1
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Meng J, Zhou W, Mao X, Lei P, An X, Xue H, Qi Y, Yu F, Liu X. PRL1 interacts with and stabilizes RPA2A to regulate carbon deprivation-induced senescence in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 244:855-869. [PMID: 39229867 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a developmental program regulated by both endogenous and environmental cues. Abiotic stresses such as nutrient deprivation can induce premature leaf senescence, which profoundly impacts plant growth and crop yield. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying stress-induced senescence are not fully understood. In this work, employing a carbon deprivation (C-deprivation)-induced senescence assay in Arabidopsis seedlings, we identified PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORY LOCUS 1 (PRL1), a component of the NineTeen Complex, as a negative regulator of C-deprivation-induced senescence. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PRL1 directly interacts with the RPA2A subunit of the single-stranded DNA-binding Replication Protein A (RPA) complex. Consistently, the loss of RPA2A leads to premature senescence, while increased expression of RPA2A inhibits senescence. Moreover, overexpression of RPA2A reverses the accelerated senescence in prl1 mutants, and the interaction with PRL1 stabilizes RPA2A under C-deprivation. In summary, our findings reveal the involvement of the PRL1-RPA2A functional module in C-deprivation-induced plant senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xinhao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Pei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xue An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yafei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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2
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Ros-Moner E, Jiménez-Góngora T, Villar-Martín L, Vogrinec L, González-Miguel VM, Kutnjak D, Rubio-Somoza I. Conservation of molecular responses upon viral infection in the non-vascular plant Marchantia polymorpha. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8326. [PMID: 39333479 PMCID: PMC11436993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
After plants transitioned from water to land around 450 million years ago, they faced novel pathogenic microbes. Their colonization of diverse habitats was driven by anatomical innovations like roots, stomata, and vascular tissue, which became central to plant-microbe interactions. However, the impact of these innovations on plant immunity and pathogen infection strategies remains poorly understood. Here, we explore plant-virus interactions in the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha to gain insights into the evolution of these relationships. Virome analysis reveals that Marchantia is predominantly associated with RNA viruses. Comparative studies with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) show that Marchantia shares core defense responses with vascular plants but also exhibits unique features, such as a sustained wound response preventing viral spread. Additionally, general defense responses in Marchantia are equivalent to those restricted to vascular tissues in Nicotiana, suggesting that evolutionary acquisition of developmental innovations results in re-routing of defense responses in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ros-Moner
- Molecular Reprogramming and Evolution (MoRE) Laboratory, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB-Edifci CRAG, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Tamara Jiménez-Góngora
- Molecular Reprogramming and Evolution (MoRE) Laboratory, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB-Edifci CRAG, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Luis Villar-Martín
- Molecular Reprogramming and Evolution (MoRE) Laboratory, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB-Edifci CRAG, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Lana Vogrinec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Víctor M González-Miguel
- Data Analysis area, Bioinformatics Core Unit, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB-Edifci CRAG, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Denis Kutnjak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ignacio Rubio-Somoza
- Molecular Reprogramming and Evolution (MoRE) Laboratory, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB-Edifci CRAG, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain.
