethiopia and the United States of America (USA) have been devoting significant contributions to the field. Though the research emphasis had been the chemical composition and pharmacological and toxicological effects for several years, the hot spots were transferred; the mechanism investigations of Catha edulis have been the focus in recent years, which might be continued in the future. Furthermore, co-operations of multi-disciplinary researchers are needed to minimize abuse harms and maximize the medicinal benefits of Catha edulis to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ye
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zilong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Man Liang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Alshahrani SA, Al-Qahtani WS, Almufareh NA, Domiaty DM, Albasher GI, Safhi FA, AlQassim FA, Alotaibi MA, Al-Hazani TM, Almutlaq BA. Oral cancer among Khat users: finding evidence from DNA analysis of nine cancer-related gene mutations. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:626. [PMID: 34876124 PMCID: PMC8650367 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Khat leaves contain the alkaloid cathinone. Research shows that khat might provoke toxicity, mutagenicity, as well as carcinogenicity. METHODS Two groups were identified as khat abusers and were categorized by abuse time and diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Here, 41 participants from Group 2 were short-term khat users, and 42 participants were long-term khat users. The control group included 30 healthy individuals. The coding exons included nine cancer-related genes and were analysed. The histopathological research was conducted with H&E staining along with the TP53 protein expression by implementing immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS Here, 41 short-term khat users carried seven somatic mutations in four out of nine cancer-related genes: 29/41(70.73%) ARID1A, 24/41(58.53%) MLH1, 34/41(82.92%) PIK3CA and 36/41(87.80%) TP53. The 42 long-term khat users incorporated nine somatic mutations in five out of nin ecancer-related genes: 40/42(95.23%) ARID1A, 36/42(85.71%) ARID2, 29/42(69.04%) PIK3CA, 27/42(64.28%) MLH1, and 35/42(83.33%) TP53. Every khat user had somatic mutations related to OSCC affecting the gingiva and the lower lip. TP53 protein expression was confirmed in all immunohistochemical oral tests. Carcinoma was also positive in the histopathological analysis. CONCLUSIONS Khat is a mutagenic and carcinogenic plant that provoked OSCC among short-term khat users (<15 years of use) and long-term users (>15 years of use).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wedad Saeed Al-Qahtani
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, P.O. Box 6830, 11452, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nawaf Abdulrahman Almufareh
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Preventive Dental Sciences, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Mostafa Domiaty
- College of Science, Department of Biology, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 13151, 21493, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fatmah Ahmed Safhi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Tahani Mohamed Al-Hazani
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, 11940, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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Binmadi N, Harere L, Mattar A, Aljohani S, Alhindi N, Ali S, Almazrooa S. Oral lesions associated with smokeless tobacco users in Saudi Arabia: Single center cross-sectional study. Saudi Dent J 2021; 34:114-120. [PMID: 35241900 PMCID: PMC8864373 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Smokeless tobacco (SLT) causes significant harm to the oral cavity and is considered a risk factor for oral cancer. Various forms, products, and patterns of SLT are used across different populations. Many products, such as nicotine and betel nut, have addictive and carcinogenic properties. SLT use is associated with benign, premalignant, or malignant lesions. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of these oral lesions and their association with SLT exposure. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study, performed at our institution’s Faculty of Dentistry, included all the patients with a history of using SLT within a 5-year period at the oral medicine clinic. The patients’ demographic details were collected, and information regarding habit, duration, frequency, site of placement, and history of habit discontinuity were recorded. If a biopsy was performed, the diagnoses were also reported. Results Of the 59 patients included, 89.8% were male and 10.2% were female. SLT lesions in the oral cavity were usually focal lesions (76.3%). The most preferred placement site by SLT users was the mandibular posterior vestibule. Follow-up of SLT patients after quitting or clinical changes in the placement site showed a 92.8% regression or complete healing of the lesions. Of the 59 patients who underwent SLT, 18.6% were diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion This study demonstrated a high percentage of remarkable regression or complete healing of SLT lesions related to early diagnosis and habit change. In contrast, 18.6% of the lesions progressed to SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Binmadi
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Oral Diagnostic Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Louae Harere
