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Xu S, Wei X, Yang Q, Hu D, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Kang F, Wu Z, Yan Z, Luo X, Sun Y, Wang S, Feng Y, Xu Q, Zhang M, Yang Y. A KNOX Ⅱ transcription factor suppresses the NLR immune receptor BRG8-mediated immunity in rice. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:101001. [PMID: 38863209 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are activated by detecting pathogen effectors, which in turn trigger host defenses and cell death. Although many NLRs have been identified, the mechanisms responsible for NLR-triggered defense responses are still poorly understood. In this study, through a genome-wide association study approach, we identified a novel NLR gene, Blast Resistance Gene 8 (BRG8), which confers resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight diseases. BRG8 overexpression and complementation lines exhibit enhanced resistance to both pathogens. Subcellular localization assays showed that BRG8 is localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Additional evidence revealed that nuclear-localized BRG8 can enhance rice immunity without a hypersensitive response (HR)-like phenotype. We also demonstrated that the coiled-coil domain of BRG8 not only physically interacts with itself but also interacts with the KNOX Ⅱ protein HOMEOBOX ORYZA SATIVA59 (HOS59). Knockout mutants of HOS59 in the BRG8 background show enhanced resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae strain CH171 and Xoo strain CR4, similar to that of the BRG8 background. By contrast, overexpression of HOS59 in the BRG8 background will compromise the HR-like phenotype and resistance response. Further analysis revealed that HOS59 promotes the degradation of BRG8 via the 26S proteasome pathway. Collectively, our study highlights HOS59 as an NLR immune regulator that fine-tunes BRG8-mediated immune responses against pathogens, providing new insights into NLR associations and functions in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Xu
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xinghua Wei
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Qinqin Yang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Dongxiu Hu
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaoping Yuan
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Fengyu Kang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhaozhong Wu
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhiqin Yan
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Xueqin Luo
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yanfei Sun
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shan Wang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yue Feng
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qun Xu
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Mengchen Zhang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.
| | - Yaolong Yang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.
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2
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Jia P, Wang Y, Sharif R, Dong QL, Liu Y, Luan HA, Zhang XM, Guo SP, Qi GH. KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors - Hubs in a plethora of networks: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126878. [PMID: 37703987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
KNOX (KNOTTED1-like HOMEOBOX) belongs to a class of important homeobox genes, which encode the homeodomain proteins binding to the specific element of target genes, and widely participate in plant development. Advancements in genetics and molecular biology research generate a large amount of information about KNOX genes in model and non-model plants, and their functions in different developmental backgrounds are gradually becoming clear. In this review, we summarize the known and presumed functions of the KNOX gene in plants, focusing on horticultural plants and crops. The classification and structural characteristics, expression characteristics and regulation, interacting protein factors, functions, and mechanisms of KNOX genes are systematically described. Further, the current research gaps and perspectives were discussed. These comprehensive data can provide a reference for the directional improvement of agronomic traits through KNOX gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jia
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Rahat Sharif
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qing-Long Dong
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hao-An Luan
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Sup-Ping Guo
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Guo-Hui Qi
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
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3
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Zhang S, Wang B, Li Q, Hui W, Yang L, Wang Z, Zhang W, Yue F, Liu N, Li H, Lu F, Zhang K, Zeng Q, Wu AM. CRISPR/Cas9 mutated p-coumaroyl shikimate 3'-hydroxylase 3 gene in Populus tomentosa reveals lignin functioning on supporting tree upright. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126762. [PMID: 37683750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The lignin plays one of the most important roles in plant secondary metabolism. However, it is still unclear how lignin can contribute to the impressive height of wood growth. In this study, C3'H, a rate-limiting enzyme of the lignin pathway, was used as the target gene. C3'H3 was knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9 in Populus tomentosa. Compared with wild-type popular trees, c3'h3 mutants exhibited dwarf phenotypes, collapsed xylem vessels, weakened phloem thickening, decreased hydraulic conductivity and photosynthetic efficiency, and reduced auxin content, except for reduced total lignin content and significantly increased H-subunit lignin. In the c3'h3 mutant, the flavonoid biosynthesis genes CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANR, and LAR were upregulated, and flavonoid metabolite accumulations were detected, indicating that decreasing the lignin biosynthesis pathway enhanced flavonoid metabolic flux. Furthermore, flavonoid metabolites, such as naringenin and hesperetin, were largely increased, while higher hesperetin content suppressed plant cell division. Thus, studying the c3'h3 mutant allows us to deduce that lignin deficiency suppresses tree growth and leads to the dwarf phenotype due to collapsed xylem and thickened phloem, limiting material exchanges and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qian Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenkai Hui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Linjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengxia Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huiling Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fachuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Biochemistry and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Kewei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Qingyin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Wang X, Zhang J, Chai M, Han L, Cao X, Zhang J, Kong Y, Fu C, Wang ZY, Mysore KS, Wen J, Zhou C. The role of Class Ⅱ KNOX family in controlling compound leaf patterning in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2279-2291. [PMID: 37526388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Compound leaf development requires the coordination of genetic factors, hormones, and other signals. In this study, we explored the functions of Class Ⅱ KNOTTED-like homeobox (KNOXII) genes in the model leguminous plant Medicago truncatula. Phenotypic and genetic analyses suggest that MtKNOX4, 5 are able to repress leaflet formation, while MtKNOX3, 9, 10 are not involved in this developmental process. Further investigations have shown that MtKNOX4 represses the CK signal transduction, which is downstream of MtKNOXⅠ-mediated CK biosynthesis. Additionally, two boundary genes, FUSED COMPOUND LEAF1 (orthologue of Arabidopsis Class M KNOX) and NO APICAL MERISTEM (orthologue of Arabidopsis CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON), are necessary for MtKNOX4-mediated compound leaf formation. These findings suggest, that among the members of MtKNOXⅡ, MtKNOX4 plays a crucial role in integrating the CK pathway and boundary regulators, providing new insights into the roles of MtKNOXⅡ in regulating the elaboration of compound leaves in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yiming Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, 73401, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, 73401, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Zheng B, Yang H, Xu X, Xiang Z, Hong Z, Zheng H, Wu A, Li H. Characterization of hemicellulose in Cunninghamia lanceolata stem during xylogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125530. [PMID: 37355061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hemicellulose was isolated from the apical, middle and basal segments of C. lanceolata stem to investigate the dynamic change of its structure during xylogenesis. Results showed that the C. lanceolata hemicellulose is mainly consisted of O-acetylgalactoglucomannan (GGM) which backbone is alternately linked by β-d-mannopyranosyl (Manp) and β-d-glucopyranosyl (Glcp) via (1 → 4)-glycosidic bond, while the side chains are α-d-galactopyranosyl (Galp) and acetyl. In addition, 4-O-methylglucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) is another dominant structure of C. lanceolata hemicellulose which contains a linear backbone of (1 → 4)-β-d-xylopyranosyl (Xylp) and side chains of 4-O-Me-α-d-glucuronic acid (MeGlcpA) and α-L-arabinofuranose (Araf). The thickness of the cell wall, the ratio of GGM/GAX and the molecular weight of hemicellulose were increased as the extension of growth time. The degree of glycosyl substitutions of xylan and mannan was decreased from 10.34 % (apical) to 8.38 % (basal) and from 15.63 % (apical) to 10.49 % (basal), respectively. However, the total degree of acetylation was enhanced from 0.28 (apical) to 0.37 (basal). Transcriptome analysis showed that genes (CSLA9, IRX9H1, IRX10L, IRX15L, GMGT1, TBL19, TBL25, GUX2, GUX3, GXM1, F8H1 and F8H2) related to hemicellulose biosynthesis are mainly expressed in mature part. This study is of great significance for genetic breeding and high-value utilization of C. lanceolata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haoqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhouyang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhou Hong