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Li S, He L, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Han X, Hu Y, Jiang Y. INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION 1 promotes cold-enhanced immunity by directly activating salicylic acid signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2587-2606. [PMID: 38536743 PMCID: PMC11218786 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Cold stress affects plant immune responses, and this process may involve the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanism by which low-temperature signals coordinate with SA signaling to regulate plant immunity remains unclear. Here, we found that low temperatures enhanced the disease resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. This process required INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION 1 (ICE1), the core transcription factor in cold-signal cascades. ICE1 physically interacted with NONEXPRESSER OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1), the master regulator of the SA signaling pathway. Enrichment of ICE1 on the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE 1 (PR1) promoter and its ability to transcriptionally activate PR1 were enhanced by NPR1. Further analyses revealed that cold stress signals cooperate with SA signals to facilitate plant immunity against pathogen attack in an ICE1-dependent manner. Cold treatment promoted interactions of NPR1 and TGACG-BINDING FACTOR 3 (TGA3) with ICE1 and increased the ability of the ICE1-TGA3 complex to transcriptionally activate PR1. Together, our results characterize a critical role of ICE1 as an indispensable regulatory node linking low-temperature-activated and SA-regulated immunity. Understanding this crucial role of ICE1 in coordinating multiple signals associated with immunity broadens our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yongping Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiao Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yanru Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yanjuan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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4
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Zhao Y, Zhu X, Shi CM, Xu G, Zuo S, Shi Y, Cao W, Kang H, Liu W, Wang R, Ning Y, Wang GL, Wang X. OsEIL2 balances rice immune responses against (hemi)biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens via the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid synergism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:362-380. [PMID: 38730437 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Plants typically activate distinct defense pathways against various pathogens. Heightened resistance to one pathogen often coincides with increased susceptibility to another pathogen. However, the underlying molecular basis of this antagonistic response remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that mutants defective in the transcription factor ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 2 (OsEIL2) exhibited enhanced resistance to the biotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae and to the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, but enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Furthermore, necrotroph-induced OsEIL2 binds to the promoter of OsWRKY67 with high affinity, leading to the upregulation of salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA) pathway genes and increased SA/JA levels, ultimately resulting in enhanced resistance. However, biotroph- and hemibiotroph-induced OsEIL2 targets OsERF083, resulting in the inhibition of SA/JA pathway genes and decreased SA/JA levels, ultimately leading to reduced resistance. Our findings unveil a previously uncharacterized defense mechanism wherein two distinct transcriptional regulatory modules differentially mediate immunity against pathogens with different lifestyles through the transcriptional reprogramming of phytohormone pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cheng-Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Guojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yanlong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenlei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Houxiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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5
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Li S, Zhao Y, Tan S, Li Z. Non-coding RNAs and leaf senescence: Small molecules with important roles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108399. [PMID: 38277833 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a special class of functional RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins. ncRNAs have emerged as pivotal regulators of diverse developmental processes in plants. Recent investigations have revealed the association of ncRNAs with the regulation of leaf senescence, a complex and tightly regulated developmental process. However, a comprehensive review of the involvement of ncRNAs in the regulation of leaf senescence is still lacking. This manuscript aims to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying ncRNAs-mediated leaf senescence and the potential applications of ncRNAs to manipulate the onset and progression of leaf senescence. Various classes of ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are discussed in terms of their regulatory mechanisms in leaf senescence. Furthermore, we explore the interactions between ncRNA and the key regulators of senescence, including transcription factors as well as core components in phytohormone signaling pathways. We also discuss the possible challenges and approaches related to ncRNA-mediated leaf senescence. This review contributes to a further understanding of the intricate regulatory network involving ncRNAs in leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yaning Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuya Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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6
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Zheng X, Chen H, Deng Z, Wu Y, Zhong L, Wu C, Yu X, Chen Q, Yan S. The tRNA thiolation-mediated translational control is essential for plant immunity. eLife 2024; 13:e93517. [PMID: 38284752 PMCID: PMC10863982 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to regulate gene expression to activate immune responses against pathogen infections. However, how the translation system contributes to plant immunity is largely unknown. The evolutionarily conserved thiolation modification of transfer RNA (tRNA) ensures efficient decoding during translation. Here, we show that tRNA thiolation is required for plant immunity in Arabidopsis. We identify a cgb mutant that is hyper-susceptible to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. CGB encodes ROL5, a homolog of yeast NCS6 required for tRNA thiolation. ROL5 physically interacts with CTU2, a homolog of yeast NCS2. Mutations in either ROL5 or CTU2 result in loss of tRNA thiolation. Further analyses reveal that both transcriptome and proteome reprogramming during immune responses are compromised in cgb. Notably, the translation of salicylic acid receptor NPR1 is reduced in cgb, resulting in compromised salicylic acid signaling. Our study not only reveals a regulatory mechanism for plant immunity but also uncovers an additional biological function of tRNA thiolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueao Zheng