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajwad Mattar
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suad Aljohani
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Alhindi
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Ali
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soulafa Almazrooa
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Rossow I. Illicit drug use and oral health. Addiction 2021; 116:3235-3242. [PMID: 33247857 DOI: 10.1111/add.15360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
People with drug use disorders (PWDUD) have elevated prevalence of oral diseases, in particular dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal (gum) disease and xerostomia (dry mouth). When left untreated, these oral health conditions may progress and lead to tooth ache, abscesses and tooth loss, and in turn, to poor chewing functioning and digestion, dental aesthetic problems and reduced wellbeing. Illicit drug use may, per se, cause xerostomia, which in turn increases vulnerability for dental caries. However, the other main drivers of oral diseases and their progression-poor oral hygiene, frequent sugar intake and infrequent dental visits-can mainly be ascribed to the irregular lifestyle, poor economy and mental health problems that often accompany illicit drug use. Establishment of good oral health habits is essential in the dental care for PWDUD. Dental treatment is often comprehensive and challenging; because the patients may have extensive treatment needs but also difficulties adhering to preventive measures and dental appointments. An integrated care approach for PWDUD would likely benefit both their oral and general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Rossow
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Al-Qadhi G, Mubarak R. Qualitative ultrastructural analysis of the submandibular salivary glands after administration of khat: in vivo study. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:180. [PMID: 33985564 PMCID: PMC8120822 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Khat (Catha edulis Forssk) plant has been widely chewed for its psychostimulatory effects in the African and Arabian Peninsula, particularly in Yemen. Considering the khat leaves are gradually chewed without swallowing, while its active constituents are extracted into saliva, studying the effect of khat on salivary glands is necessary. This work is an extension of the previously published work that studied the effect of khat extract on the rats' submandibular salivary glands in terms of histological and immunohistochemical evaluations. The current research note aimed to better understand this effect on the ultrastructure of submandibular salivary gland cells by using transmission electron microscope. Results Oral administration of khat extract produced degenerative changes in the secretory and ductal cells of rats' submandibular salivary glands. These changes involved irregular boundaries of variable sized-nuclei, dilated RER, cytoplasmic vacuoles as well as swollen and degenerated mitochondria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05595-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamilah Al-Qadhi
- Department of Basic Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Taiz, Yemen.
| | - Rabab Mubarak
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, 11553, Egypt
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Zaura E, Pappalardo VY, Buijs MJ, Volgenant CMC, Brandt BW. Optimizing the quality of clinical studies on oral microbiome: A practical guide for planning, performing, and reporting. Periodontol 2000 2021; 85:210-236. [PMID: 33226702 PMCID: PMC7756869 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With this review, we aim to increase the quality standards for clinical studies with microbiome as an output parameter. We critically address the existing body of evidence for good quality practices in oral microbiome studies based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. First, we discuss the usefulness of microbiome profile analyses. Is a microbiome study actually the best approach for answering the research question? This is followed by addressing the criteria for the most appropriate study design, sample size, and the necessary data (study metadata) that should be collected. Next, we evaluate the available evidence for best practices in sample collection, transport, storage, and DNA isolation. Finally, an overview of possible sequencing options (eg, 16S rRNA gene hypervariable regions, sequencing platforms), processing and data interpretation approaches, as well as requirements for meaningful data storage, sharing, and reporting are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive DentistryAcademic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Vincent Y. Pappalardo
- Department of Preventive DentistryAcademic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Buijs
- Department of Preventive DentistryAcademic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Catherine M. C. Volgenant
- Department of Preventive DentistryAcademic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Bernd W. Brandt