- Research institute of tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Huiquan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Aimin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Du J, Wang Y, Chen W, Xu M, Zhou R, Shou H, Chen J. High-resolution anatomical and spatial transcriptome analyses reveal two types of meristematic cell pools within the secondary vascular tissue of poplar stem. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:809-828. [PMID: 36895162 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The secondary vascular tissue emanating from meristems is central to understanding how vascular plants such as forest trees evolve, grow, and regulate secondary radial growth. However, the overall molecular characterization of meristem origins and developmental trajectories from primary to secondary vascular tissues in woody tree stems is technically challenging. In this study, we combined high-resolution anatomic analysis with a spatial transcriptome (ST) technique to define features of meristematic cells in a developmental gradient from primary to secondary vascular tissues in poplar stems. The tissue-specific gene expression of meristems and derived vascular tissue types were accordingly mapped to specific anatomical domains. Pseudotime analyses were used to track the origins and changes of meristems throughout the development from primary to secondary vascular tissues. Surprisingly, two types of meristematic-like cell pools within secondary vascular tissues were inferred based on high-resolution microscopy combined with ST, and the results were confirmed by in situ hybridization of, transgenic trees, and single-cell sequencing. The rectangle shape procambium-like (PCL) cells develop from procambium meristematic cells and are located within the phloem domain to produce phloem cells, whereas fusiform shape cambium zone (CZ) meristematic cells develop from fusiform metacambium meristematic cells and are located inside the CZ to produce xylem cells. The gene expression atlas and transcriptional networks spanning the primary transition to secondary vascular tissues generated in this work provide new resources for studying the regulation of meristem activities and the evolution of vascular plants. A web server (https://pgx.zju.edu.cn/stRNAPal/) was also established to facilitate the use of ST RNA-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Yichen Wang
- Hangzhou Botanical Garden, Taoyuanling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Wenfan Chen
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Mingling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huixia Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jun Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Chen JJ, Wang W, Qin WQ, Men SZ, Li HL, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M, Wu AM. Transcription factors KNAT3 and KNAT4 are essential for integument and ovule formation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:463-478. [PMID: 36342216 PMCID: PMC9806662 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Integuments form important protective cell layers surrounding the developing ovules in gymno- and angiosperms. Although several genes have been shown to influence the development of integuments, the transcriptional regulatory mechanism is still poorly understood. In this work, we report that the Class II KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX II) transcription factors KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEBOX GENE 3 (KNAT3) and KNAT4 regulate integument development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). KNAT3 and KNAT4 were co-expressed in inflorescences and especially in young developing ovules. The loss-of-function double mutant knat3 knat4 showed an infertility phenotype, in which both inner and outer integuments of the ovule are arrested at an early stage and form an amorphous structure as in the bell1 (bel1) mutant. The expression of chimeric KNAT3- and KNAT4-EAR motif repression domain (SRDX repressors) resulted in severe seed abortion. Protein-protein interaction assays demonstrated that KNAT3 and KNAT4 interact with each other and also with INNER NO OUTER (INO), a key transcription factor required for the outer integument formation. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of genes related with integument development is influenced in the knat3 knat4 mutant. The knat3 knat4 mutant also had a lower indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content, and some auxin signaling pathway genes were downregulated. Moreover, transactivation analysis indicated that KNAT3/4 and INO activate the auxin signaling gene IAA INDUCIBLE 14 (IAA14). Taken together, our study identified KNAT3 and KNAT4 as key factors in integument development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| | - Wen-Qi Qin
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Men
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hui-Ling Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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8
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Qin W, Wang N, Yin Q, Li H, Wu AM, Qin G. Activation tagging identifies WRKY14 as a repressor of plant thermomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1725-1743. [PMID: 36155833 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increases in recorded high temperatures around the world are causing plant thermomorphogenesis and decreasing crop productivity. PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) is a central positive regulator of plant thermomorphogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PIF4-regulated thermomorphogenesis remain largely unclear. In this study, we identified ABNORMAL THERMOMORPHOGENESIS 1 (ABT1) as an important negative regulator of PIF4 and plant thermomorphogenesis. Overexpression of ABT1 in the activation tagging mutant abt1-D caused shorter hypocotyls and petioles under moderately high temperature (HT). ABT1 encodes WRKY14, which belongs to subgroup II of the WRKY transcription factors. Overexpression of ABT1/WRKY14 or its close homologs, including ABT2/WRKY35, ABT3/WRKY65, and ABT4/WRKY69in transgenic plants caused insensitivity to HT, whereas the quadruple mutant abt1 abt2 abt3 abt4 exhibited greater sensitivity to HT. ABTs were expressed in hypocotyls, cotyledons, shoot apical meristems, and leaves, but their expression were suppressed by HT. Biochemical assays showed that ABT1 can interact with TCP5, a known positive regulator of PIF4, and interrupt the formation of the TCP5-PIF4 complex and repress its transcriptional activation activity. Genetic analysis showed that ABT1 functioned antagonistically with TCP5, BZR1, and PIF4 in plant thermomorphogenesis. Taken together, our results identify ABT1/WRKY14 as a critical repressor of plant thermomorphogenesis and suggest that ABT1/WRKY14, TCP5, and PIF4 may form a sophisticated regulatory module to fine-tune PIF4 activity and temperature-dependent plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Genji Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Yi N, Yang H, Zhang X, Pian R, Li H, Zeng W, Wu AM. The physiological and transcriptomic study of secondary growth in Neolamarckia cadamba stimulated by the ethylene precursor ACC. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 190:35-46. [PMID: 36096025 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Though many biological roles of ethylene have been investigated intensively, the molecular mechanism of ethylene's action in woody plants remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the precursor of ethylene, on the growth of Neolamarckia cadamba seedlings, a fast-growing tropical tree. After 14 days of ACC treatment, the plants showed a reduced physiological morphology while stem diameter increased; however, this did not occur after the addition of 1-MCP. Meanwhile, the lignin content of N. cadamba also increased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of the ethylene biosynthesis and signaling genes ACC oxidase (ACO) and ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3) were up-regulated mainly at the 6th hour and the 3rd day of the ACC treatment, respectively. The transcription levels of transcription factors, mainly in the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), ethylene response factor (ERF), WRKY and v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) families, involved in the ethylene signaling and secondary growth also increased significantly. Furthermore, in accordance to the increased lignification of the stem, the transcriptional level of key enzymes in the phenylalanine pathway were elevated after the ACC treatment. Our results revealed the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the secondary growth stimulated by exogenous ACC treatment on N. cadamba seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Haoqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ruiqi Pian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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10