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTCZhengzhouChina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureShenzhenChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Hanchen Chen
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureShenzhenChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Zhiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Yujing Wu
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureShenzhenChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Linlin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chong Wu
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureShenzhenChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureShenzhenChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Qiansi Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTCZhengzhouChina
| | - Shunping Yan
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureShenzhenChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhenChina
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7
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Sun M, Shen Y. Integrating the multiple functions of CHLH into chloroplast-derived signaling fundamental to plant development and adaptation as well as fruit ripening. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 338:111892. [PMID: 37821024 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl)-mediated oxygenic photosynthesis sustains life on Earth. Greening leaves play fundamental roles in plant growth and crop yield, correlating with the idea that more Chls lead to better adaptation. However, they face significant challenges from various unfavorable environments. Chl biosynthesis hinges on the first committed step, which involves inserting Mg2+ into protoporphyrin. This step is facilitated by the H subunit of magnesium chelatase (CHLH) and features a conserved mechanism from cyanobacteria to plants. For better adaptation to fluctuating land environments, especially drought, CHLH evolves multiple biological functions, including Chl biosynthesis, retrograde signaling, and abscisic acid (ABA) responses. Additionally, it integrates into various chloroplast-derived signaling pathways, encompassing both retrograde signaling and hormonal signaling. The former comprises ROS (reactive oxygen species), heme, GUN (genomes uncoupled), MEcPP (methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate), β-CC (β-cyclocitral), and PAP (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate). The latter involves phytohormones like ABA, ethylene, auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, strigolactone, brassinolide, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. Together, these elements create a coordinated regulatory network tailored to plant development and adaptation. An intriguing example is how drought-mediated improvement of fruit quality provides insights into chloroplast-derived signaling, aiding the shift from vegetative to reproductive growth. In this context, we explore the integration of CHLH's multifaceted roles into chloroplast-derived signaling, which lays the foundation for plant development and adaptation, as well as fruit ripening and quality. In the future, manipulating chloroplast-derived signaling may offer a promising avenue to enhance crop yield and quality through the homeostasis, function, and regulation of Chls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuanyue Shen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China.
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8
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Ma L, Song T, Yu Y, Liu L, Qu M, Zhou S, Meng X, Fan H. Target of rapamycin (TOR) plays a role in regulating ROS-induced chloroplast damage during cucumber (Cucumis sativus) leaf senescence. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14124. [PMID: 38148210 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
In cucumber production, delaying leaf senescence is crucial for improving cucumber yield and quality. Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase in eukaryotes, which can integrate exogenous and endogenous signals (such as cell energy state levels) to stimulate cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. However, no studies have yet examined the regulatory role of TOR signalling in cucumber leaf senescence. In this study, the effects of TOR signalling on dark-induced cucumber leaf senescence were investigated using the TOR activator MHY1485 and inhibitor AZD8055 combined with transient transformation techniques. The results indicate that TOR responds to dark-induced leaf senescence, and alterations in TOR activity/expression influence cucumber leaf resistance to dark-induced senescence. Specifically, in plants with elevated TOR activity/expression, we observed reduced expression of senescence-related genes, less membrane lipid damage, decreased cell apoptosis, lower levels of reactive oxygen species production, and less damage to the photosynthetic system compared to the control. In contrast, in plants with reduced TOR activity/expression, we observed higher expression of senescence-related genes, increased membrane lipid damage, enhanced cell apoptosis, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species production, and more damage to the photosynthetic system. These comprehensive results underscore the critical role of TOR in regulating dark-induced cucumber leaf senescence. These findings provide a foundation for controlling premature leaf senescence in cucumber production and offer insights for further exploration of leaf senescence mechanisms and the development of more effective control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Ma
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tiefeng Song
- Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongbo Yu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linghao Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengqi Qu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangnan Meng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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9