- Department of Preventive DentistryAcademic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Bogale B, Engida F, Hanlon C, Prince MJ, Gallagher JE. Dental caries experience and associated factors in adults: a cross-sectional community survey within Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:180. [PMID: 33478460 PMCID: PMC7819221 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia is a developing sub-Saharan African country with increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including oral conditions. Oral health and dental care have been given little consideration, and there is limited information relating to population oral health and use of dental services in the country. The aim of this study was to examine the burden and associated factors of dental caries experience and investigate access to dental care amongst adults within Ethiopia. Methods This community-based oral health survey is a baseline study for the ASSET - Health System Strengthening in sub-Saharan Africa project undertaken in the Butajira area, south-central Ethiopia. A stratified random sample of households and individuals participated in the study. The survey instruments were mainly based on the WHO Oral Health Survey Methods manual (5th ed.). Face-to-face interviews and clinical dental examinations were conducted. The data were analysed for descriptive statistics; and Poisson regression models were built to assess the association of dental caries and predictor variables in adults (≥18 years). Results Most of the study population (n = 626) were female (63.9%), married (71.4%) and Muslim (76.0%). Just over half (53.2%) lived in rural areas and many (44.4%) had no formal education. A majority (74.0%) reported never utilising dental care services, and the main reason was never experiencing any dental problem (71.3%). Sixty percent (n = 377) of the adults had experienced dental caries, 88.0% (n = 332) of whom had untreated carious teeth. Pain or discomfort was reported by 16.5, and 7.2% had one or more PUFA component. Most (59.9%) adults with dental caries experience reported tooth pain or discomfort during the last year. In the fully adjusted Poisson regression model, increasing age, dental care utilisation and Khat chewing had positive significant associations with dental caries experience, whilst education status was negatively associated (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrated a high burden of dental caries and considerable consequences resulting from untreated disease in this population of adults. There was evidence of social inequity, limited utilisation of dental care and oral health awareness. This highlights the need for oral health system strengthening focusing on health promotion and expanding overall access to care. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10199-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birke Bogale
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK. .,Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Fasikawit Engida
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Charlotte Hanlon
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Global Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.,College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Research and Capacity-Building, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Centre for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martin J Prince
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Global Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer E Gallagher
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK
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Almashraqi AA, Barngkgei I, Halboub ES, Al-Maweri SA, Al-Wesabi MA, Al-Kamel A, Alhammadi MS, Alamir AH. Cone beam computed tomography findings in the temporomandibular joints of chronic qat chewers: Radiographic bone density and trabecular microstructural analyses. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 132:465-474. [PMID: 33478931 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional comparative study investigated the effects of qat chewing habit on the radiographic bone density (RBD) and trabecular microstructure of temporomandibular joint condyles using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). STUDY DESIGN In total, 85 systemically healthy Yemeni males were included and divided into qat chewers (QCs; n = 41); and non-qat chewers (NQCs; n = 44). The participants responded to a structured questionnaire and underwent standardized clinical examination and CBCT scanning of the temporomandibular joint. Measurements of RBD and trabecular microstructure (trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, bone volume fraction, and fractal dimension) were performed. Statistical significance was established at P ≤ .05. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between QCs and NQCs in RBD or trabecular microstructure. The mean standard deviations and maximum values of trabecular separation on the nonchewing side for QCs were significantly lower compared to the corresponding values for NQCs (0.60 and 2.68 for QCs vs 0.72 and 3.05 for NQCs; P = .025 and .05, respectively). A comparison between chewing and nonchewing sides in QCs revealed no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Qat chewing habit induces insignificant changes in condylar RBD and trabecular microstructure as detected by CBCT. Further studies using advanced radiographic techniques are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A Almashraqi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen.
| | - Imad Barngkgei
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Wataniya Private University, Hama, Syria
| | - Esam S Halboub
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen.