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Zhang Y, Yin Q, Qin W, Gao H, Du J, Chen J, Li H, Zhou G, Wu H, Wu AM. The Class II KNOX family members KNAT3 and KNAT7 redundantly participate in Arabidopsis seed coat mucilage biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3477-3495. [PMID: 35188965 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The production of Arabidopsis seed mucilage involves complex polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways and developmental processes in seed epidermal cells. Although the polysaccharide components of Arabidopsis seed mucilage have been identified, their regulatory mechanism requires further investigation. Here, we show that Class II KNOX gene family members KNAT3 and KNAT7 play an essential role in regulating mucilage production in the early developmental stages of Arabidopsis seeds. Double mutant knat3knat7 resulted in defective seed mucilage production and columellae formation, whereas knat3 showed a normal phenotype compared with wild type, and the mucilage thickness in knat7 was slightly disturbed. Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and its biosynthetic substrates galacturonic acid and rhamnose were reduced in both the adherent and soluble mucilage of knat3knat7. Comparative transcriptome analysis on whole seeds suggested that polysaccharide, glucosinolate and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways were specifically repressed in knat3knat7. Transient co-expression of KNAT3 and KNAT7 with promoter regions of candidate genes in Arabidopsis protoplasts revealed that both KNAT3 and KNAT7 act as positive regulators of the RG-I biosynthetic gene MUCILAGE-MODIFIED 4 (MUM4, AT1G53500). Collectively, our results demonstrate that KNAT3 and KNAT7 are multifunctional transcription factors in secondary cell wall development and redundantly modulate mucilage biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
- College of life sciences, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinge Du
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
- College of life sciences, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University. Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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11
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Sun G, Zhang X, Duan H, Gao J, Li N, Su P, Xie H, Li W, Fu Z, Huang Y, Tang J. Dissection of the genetic architecture of peduncle vascular bundle-related traits in maize by a genome-wide association study. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1042-1053. [PMID: 35080335 PMCID: PMC9129077 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The peduncle vascular system of maize is critical for the transport of photosynthetic products, nutrients, and water from the roots and leaves to the ear. Accordingly, it positively affects the grain yield. However, the genetic basis of peduncle vascular bundle (PVB)-related traits in maize remains unknown. Thus, 15 PVB-related traits of 386 maize inbred lines were investigated at three locations (Yongcheng, 17YC; Kaifeng, 20KF; and Yuanyang, 20YY). The repeatability for the 15 traits ranged from 35.53% to 92.13%. A genome-wide association study was performed and 69 non-redundant quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected, including 9, 41, and 27 QTL identified at 17YC, 20KF, and 20YY, respectively. These QTL jointly explained 4.72% (SLL) to 37.30% (NSVB) of the phenotypic variation. Eight QTL were associated with the same trait at two locations. Furthermore, four pleiotropic QTL were identified. Moreover, one QTL (qPVB44), associated with NSVB_20KF, was co-localized with a previously reported locus related to kernel width, implying qPVB44 may affect the kernel width by modulating the number of small vascular bundles. Examinations of the 69 QTL identified 348 candidate genes that were classified in five groups. Additionally, 26 known VB-related homologous genes (e.g. VLN2, KNOX1, and UGT72B3) were detected in 20 of the 69 QTL. A comparison of the NSVB between a Zmvln2 EMS mutant and its wild type elucidated the function of the candidate gene ZmVLN2. These results are important for clarifying the genetic basis of PVB-related traits and may be useful for breeding new high-yielding maize cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- College of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xuehai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Haiyang Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jionghao Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Na Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Pingping Su
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Huiling Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Weihua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yubi Huang
- College of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
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12
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Zhao W, Ding L, Liu J, Zhang X, Li S, Zhao K, Guan Y, Song A, Wang H, Chen S, Jiang J, Chen F. Regulation of lignin biosynthesis by an atypical bHLH protein CmHLB in Chrysanthemum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2403-2419. [PMID: 35090011 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stem mechanical strength is one of the most important agronomic traits that affects the resistance of plants against insects and lodging, and plays an essential role in the quality and yield of plants. Several transcription factors regulate mechanical strength in crops. However, mechanisms of stem strength formation and regulation remain largely unexplored, especially in ornamental plants. In this study, we identified an atypical bHLH transcription factor CmHLB (HLH PROTEIN INVOLVED IN LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS) in chrysanthemum, belonging to a small bHLH sub-family - the PACLOBUTRAZOL RESISTANCE (PRE) family. Overexpression of CmHLB in chrysanthemum significantly increased mechanical strength of the stem, cell wall thickness, and lignin content, compared with the wild type. In contrast, CmHLB RNA interference lines exhibited the opposite phenotypes. RNA-seq analysis indicated that CmHLB promoted the expression of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CmHLB interacted with Chrysanthemum KNOTTED ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA7 (CmKNAT7) through the KNOX2 domain, which has a conserved function, i.e. it negatively regulates secondary cell wall formation of fibres and lignin biosynthesis. Collectively, our results reveal a novel role for CmHLB in regulating lignin biosynthesis by interacting with CmKNAT7 and affecting stem mechanical strength in Chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunxiao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Que F, Liu Q, Zha R, Xiong A, Wei Q. Genome-Wide Identification, Expansion, and Evolution Analysis of Homeobox Gene Family Reveals TALE Genes Important for Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis in Moso Bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084112. [PMID: 35456930 PMCID: PMC9032839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The TALE gene family is a subfamily of the homeobox gene family and has been implicated in regulating plant secondary growth. However, reports about the evolutionary history and function of the TALE gene family in bamboo are limited. Here, the homeobox gene families of moso bamboo Olyra latifolia and Bonia amplexicaulis were identified and compared. Many duplication events and obvious expansions were found in the TALE family of woody bamboo. PhTALEs were found to have high syntenies with TALE genes in rice. Through gene co-expression analysis and quantitative real-time PCR analysis, the candidate PhTALEs were thought to be involved in regulating secondary cell wall development of moso bamboo during the fast-growing stage. Among these candidate PhTALEs, orthologs of OsKNAT7, OSH15, and SH5 in moso bamboo may regulate xylan synthesis by regulating the expression of IRX-like genes. These results suggested that PhTALEs may participate in the secondary cell wall deposition in internodes during the fast-growing stage of moso bamboo. The expansion of the TALE gene family may be implicated in the increased lignification of woody bamboo when divergent from herbaceous bamboos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Que
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (F.Q.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Qingnan Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (F.Q.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Ruofei Zha
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (F.Q.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Aisheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (A.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiang Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (F.Q.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.X.); (Q.W.)