| | - Sadeq A Al-Maweri
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges for Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen
| | - Mohammed A Al-Wesabi
- Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a,Yemen
| | - Ahlam Al-Kamel
- Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a,Yemen
| | - Maged S Alhammadi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Abdulwahab H Alamir
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Quadri MFA, Fageeh HI, Ibraheem W, Jessani A. A Case-Control Study of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis in Saudi Arabian Adults. J Multidiscip Healthc 2020; 13:1741-1748. [PMID: 33273822 PMCID: PMC7708264 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s288681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and periodontitis is bidirectional and has been investigated. However, the evidence from the middle-eastern region is sparse. The current report assessed the association between uncontrolled T2DM and periodontal status from a sample of the Saudi Arabian adult population. Methods A case–control study was carried out. Cases were adults diagnosed with periodontitis (clinical attachment loss ≥1 mm) and controls were patients from the same dental setting with no gum conditions matched with age, sex, and location. Diabetes was recorded using HbA1c readings. The other health conditions including hypertension, epilepsy, bronchitis, thyroid disorders, and arthritis were obtained from medical records. Data on the use of tobacco and related products (smoking, khat/qat, sheesha, shammah) were gathered using a self-perceived questionnaire. Frequencies, percentages, p-values, crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were computed. Results Overall sample comprises 166 cases and 332 controls with a mean age of 37.5 years. Multivariable analysis indicated uncontrolled T2DM as an important predictor for periodontitis among Saudi Arabian adults, and they had nearly three times greater odds (OR: 2.779; 95% CI: 1.425–5.419; p=0.003) of being diagnosed with periodontitis in contrast to non-diabetics. Secondary findings revealed that cigarette ever-users were two times more likely to be suffering from periodontitis than never-users, and those brushing once per day or less had five times greater odds of developing periodontitis as compared to those brushing twice daily. Conclusion To conclude, the current evidence from Saudi Arabia is supportive of earlier studies and an awareness of this association is warranted among all healthcare providers and patients in the region for early detection of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Faeq Ali Quadri
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Dental Public Health, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hammam I Fageeh
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Ibraheem
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Jessani
- College of Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Toronto, Canada
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16
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Kassim S. The impact of protective psychosocial factors on khat chewing among male medical and dental future health-care providers in Yemen. J Dent Sci 2020; 15:451-456. [PMID: 33505616 PMCID: PMC7816017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Khat chewing, a green leaf with amphetamine effects, is a public health concern. Yet, it is prevalent and evident, in the khat belt region, among male students in health faculties. This study aimed to examine whether psychosocial factors have a protective impact on khat chewing among male dental and medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study included all students (1457) in second year and above at a Yemeni university. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic data and to assess students' psychosocial characteristics namely, depression, resilience and social support (perceived or received [living with or away from family]). Data analysis included descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression modelling. RESULTS The response rate was 61% (male = 334, female = 547) and the responding students' mean ± SD age was 22.95 ± 1.56 years. Of the respondents 185 (21% [95%CI = 18%-24%]) were current khat chewers (7 [4%] females and 178 [96%] males respectively). In the adjusted model, among male students living away from family was significantly associated with khat chewing (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 3.15,95%CI = 1.96-5.07, p < 0.001) and perceived social support was inversely significantly related to khat chewing (AOR = 0.98; 95%CI = 0.96-1.00; p = 0.019). CONCLUSION Within the limitation of the study of a single institute, social support whether received (living with family) or perceived appeared to be a protective factor from khat chewing among male medical and dental students. Social support should be enhanced and targeted to discourage khat chewing during the preparation of this future health care force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Kassim
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Taibah University Dental College & Hospital, Naif Ibn Abdulaziz Road, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, 42353, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Alshahrani SA, Almufareh NA, Almarshady B, Alotaibi RK, Al-Qahtani WS. Effects of Consuming Catha Edulis Forsk (khat)on the Gene Manifestation of CHRM1 and CHRM3 in relation to Salivary Glands, Saliva Flow Rates, pH and Dental Caries in Yemeni Consumers. Open Dent J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602014010482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:The current study has been conducted to estimate the impact of Catha Edulis Forsk (simply known as khat) on pH and saliva flow rate in teeth unaffected by caries among patients from Arab, Yemen, consuming the plant. The goal was to evaluate the relation of these indicators with gene manifestation ofCHRM1andCHRM3,which contributes to the regulation of saliva secretions.Methods:Overall, 60 respondents aged between 27 and 54 years were selected for the research. They were distributed among two groups, group I and group II, including 30 respondents equally. Group I incorporated respondents consuming no khat, having teeth caries, adequate saliva flow, and generally, healthy oral cavity. In turn, group II incorporated respondents consuming khat having caries-free teeth, inadequate saliva flow and relatively unhealthy oral cavity. Saliva samples were taken from all respondents. They were analyzed for indicators of flow rate as well as pH of saliva. Salivary gland biopsy specimens have also been taken. The whole RNA was allocated, cDNA synthesized and reinforced to estimate the gene manifestation ofCHRM1andCHRM3.Results:A considerable rise in the mean salivary flow rate along with a drastic decline in the mean salivary pH within caries-free teeth among the respondents consuming khat was observed during the study. The mRNA expressionsCHRM1andCHRM3were significantly increased among participants consuming khat. Results were contrasted to the control group of patients not consuming khat.Conclusion:The characteristics of salivary flow rate, pH, and caries-free teeth have been related to the gene manifestations ofCHRM1andCHRM3in respondents consuming khat.