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14
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Nookaraju A, Pandey SK, Ahlawat YK, Joshi CP. Understanding the Modus Operandi of Class II KNOX Transcription Factors in Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:493. [PMID: 35214825 PMCID: PMC8880547 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass from the secondary cell walls of plants has a veritable potential to provide some of the most appropriate raw materials for producing second-generation biofuels. Therefore, we must first understand how plants synthesize these complex secondary cell walls that consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in order to deconstruct them later on into simple sugars to produce bioethanol via fermentation. Knotted-like homeobox (KNOX) genes encode homeodomain-containing transcription factors (TFs) that modulate various important developmental processes in plants. While Class I KNOX TF genes are mainly expressed in the shoot apical meristems of both monocot and eudicot plants and are involved in meristem maintenance and/or formation, Class II KNOXTF genes exhibit diverse expression patterns and their precise functions have mostly remained unknown, until recently. The expression patterns of Class II KNOX TF genes in Arabidopsis, namely KNAT3, KNAT4, KNAT5, and KNAT7, suggest that TFs encoded by at least some of these genes, such as KNAT7 and KNAT3, may play a significant role in secondary cell wall formation. Specifically, the expression of the KNAT7 gene is regulated by upstream TFs, such as SND1 and MYB46, while KNAT7 interacts with other cell wall proteins, such as KNAT3, MYB75, OFPs, and BLHs, to regulate secondary cell wall formation. Moreover, KNAT7 directly regulates the expression of some xylan synthesis genes. In this review, we summarize the current mechanistic understanding of the roles of Class II KNOX TFs in secondary cell wall formation. Recent success with the genetic manipulation of Class II KNOX TFs suggests that this may be one of the biotechnological strategies to improve plant feedstocks for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akula Nookaraju
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; (A.N.); (S.K.P.); (Y.K.A.)
- Kaveri Seed Company Limited, Secunderabad 500003, Telangana, India
| | - Shashank K. Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; (A.N.); (S.K.P.); (Y.K.A.)
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yogesh K. Ahlawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; (A.N.); (S.K.P.); (Y.K.A.)
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar P. Joshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; (A.N.); (S.K.P.); (Y.K.A.)
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15
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Wang Y, Li Y, Gong SY, Qin LX, Nie XY, Liu D, Zheng Y, Li XB. GhKNL1 controls fiber elongation and secondary cell wall synthesis by repressing its downstream genes in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:39-55. [PMID: 34796654 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cotton which produces natural fiber materials for the textile industry is one of the most important crops in the world. Class II KNOX proteins are often considered as transcription factors in regulating plant secondary cell wall (SCW) formation. However, the molecular mechanism of the KNOX transcription factor-regulated SCW synthesis in plants (especially in cotton) remains unclear in details so far. In this study, we show a cotton class II KNOX protein (GhKNL1) as a transcription repressor functioning in fiber development. The GhKNL1-silenced transgenic cotton produced longer fibers with thicker SCWs, whereas GhKNL1 dominant repression transgenic lines displayed the opposite fiber phenotype, compared with controls. Further experiments revealed that GhKNL1 could directly bind to promoters of GhCesA4-2/4-4/8-2 and GhMYB46 for modulating cellulose synthesis during fiber SCW development in cotton. On the other hand, GhKNL1 could also suppress expressions of GhEXPA2D/4A-1/4D-1/13A through binding to their promoters for regulating fiber elongation of cotton. Taken together, these data revealed GhKNL1 functions in fiber elongation and SCW formation by directly repressing expressions of its target genes related to cell elongation and cellulose synthesis. Thus, our data provide an effective clue for potentially improving fiber quality by genetic manipulation of GhKNL1 in cotton breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Si-Ying Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Li-Xia Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Nie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xue-Bao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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16
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Li Z, Wang X, Yang K, Zhu C, Yuan T, Wang J, Li Y, Gao Z. Identification and expression analysis of the glycosyltransferase GT43 family members in bamboo reveal their potential function in xylan biosynthesis during rapid growth. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:867. [PMID: 34856932 PMCID: PMC8638195 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xylan is one of the most abundant hemicelluloses and can crosslink cellulose and lignin to increase the stability of cell walls. A number of genes encoding glycosyltransferases play vital roles in xylan biosynthesis in plants, such as those of the GT43 family. However, little is known about glycosyltransferases in bamboo, especially woody bamboo which is a good substitute for timber. Results A total of 17 GT43 genes (PeGT43–1 ~ PeGT43–17) were identified in the genome of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), which belong to three subfamilies with specific motifs. The phylogenetic and collinearity analyses showed that PeGT43s may have undergone gene duplication, as a result of collinearity found in 12 pairs of PeGT43s, and between 17 PeGT43s and 10 OsGT43s. A set of cis-acting elements such as hormones, abiotic stress response and MYB binding elements were found in the promoter of PeGT43s. PeGT43s were expressed differently in 26 tissues, among which the highest expression level was found in the shoots, especially in the rapid elongation zone and nodes. The genes coexpressed with PeGT43s were annotated as associated with polysaccharide metabolism and cell wall biosynthesis. qRT–PCR results showed that the coexpressed genes had similar expression patterns with a significant increase in 4.0 m shoots and a peak in 6.0 m shoots during fast growth. In addition, the xylan content and structural polysaccharide staining intensity in bamboo shoots showed a strong positive correlation with the expression of PeGT43s. Yeast one-hybrid assays demonstrated that PeMYB35 could recognize the 5′ UTR/promoter of PeGT43–5 by binding to the SMRE cis-elements. Conclusions PeGT43s were found to be adapted to the requirement of xylan biosynthesis during rapid cell elongation and cell wall accumulation, as evidenced by the expression profile of PeGT43s and the rate of xylan accumulation in bamboo shoots. Yeast one-hybrid analysis suggested that PeMYB35 might be involved in xylan biosynthesis by regulating the expression of PeGT43–5 by binding to its 5′ UTR/promoter. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of PeGT43s in moso bamboo and lays a foundation for further functional analysis of PeGT43s for xylan biosynthesis during rapid growth. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08192-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Kebin Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Chenglei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Jiongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Zhimin Gao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China.
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Ahlawat YK, Nookaraju A, Harman-Ware AE, Doeppke C, Biswal AK, Joshi CP. Genetic Modification of KNAT7 Transcription Factor Expression Enhances Saccharification and Reduces Recalcitrance of Woody Biomass in Poplars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:762067. [PMID: 34795688 PMCID: PMC8594486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.762067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The precise role of KNAT7 transcription factors (TFs) in regulating secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis in poplars has remained unknown, while our understanding of KNAT7 functions in other plants is continuously evolving. To study the impact of genetic modifications of homologous and heterologous KNAT7 gene expression on SCW formation in transgenic poplars, we prepared poplar KNAT7 (PtKNAT7) overexpression (PtKNAT7-OE) and antisense suppression (PtKNAT7-AS) vector constructs for the generation of transgenic poplar lines via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Since the overexpression of homologous genes can sometimes result in co-suppression, we also overexpressed Arabidopsis KNAT7 (AtKNAT7-OE) in transgenic poplars. In all these constructs, the expression of KNAT7 transgenes was driven by developing xylem (DX)-specific promoter, DX15. Compared to wild-type (WT) controls, many SCW biosynthesis genes downstream of KNAT7 were highly expressed in poplar PtKNAT7-OE and AtKNAT7-OE lines. Yet, no significant increase in lignin content of woody biomass of these transgenic lines was observed. PtKNAT7-AS lines, however, showed reduced expression of many SCW biosynthesis genes downstream of KNAT7 accompanied by a reduction in lignin content of wood compared to WT controls. Syringyl to Guaiacyl lignin (S/G) ratios were significantly increased in all three KNAT7 knockdown and overexpression transgenic lines than WT controls. These transgenic lines were essentially indistinguishable from WT controls in terms of their growth phenotype. Saccharification efficiency of woody biomass was significantly increased in all transgenic lines than WT controls. Overall, our results demonstrated that developing xylem-specific alteration of KNAT7 expression affects the expression of SCW biosynthesis genes, impacting at least the lignification process and improving saccharification efficiency, hence providing one of the powerful tools for improving bioethanol production from woody biomass of bioenergy crops and trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar Ahlawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - Anne E. Harman-Ware
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Crissa Doeppke
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Ajaya K. Biswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Chandrashekhar P. Joshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
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18
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Gao Z, Guo L, Chen M, Yu F, Wei Q. Characterization of the development dynamics within the linear growth bamboo leaf. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1518-1534. [PMID: 33502764 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The leaf is the main photosynthetic organ in plants, such as bamboo. Leaves from bamboo are used as a food additive. However, according to our investigation, to date there have been no reports concerning the leaf development of bamboo. By measuring over 7500 parenchymal cells, we discovered that the linear leaf growth of Pseudosasa japonica could be divided into three growth sections. The first one is a roughly 1-cm long division zone (DZ), containing about 1580 cells, located at the bottom of the leaf; the second one is an about 3-cm long elongation zone (EZ), with ~1905 cells, located above the DZ; and the last is a mature zone (MZ) in which cell elongation is completed. The cell production rate of the DZ was 25.33-35.81 cells per hour, with an average of 29.73; and the cell division rate was ~0.45 cells per cell every 24 h. PacBio and Illumina transcriptome sequencing found 21 933 unigenes expressed in these zones. Further analysis revealed a dynamic transcriptome, with transcripts for cell division in the DZ changing to transcripts for cell elongation, photosynthetic development, secondary metabolism, stress resistance, and nutrition transport toward the leaf distal. Those transcriptome transformations correlated well with the changes of relative water content, biomass accumulation, and cellulose crystal degree and were supported by quantitative polymerase chain reaction data. These results revealed a developmental gradient of the bamboo linear growth leaf, which offers a foundation to elucidate and engineer leaf development in bamboo, an economically valuable plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Gao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fen Yu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
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Zhang Z, Li C, Zhang H, Ying Y, Hu Y, Song L. Comparative Analysis of the Lignification Process of Two Bamboo Shoots Stored at Room Temperature. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1399. [PMID: 33096642 PMCID: PMC7589782 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two types of bamboo shoots, high bamboo (Phyllostachys prominens) shoots (HBSes) and moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) shoots (MBSes), underwent a fast post-harvest lignification process under room temperature storage. To explore the mechanism of lignification in two types of bamboo shoots after post-harvest during room temperature storage, the measurement of cell wall polymers (lignin and cellulose) and enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD), and relative expression of related transcription networks factors (TFs) were performed. The results suggested that the lignification process in HBSes is faster than that in MBSes because of incremental increase in lignin and cellulose contents within 6 days and the shorter shelf-life. Additionally, compared with the expression pattern of lignification-related TFs and correlation analysis of lignin and cellulose contents, MYB20, MYB43, MYB85 could function positively in the lignification process of two types of bamboo shoots. A negative regulator, KNAT7, could negatively regulate the lignin biosynthesis in two types of bamboo shoots. In addition, MYB63 could function positively in HBSes, and NST1 could function negatively in MBSes. Notably, MYB42 may function differently in the two types of bamboo shoots, that is, a positive regulator in HBSes, but a negative regulator in MBSes. Transcription networks provide a comprehensive analysis to explore the mechanism of lignification in two types of bamboo shoots after post-harvest during room temperature storage. These results suggest that the lignification of bamboo shoots was mainly due to the increased activity of POD, higher expression levels of MYB20, MYB43, MYB63, and MYB85 genes, and lower expression levels of KNAT7 and NST1 genes, and the lignification process of HBSes and MBSes had significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuanyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China; (Z.Z.); (C.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China; (Z.Z.); (C.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.)