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18
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Recent bionalytical methods for the determination of new psychoactive substances in biological specimens. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1557-1595. [PMID: 33078960 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the problems associated with the consumption of new psychoactive substances is that in most scenarios of acute toxicity the possibility of quick clinical action may be impaired because many screening methods are not responsive to them, and laboratories are not able to keep pace with the appearance of new substances. For these reasons, developing and validating new analytical methods is mandatory in order to efficiently face those problems, allowing laboratories to be one step ahead. The goal of this work is to perform a critical review regarding bionalytical methods that can be used for the determination of new psychoactive substances (phenylethylamines, cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids, opioids, benzodiazepines, etc), particularly concerning sample preparation techniques and associated analytical methods.
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19
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Al Moaleem MM, Porwal A, Al Ahmari NM, Shariff M. Oral Biofilm on Dental Materials Among Khat Chewers. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:964-972. [PMID: 31965942 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200121142300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays khat chewing habit is increasing among population in southern part of Saudi Arabia, Jazan and till date there is no literature investigating the effect of khat on oral biofilm on dental materials. OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the bacterial biofilm on different types of dental restorative materials used in replacing missing tooth structures among khat chewers and non-khat chewers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hundred and twenty biofilm samples were collected from different dental restorations, such as All-ceramic (AL), Metal Ceramic (MC), Metal crowns or bridges (M), Composite (C), Glass Ionomer (GI) and Amalgam (A) restorations in non-khat and khat chewers (K). DNA extraction was done and subjected to PCR. Bacterial species, such as Streptococcus, Neisseria, Bacillus, Granulicatella and Veillonella were identified and counted. PCR products were also sequenced to detect similarity. Association between bacterial type and dental materials among non-khat and khat chewers were tested with Chi-Square test (Fishers Exact test). RESULTS The frequency and percentage of Streptococcus species were marginally higher among khat chewers (42; 70%) compared with non-khat chewers (38; 63.3%) group. But the Veillonella species were higher among non-khat chewers (9: 15%), compared to the khat chewers group (7; 11.7%). No statistically significant difference was detected among species in both groups. In non-khat and khat chewer group, the maximum hits were related to Streptococcus spp. in glass ionomer, amalgam, and composite (restorative materials), followed by metal ceramic and metal (prosthetic materials). Veillonella spp. showed maximum hits in the metal group among non-khat chewers and in all-ceramic among khat chewers. Statically significant differences were recorded among composite and amalgam samples with p values 0.047 and 0.036 in khat chewer group. CONCLUSION Khat chewers showed statistically significant differences in oral biofilm in the composite and amalgam restorative materials, but there were no significant differences found among any materials and species between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Al Moaleem
- Prosthetic Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amit Porwal
- Prosthetic Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M Al Ahmari
- Prosthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansoor Shariff
- Prosthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Almashraqi AA, Halboub ES, Al-Maweri SA, Barngkgei I, Al-Wesabi MA, Al-Kamel A, Alhammadi MS, Alamir AH. Cone beam computed tomography findings in temporomandibular joint of chronic qat chewers: Dimensional and osteoarthritic changes. J Oral Rehabil 2020; 47:1538-1549. [PMID: 32955738 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The social habit of chewing qat (also known as khat) is widely practised in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It has been linked with various oro-facial conditions, including temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). This cross-sectional, comparative study sought to investigate the effects of qat chewing on temporomandibular joint (TMJ), using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 85 Yemeni males were included. The participants were divided into two groups: Qat chewers (QC; n = 41) and non-qat chewers (NQC; n = 44). Relevant data were obtained using a structured questionnaire and standardised clinical examination. Additionally, CBCT images of the TMJs were obtained, and then, osteoarthritic changes and TMJ dimensions were analysed. SPSS 21 was used for statistical analyses, with a significant level was set at 0.05. Compared to NQC, a significantly higher proportion of QC presented with clinical signs of TMDs. The qualitative CBCT findings revealed significantly higher osteoarthritic changes in QC than in NQC: osteophyte (51.2% vs 22.7%; P = .008), subcortical sclerosis (48.8% vs 27.3%; P = .047), articular surface flattening (46.3% vs 6.8%; P = .009) and subcortical cysts (43.9% vs 4.5%; P < .001). However, CBCT quantitative findings (condylar dimensions) did not show significant differences between the two groups. The chewing side of the QC group showed slightly more changes compared to the non-chewing side. The results demonstrate that qat chewing has detrimental effects on TMJ manifested mainly as osteoarthritic changes. Further large-scale studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A Almashraqi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Republic of Yemen