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20
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Characterization of hemicelluloses in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) culm during xylogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1119-1128. [PMID: 33035529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses are effective renewable biopolymers that can be used in many different industrial processes and preparations. In plants, the content of hemicellulose might change with different developmental stages and/or tissues. Thus, in here chemical and structural differences in hemicellulose isolated from the apical, middle and basal segments of sugarcane stem were characterized using chemical techniques. Further, difference in expression levels of genes related to synthesis of hemicelluloses from these three segments were studied by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR etc. The sugarcane hemicellulose backbone was xylose residues connected via β-1,4 glycosidic linkages which was further substituted with arabinose, acetyl and glucuronic acid side chains. Hemicellulose content was higher in the middle and basal segments with less backbone substitutions compared to apical segments. In terms of gene expression, hemicellulose synthesis and modification genes were intensely expressed in middle and basal segments. Taken together, our research describes differences in hemicellulose content and substitutions in sugarcane during xylogenesis, which will increase our knowledge for finding more refined use of sugarcane bagasse.
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21
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Hu X, Cui Y, Lu X, Song W, Lei L, Zhu J, Lai J, E L, Zhao H. Maize WI5 encodes an endo-1,4-β-xylanase required for secondary cell wall synthesis and water transport in xylem. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1607-1624. [PMID: 32129568 PMCID: PMC7587005 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water transport from roots to leaves through xylem is important for plant growth and development. Defects in water transport can cause drought stress, even when there is adequate water in the soil. Here, we identified the maize (Zea mays) wilty5 (wi5) mutant, which exhibits marked dwarfing and leaf wilting throughout most of its life cycle under normal growth conditions. wilty5 seedlings exhibited lower xylem conductivity and wilted more rapidly under drought, NaCl, and high temperature treatments than wild-type plants. Map-based cloning revealed that WI5 encodes an active endo-1,4-β-xylanase from glycosyl dehydration family 10, which mainly functions in degrading and reorganizing cell wall xylan. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and β-glucuronidase assays revealed that WI5 is highly expressed in stems, especially in internodes undergoing secondary wall assembly. RNA sequencing suggested that WI5 plays a unique role in internode growth. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy confirmed that wi5 is defective in xylan deposition and secondary cell wall thickening. Lignin deposition and xylan content were markedly reduced in wi5 compared to the wild-type plants. Our results suggest that WI5 functions in xylem cell wall thickening through its xylanase activity and thereby regulates xylem water transport, the drought stress response, and plant growth in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jinjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Lizhu E
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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22
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Qin W, Yin Q, Chen J, Zhao X, Yue F, He J, Yang L, Liu L, Zeng Q, Lu F, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M, Wu AM. The class II KNOX transcription factors KNAT3 and KNAT7 synergistically regulate monolignol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5469-5483. [PMID: 32474603 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The function of the transcription factor KNOTTED ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA7 (KNAT7) is still unclear since it appears to be either a negative or a positive regulator for secondary cell wall deposition with its loss-of-function mutant displaying thicker interfascicular and xylary fiber cell walls but thinner vessel cell walls in inflorescence stems. To explore the exact function of KNAT7, class II KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX II) genes in Arabidopsis including KNAT3, KNAT4, and KNAT5 were studied together. By chimeric repressor technology, we found that both KNAT3 and KNAT7 repressors exhibited a similar dwarf phenotype. Both KNAT3 and KNAT7 genes were expressed in the inflorescence stems and the knat3 knat7 double mutant exhibited a dwarf phenotype similar to the repressor lines. A stem cross-section of knat3 knat7 displayed an enhanced irregular xylem phenotype as compared with the single mutants, and its cell wall thickness in xylem vessels and interfascicular fibers was significantly reduced. Analysis of cell wall chemical composition revealed that syringyl lignin was significantly decreased while guaiacyl lignin was increased in the knat3 knat7 double mutant. Coincidently, the knat3 knat7 transcriptome showed that most lignin pathway genes were activated, whereas the syringyl lignin-related gene Ferulate 5-Hydroxylase (F5H) was down-regulated. Protein interaction analysis revealed that KNAT3 and KNAT7 can form a heterodimer, and KNAT3, but not KNAT7, can interact with the key secondary cell wall formation transcription factors NST1/2, which suggests that the KNAT3-NST1/2 heterodimer complex regulates F5H to promote syringyl lignin synthesis. These results indicate that KNAT3 and KNAT7 synergistically work together to promote secondary cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengxia Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junbo He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in downstream areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Qingyin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Fachuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Coomey JH, Sibout R, Hazen SP. Grass secondary cell walls, Brachypodium distachyon as a model for discovery. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1649-1667. [PMID: 32285456 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of plant growth is the synthesis and deposition of cell walls. In specific tissues and cell types including xylem and fibre, a thick secondary wall comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is deposited. Secondary cell walls provide a physical barrier that protects plants from pathogens, promotes tolerance to abiotic stresses and fortifies cells to withstand the forces associated with water transport and the physical weight of plant structures. Grasses have numerous cell wall features that are distinct from eudicots and other plants. Study of the model species Brachypodium distachyon as well as other grasses has revealed numerous features of the grass cell wall. These include the characterisation of xylosyl and arabinosyltransferases, a mixed-linkage glucan synthase and hydroxycinnamate acyltransferases. Perhaps the most fertile area for discovery has been the formation of lignins, including the identification of novel substrates and enzyme activities towards the synthesis of monolignols. Other enzymes function as polymerising agents or transferases that modify lignins and facilitate interactions with polysaccharides. The regulatory aspects of cell wall biosynthesis are largely overlapping with those of eudicots, but salient differences among species have been resolved that begin to identify the determinants that define grass cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Coomey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Richard Sibout
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Samuel P Hazen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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24
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Pei S, Lu M, Kong Y, Zhou G, Hu R. KNAT7 regulates xylan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4125-4139. [PMID: 32277756 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As a major hemicellulose component of plant cell walls, xylans play a determining role in maintaining the wall structure. However, the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of xylan biosynthesis remain largely unknown. Arabidopsis seed mucilage represents an ideal system for studying polysaccharide biosynthesis and modifications of plant cell walls. Here, we identify KNOTTED ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 7 (KNAT7) as a positive transcriptional regulator of xylan biosynthesis in seed mucilage. The xylan content was significantly reduced in the mucilage of the knat7-3 mutant and this was accompanied by significantly reduced expression of the xylan biosynthesis-related genes IRREGULAR XYLEM 14 (IRX14) and MUCILAGE MODIFIED 5/MUCILAGE-RELATED 21 (MUM5/MUCI21). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, yeast one-hybrid assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation with quantitative PCR verified the direct binding of KNAT7 to the KNOTTED1 (KN1) binding site [KBS,TGACAG(G/C)T] in the promoters of IRX7, IRX14, and MUM5/MUCI21 in vitro, in vivo, and in planta. Furthermore, KNAT7 directly activated the expression of IRX14 and MUM5/MUCI21 in transactivation assays in mesophyll protoplasts, and overexpression of IRX14 or MUM5/MUCI21 in knat7-3 partially rescued the defects in mucilage adherence. Taken together, our results indicate that KNAT7 positively regulates xylan biosynthesis in seed-coat mucilage via direct activation of the expression of IRX14 and MUM5/MUCI21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Shengqiang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- Agronomy College, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ruibo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
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25
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Profiling of Chemical and Structural Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomasses in Tetraploid Rice Straw. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020340. [PMID: 32033358 PMCID: PMC7077374 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The improvement of the saccharification of rice straw is one of the strategies to reduce the sophisticated pretreatment that results in high cost and is unfriendly to the environment. We explored the cell wall features in tetraploid rice and highlighted the enhanced saccharification of tetraploid with large biomass. Results showed that lignin content and S/G ratio reduced to 17.09% and 0.37, respectively, in tetraploid straw by the determination of the pyGC-MS method. After the pretreatment, the cellulose crystallinity index decreased from 63.22% to 57.65% in tetraploid straw, which is lower than that of pretreated diploid straw. Surface topological analysis of SEM images indicated that tetraploid straw was more susceptible to the pretreatment. Tetraploid straw showed a strong advantage in the process of enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzyme efficiency reached the highest value of 77.60%, and the rate of enzyme reaction was improved to make the reaction saturated earlier than conventional rice. We concluded that the high saccharification has resulted from the alteration of lignin and cellulose in tetraploid rice. Our research provides an improved green feedstock for bioenergy, and the tetraploid rice straw shows the potential utilization value in bioethanol production.
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Zhu Y, Huang J, Wang K, Wang B, Sun S, Lin X, Song L, Wu A, Li H. Characterization of Lignin Structures in Phyllostachys edulis (Moso Bamboo) at Different Ages. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E187. [PMID: 31936794 PMCID: PMC7022663 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bamboo is a gramineous plant widely distributed in China and has great prospects. Normally, local people cut bamboo culm at first year for paper milling or at six years for construction. Understanding lignin changes in bamboo with aging is necessary for better exploring the application of bamboo at different ages and can also promote the application of bamboo more effectively. Based on the previous study, the chemical structure and the lignin content of bamboo at different ages were further explored by FT-IR, GPC, NMR and other chemical methods in this paper. Results showed that the lignin structures of bamboo at different ages were similar with three monomers of S, G and H, but the molecular weight increased with age. Quantitative structure estimation further confirmed that S-type lignin content and S/G ratio of bamboo lignin constantly increased with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Z.); (J.H.); (K.W.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Z.); (J.H.); (K.W.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kaili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Z.); (J.H.); (K.W.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bo Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Shaolong Sun
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Xinchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China; (X.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China; (X.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Aimin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Z.); (J.H.); (K.W.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.Z.); (J.H.); (K.W.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Wang S, Yamaguchi M, Grienenberger E, Martone PT, Samuels AL, Mansfield SD. The Class II KNOX genes KNAT3 and KNAT7 work cooperatively to influence deposition of secondary cell walls that provide mechanical support to Arabidopsis stems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:293-309. [PMID: 31587430 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor KNOTTED ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA7 (KNAT7) is a Class II KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX2) gene that, in interfascicular fibres, acts as a negative regulator of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. In addition, knat7 loss-of-function mutants display an irregular xylem (irx) phenotype, suggesting a potential positive regulatory role in xylem vessel secondary cell wall deposition. Although our understanding of the role of KNAT7 is evolving, the function(s) of the closely related KNOX2 genes, KNAT3, KNAT4, and KNAT5, in secondary wall formation still remain unclear. We found that all four Arabidopsis KNOX2 genes were expressed in the inflorescence stems. However, only the knat3 knat7 double mutants showed a phenotype, displaying an enhanced irx phenotypes relative to the single mutants, as well as decreased interfascicular fibre cell wall thickness. Moreover, knat3 knat7 double mutants had reduced stem tensile and flexural strength compared with wild-type and single mutants. In contrast, KNAT3 overexpression resulted in thicker interfascicular fibre secondary cell walls in inflorescence stems, suggesting a potential positive regulation in interfascicular fibre secondary wall development. This work identifies KNAT3 as a potential transcriptional activator working together with KNAT7 to promote secondary cell wall biosynthesis in xylem vessels, while concurrently acting antagonistically with KNAT7 to influence secondary wall formation in interfascicular fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Wang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Etienne Grienenberger
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), CNRS UPR 2357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Testone G, Sobolev A, Gonnella M, Renna M, Mannina L, Capitani D, Arnesi G, Biancari T, Giannino D. Insights into sucrose pathway of chicory stems by integrative transcriptomic and metabolic analyses. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 167:112086. [PMID: 31450092 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide-cultivated chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) produces food and beneficial compounds, and young pre-flowering inflorescence stems are newly marketed vegetables. These sink-organs undergo growth by metabolizing sugars of leaf origin; the carbohydrate content and sweetness are crucial aspects for consumers' nutrition and acceptance. NMR profiling of 31 hydrosoluble phytochemicals showed that stem contents varied as influenced by genotype, environment and interaction, and that higher sucrose levels were associated with the sweeter of two landraces. Integrative analyses of metabolic and transcriptomic profile variations allowed the dissection of sucrose pathway. Overall, 427 and 23 unigenes respectively fell into the categories of sucrose metabolism and sugar carriers. Among 10 differentially expressed genes, the 11474/sucrose synthase, 53458/fructokinase, 9306 and 17035/hexokinases, and 20171/SWEET-type genes significantly associated to sugar content variation, and deduced proteins were characterised in silico. Correlation analyses encompassing sugar level variation, expressions of the former genes and of computationally assigned transcription factors (10938/NAC, 14712/bHLH, 40133/TALE and 17846/MIKC) revealed a gene network. The latter was minimally affected by the environment and accomplished with markers, representing a resource for biological studies and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Testone