| | - Esam S Halboub
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen
| | - Sadeq A Al-Maweri
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen.,Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges for Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imad Barngkgei
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Wataniya Private University, Hama, Syria
| | - Mohammed A Al-Wesabi
- Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Ahlam Al-Kamel
- Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Maged S Alhammadi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Republic of Yemen
| | - Abdulwahab H Alamir
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Maweri SA, Al-Soneidar WA, AlQahtani KW. Evaluation of Khat (Catha edulis) Use as a Risk Factor of Cancer: A Systematic Review (Chong et al., 2020). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:2181-2182. [PMID: 32856841 PMCID: PMC7771921 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.8.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sadeq A Al-Maweri
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Al - Farabi Colleges for Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen
| | - Walid A Al-Soneidar
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Canada
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22
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Chong ZX, Ho WY, Yan P, Alshagga MA. Evaluation of Khat (Catha edulis) Use as a Risk Factor of Cancer: A Systematic Review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:881-895. [PMID: 32334447 PMCID: PMC7445961 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.4.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Conducting systematic review to evaluate plant use as a risk factor to cancer could be challenging. A systematic and well-balanced method should be applied to accommodate in vivo and in vitro studies to make a final decision. In this article, khat, a recreational plant used in some Arabic and African regions, was employed as an example to systematically determine its relationships to the premalignant and cancerous conditions. Methods: Systematic database search was performed to recruit original human, animal or in vitro studies on khat and cancer. Sixteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and subjected to assessment using Risk of Bias (RoB). Office of Health and Translation (OHAT) approach was used to rate the confidence level in the body of evidence. The evidence was integrated to establish the relationships between khat, premalignant conditions and cancer. Results: Seven out of eight studies showed that khat causes premalignant oral lesions with moderate evidence level. Four studies showed that khat causes cancer with low evidence level and another three studies showed that khat has anti-cancer effect with moderate to high evidence level. Only one study suggested that khat is unrelated to cancer. Conclusion: RoB and OHAT approach are reliable systematic tools to evaluate plant risk to cancer and provide objective and uniform summary regardless of the study type. In conclusion, our pooled analysis did not find a direct relationship between khat and cancer but anti-cancer effect would require to be proofed on human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong Chong
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia
| | - Pan Yan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia
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23
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La Rosa GRM, Gattuso G, Pedullà E, Rapisarda E, Nicolosi D, Salmeri M. Association of oral dysbiosis with oral cancer development. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3045-3058. [PMID: 32211076 PMCID: PMC7079586 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the leading cause of mortality for oral cancer. Numerous risk factors mainly related to unhealthy habits and responsible for chronic inflammation and infections have been recognized as predisposing factors for oral carcinogenesis. Recently, even microbiota alterations have been associated with the development of human cancers. In particular, some specific bacterial strains have been recognized and strongly associated with oral cancer development (Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Fusobacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella spp.). Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain how the oral microbiota could be involved in cancer pathogenesis by mainly paying attention to chronic inflammation, microbial synthesis of cancerogenic substances, and alteration of epithelial barrier integrity. Based on knowledge of the carcinogenic effects of dysbiosis, it was recently suggested that probiotics may have anti-tumoral activity. Nevertheless, few data exist with regard to probiotic effects on oral cancer. On this basis, the association between the development of oral cancer and oral dysbiosis is discussed focusing attention on the potential benefits of probiotics administration in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, International PhD Program in Basic and Applied Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, International PhD Program in Basic and Applied Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Eugenio Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Ernesto Rapisarda
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Daria Nicolosi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Salmeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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Stone JH, Nelson GC, Fitzpatrick SM. Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis at Chelechol ra Orrak, Palau. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2020; 28:20-31. [PMID: 31902741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the frequency and severity of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) and its causative factors in a skeletal assemblage from the prehistoric site of Chelechol ra Orrak, Palau, western Micronesia. MATERIALS 50 temporomandibular joint surfaces (mandibular condyles and articular eminences), representing a minimum of 22 adult individuals, 17 of which retain teeth. METHODS Joint surfaces were macroscopically evaluated for characteristics associated with TMJ-OA and joint morphology. Dental remains were scored for tooth wear and staining. RESULTS Nine individuals (40.1 %) displayed lesions typical of TMJ-OA. The strongest associations were between tooth wear and TMJ-OA. CONCLUSIONS Indirect effects of parafunctional dental activity appear to be a factor in TMJ-OA frequency at Chelechol ra Orrak. While betel nut chewing may be one of those activities, it does not appear to be solely driving the presence of TMJ-OA. SIGNIFICANCE This study highlights the association between a specific parafunctional use of the temporomandibular joint and the potential pathological consequences. It also reinforces the need to carefully evaluate the archaeological context of skeletal remains in order to evaluate specific etiological factors in the presence of TMJ-OA in present and past populations. LIMITATIONS Sample sizes are limited in this study. This will increase as excavations continue. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Because dental occlusion appears to be associated with TMJ-OA, focus on dental conditions affecting occlusal patterns, such as third molar agenesis, antemortem tooth loss, and malocclusion, and their relationship to TMJ-OA frequency, are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Stone
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.
| | - Greg C Nelson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States; Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Scott M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States; Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Almashraqi A, Ahmed EA, Mohamed NS, Al-Maweri SA, Halboub ES. Evaluation of the effects of chronic qat chewing on lateral pterygoid muscle using MRI. Cranio 2019; 40:135-143. [DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2019.1703160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Almashraqi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Republic of Yemen
| | - Eman A. Ahmed
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Surgery, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nashwa S. Mohamed
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sadeq A. Al-Maweri
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Esam S. Halboub
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
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Association between qat chewing and dyslipidaemia among young males. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2019; 14:538-546. [PMID: 31908642 PMCID: PMC6940620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study investigated the association between qat chewing and prevalence and patterns of dyslipidaemia among young Yemeni males. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we used a multistage random cluster sampling method. Data were obtained using a questionnaire. Additionally, anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples were collected. We used Program-Adult Treatment Panel III. The blood samples were analysed for lipid profile measurements including levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Results A total of 440 Yemeni male with mean age of 21.4 ± 3.6 years were enrolled. The students were divided into the following two groups—qat chewers (n = 283) and non-qat chewers (n = 77). The overall occurrence of dyslipidaemia was significantly higher in qat chewers than that in non-qat chewers (89.8% versus 80.5%) (P < 0.05). Hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, high LDL-C level, and mixed hyperlipidaemia were lower in qat chewers than in non-qat chewers (16.6%, 58.3%, 16.3%, and 10.6%, respectively, versus 20.8%, 64.9%, 18.2%, and 20.8%, respectively). Isolated hypertriglyceridaemia was slightly higher in qat chewers than in non-qat chewers (47.7% versus 44.2%). However, the incidence of low HDL-C level, isolated low HDL-C level, and isolated hypercholesterolaemia were generally higher in qat chewers than in non-qat chewers (83%, 25.1%, and 6%, respectively, versus 75.3%, 15.6%, and 0%, respectively). Conclusion This study showed high prevalence of dyslipidaemia among Yemeni male qat chewers. Low HDL-C level was the main lipid variable, followed by hypertriglyceridaemia. Genetic factors, war conditions, physical inactivity, and low-fat traditional Yemeni diet were considered the determinants of the study findings.