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology - Unit of Rome, National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Anatoly Sobolev
- Institute for Biological Systems, "Annalaura Segre" Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gonnella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Renna
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Institute for Biological Systems, "Annalaura Segre" Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy; Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Capitani
- Institute for Biological Systems, "Annalaura Segre" Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arnesi
- Enza Zaden Italia, Strada Statale Aurelia km. 96.400, 01016, Tarquinia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Tiziano Biancari
- Enza Zaden Italia, Strada Statale Aurelia km. 96.400, 01016, Tarquinia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Donato Giannino
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology - Unit of Rome, National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
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Behr M, Guerriero G, Grima-Pettenati J, Baucher M. A Molecular Blueprint of Lignin Repression. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:1052-1064. [PMID: 31371222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although lignin is essential to ensure the correct growth and development of land plants, it may be an obstacle to the production of lignocellulosics-based biofuels, and reduces the nutritional quality of crops used for human consumption or livestock feed. The need to tailor the lignocellulosic biomass for more efficient biofuel production or for improved plant digestibility has fostered considerable advances in our understanding of the lignin biosynthetic pathway and its regulation. Most of the described regulators are transcriptional activators of lignin biosynthesis, but considerably less attention has been devoted to the repressors of this pathway. We provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular factors that negatively impact on the lignification process at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jacqueline Grima-Pettenati
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III (UPS), 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marie Baucher
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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Tan QW, Mutwil M. Inferring biosynthetic and gene regulatory networks from Artemisia annua RNA sequencing data on a credit card-sized ARM computer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1863:194429. [PMID: 31634636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.194429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of gene function and gene regulatory networks is one of the most active topics in bioinformatics. The accumulation of publicly available gene expression data for hundreds of plant species, together with advances in bioinformatical methods and affordable computing, sets ingenuity as one of the major bottlenecks in understanding gene function and regulation. Here, we show how a credit card-sized computer retailing for <50 USD can be used to rapidly predict gene function and infer regulatory networks from RNA sequencing data. To achieve this, we constructed a bioinformatical pipeline that downloads and allows quality-control of RNA sequencing data; and generates a gene co-expression network that can reveal enzymes and transcription factors participating and controlling a given biosynthetic pathway. We exemplify this by first identifying genes and transcription factors involved in the biosynthesis of secondary cell wall in the plant Artemisia annua, the main natural source of the anti-malarial drug artemisinin. Networks were then used to dissect the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway, which suggest potential transcription factors regulating artemisinin biosynthesis. We provide the source code of our pipeline (https://github.com/mutwil/LSTrAP-Lite) and envision that the ubiquity of affordable computing, availability of biological data and increased bioinformatical training of biologists will transform the field of bioinformatics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Transcriptional Profiles and Regulatory Gene Networks edited by Dr. Dr. Federico Manuel Giorgi and Dr. Shaun Mahony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wen Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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31
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Wang KL, Wang B, Hu R, Zhao X, Li H, Zhou G, Song L, Wu AM. Characterization of hemicelluloses in Phyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo) culm during xylogenesis. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 221:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Zhu J, Li Y, Lin J, Wu Y, Guo H, Shao Y, Wang F, Wang X, Mo X, Zheng S, Yu H, Mao C. CRD1, an Xpo1 domain protein, regulates miRNA accumulation and crown root development in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:328-342. [PMID: 31257621 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crown root (CR) is the main component of the fibrous root system in cereal crops, but the molecular mechanism underlying CR development is still unclear. Here, we isolated the crown root defect 1 (crd1) mutant from ethyl methane sulfonate-mutated mutant library, which significantly inhibited CR development. The CRD1 was identified through genome resequencing and complementation analysis, which encodes an Xpo1 domain protein: the rice ortholog of Arabidopsis HASTY (HST) and human exportin-5 (XPO5). CRD1 is ubiquitously expressed, with the highest expression levels in the CR primordium at the stem base. CRD1 is a nucleocytoplasmic protein. The crd1 mutant contains significantly reduced miRNA levels in the cytoplasm and nucleus, suggesting that CRD1 is essential for maintaining normal miRNA levels in plant cells. The altered CR phenotype of crd1 was simulated by target mimicry of miR156, suggesting that this defect is due to the disruption of miR156 regulatory pathways. Our analysis of CRD1, the HST ortholog identified in monocots, expands our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying miRNA level and CR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huaxing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanlin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shaojian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chuanzao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Zhang J, Xie M, Tuskan GA, Muchero W, Chen JG. Recent Advances in the Transcriptional Regulation of Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis in the Woody Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1535. [PMID: 30405670 PMCID: PMC6206300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls provide structural support for growth and serve as a barrier for pathogen attack. Plant cell walls are also a source of renewable biomass for conversion to biofuels and bioproducts. Understanding plant cell wall biosynthesis and its regulation is of critical importance for the genetic modification of plant feedstocks for cost-effective biofuels and bioproducts conversion and production. Great progress has been made in identifying enzymes involved in plant cell wall biosynthesis, and in Arabidopsis it is generally recognized that the regulation of genes encoding these enzymes is under a transcriptional regulatory network with coherent feedforward and feedback loops. However, less is known about the transcriptional regulation of plant secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis in woody species despite of its high relevance to biofuels and bioproducts conversion and production. In this article, we synthesize recent progress on the transcriptional regulation of SCW biosynthesis in Arabidopsis and contrast to what is known in woody species. Furthermore, we evaluate progress in related emerging regulatory machineries targeting transcription factors in this complex regulatory network of SCW biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Meng Xie
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Wellington Muchero, Jin-Gui Chen,
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Wellington Muchero, Jin-Gui Chen,
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