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Nabirye RC, Kamulegeya A. Public knowledge about oral cancer in Uganda: a free dental camp experience. JOURNAL OF HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 33:270-279. [PMID: 32051930 PMCID: PMC7015528 DOI: 10.1108/jhr-07-2018-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to assess the levels of awareness and knowledge about oral cancer, its causes and or risk factors among Ugandan patients seeking oral healthcare. Design/methodology/approach– This was a cross-sectional study on adult patients who attended a free dental camp. An assistant-administered questionnaire either in English or Luganda was provided to every even-numbered registered adult who consented to participate in the study. Information on demographics and known risk factors for oral cancer were captured. The two knowledge questions on oral cancers were scored by adding up all the correctly identified causes, non-causes and risk factors then scored out of the total. Data analysis was done by calculating proportions, Student’s’ t-tests and χ2 tests with significant p-value set at 0.05. Findings– The results showed a low level of awareness/knowledge about oral cancer in studied population. In total, 60 percent and less than 50 percent of respondents identified smoking and alcohol use as risk factors for oral cancer, respectively. Majority of respondents (88.8 percent) would seek help from medical personnel if diagnosed with oral cancer. Screening for cancer was low despite awareness and knowledge that it improves the chances of successful treatment. Research limitations/implications– Emphasis on risk factors including alcohol use in public health messages, use of mass media, religious and community leaders to disseminate messages to the communities and further research were recommended. Practical implications– We need to emphasize the role of alcohol in oral cancer causation just as we do for tobacco consumption. Originality/value– No study has been conducted in Uganda on the level of awareness yet the incidence of the disease and use of high-risk products are rising.
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Alhajj MN, Halboub E, Amran AG, Alkheraif AA, Al-Sanabani FA, Al-Makramani BM, Al-Basmi AA, Al-Ghabri FA. Link between perceived oral and general health status among Yemeni adult dental patients. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:93. [PMID: 31138198 PMCID: PMC6540451 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-perceived health is an essential measure of health status and even a paramount predictor of mortality. So long as it is said that oral health (OH) and general health (GH) are mirrors to each other. This study sought to determine how Yemeni adults rate their OH and GH, whether such a self-rating influenced by some potential risk factors, and whether both ratings (OH and GH) are correlated. METHODS A sample of 587 Yemeni dental patients aged 20 years and over were consecutively recruited. A structured interview form was used covering the following variables: age, gender, marital status, educational level, presence of dental prosthesis (DP), smoking and Qat chewing habits as independent variables, along with questions on "perceived oral health (POH)" and "perceived general health (PGH)" as dependent variables. The bivariate and multiple ordinal regression analyses were applied at P-value < 0.05. RESULTS Most of participants were women (73.6%), and married (71.4%), and more than half of them were young adults (58.2%), with high educational levels (53.3%), and not having DP. Only 310 participants responded to the questions on smoking and Qat chewing habits. Of these, 88.5% were non-smokers and 62.1% were Qat non-chewers. Up to 50% of the participants reported their POH as poor or fair, while lower proportions of participants (17%) reported their PGH as such. Younger age (compared to elders), high education levels (compared to primary education) and being single (compared to married) significantly revealed better levels of POH, while high education levels and being females significantly revealed better levels of PGH. Smoking and Qat chewing habits were found to have no effect on the perception of POH or PGH. POH and PGH were found to be significantly correlated (r = 0.486; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Higher levels of oral health problems can be anticipated among patients who perceive poor general health, and vice versa. The age, marital status and education were independent determinants of POH, while the gender and education were independent determinants of PGH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esam Halboub
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G Amran
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Abdulaziz A Alkheraif
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad A Al-Sanabani
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan university, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar M Al-Makramani
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan university, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fawaz A Al-Ghabri
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
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Almashraqi AA, Ahmed EA, Mohamed NS, Halboub ES. An MRI evaluation of the effects of qat chewing habit on the temporomandibular joint. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 126:272-282.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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