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Zhang B, Huang S, Guo Z, Meng Y, Li X, Tian Y, Chen W. Salicylic acid accelerates carbon starvation-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana by inhibiting autophagy through Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111859. [PMID: 37673221 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, leaf senescence is regulated by several factors, including age and carbon starvation. The molecular mechanism of age-regulated developmental leaf senescence differs from that of carbon starvation-induced senescence. Salicylic acid (SA) and Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) play important roles in promoting developmental leaf senescence. However, the relationship between SA signaling and carbon starvation-induced leaf senescence is not currently well understood. Here, we used Arabidopsis thaliana as material and found that carbon starvation-induced leaf senescence was accelerated in the SA dihydroxylase mutants s3hs5h compared to the Columbia ecotype (Col). Exogenous SA treatment significantly promoted carbon starvation-induced leaf senescence, especially in NPR1-GFP. Increasing the endogenous SA and overexpression of NPR1 inhibited carbon starvation-induced autophagy. However, mutation of NPR1 delayed carbon starvation-induced leaf senescence, increased autophagosome production and accelerated autophagic degradation of the Neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 (NBR1). In conclusion, SA promotes carbon starvation-induced leaf senescence by inhibiting autophagy via NPR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shuqin Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zetian Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yixuan Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xue Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yuzhen Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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10
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Lei P, Yu F, Liu X. Recent advances in cellular degradation and nuclear control of leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5472-5486. [PMID: 37453102 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is the final stage of plant growth and development, and is a highly regulated process at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. When triggered by age, hormonal, or environmental cues, plants actively adjust their metabolism and gene expression to execute the progression of senescence. Regulation of senescence is vital for the reallocation of nutrients to sink organs, to ensure reproductive success and adaptations to stresses. Identification and characterization of hallmarks of leaf senescence are of great importance for understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of plant senescence, and breeding future crops with more desirable senescence traits. Tremendous progress has been made in elucidating the genetic network underpinning the metabolic and cellular changes in leaf senescence. In this review, we focus on three hallmarks of leaf senescence - chlorophyll and chloroplast degradation, loss of proteostasis, and activation of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), and discuss recent findings of the molecular players and the crosstalk of senescence pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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11
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Zhang Y, Zang Y, Chen J, Feng S, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Zhang T. A truncated ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-like protein, GhLYI, regulates senescence in cotton. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1177-1196. [PMID: 37430389 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous endogenous and environmental signals regulate the intricate and highly orchestrated process of plant senescence. Ethylene (ET), which accumulates as senescence progresses, is a major promoter of leaf senescence. The master transcription activator ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) activates the expression of a wide range of downstream genes during leaf senescence. Here, we found that a unique EIN3-LIKE 1 (EIL1) gene, cotton LINT YIELD INCREASING (GhLYI), encodes a truncated EIN3 protein in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) that functions as an ET signal response factor and a positive regulator of senescence. Ectopic expression or overexpression of GhLYI accelerated leaf senescence in both Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and cotton. Cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&Tag) analyses revealed that SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE 20 (SAG20) was a target of GhLYI. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), yeast 1-hybrid (Y1H), and dual-luciferase transient expression assay confirmed that GhLYI directly bound the promoter of SAG20 to activate its expression. Transcriptome analysis revealed that transcript levels of a series of senescence-related genes, SAG12, NAC-LIKE, ACTIVATED by APETALA 3/PISTILLATA (NAP/ANAC029), and WRKY53, are substantially induced in GhLYI overexpression plants compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) preliminarily confirmed that knockdown of GhSAG20 delayed leaf senescence. Collectively, our findings provide a regulatory module involving GhLYI-GhSAG20 in controlling senescence in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayao Zhang
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yihao Zang
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jinwen Chen
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Shouli Feng
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 310012, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 310012, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
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12
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Zhang XW, Xu RR, Liu Y, You CX, An JP. MdVQ10 promotes wound-triggered leaf senescence in association with MdWRKY75 and undergoes antagonistic modulation of MdCML15 and MdJAZs in apple. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1599-1618. [PMID: 37277961 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wounding stress leads to leaf senescence. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of the MdVQ10-MdWRKY75 module in wound-induced leaf senescence. MdWRKY75 was identified as a key positive modulator of wound-induced leaf senescence by activating the expression of the senescence-associated genes MdSAG12 and MdSAG18. MdVQ10 interacted with MdWRKY75 to enhance MdWRKY75-activated transcription of MdSAG12 and MdSAG18, thereby promoting leaf senescence triggered by wounding. In addition, the calmodulin-like protein MdCML15 promoted MdVQ10-mediated leaf senescence by stimulating the interaction between MdVQ10 and MdWRKY75. Moreover, the jasmonic acid signaling repressors MdJAZ12 and MdJAZ14 antagonized MdVQ10-mediated leaf senescence by weakening the MdVQ10-MdWRKY75 interaction. Our results demonstrate that the MdVQ10-MdWRKY75 module is a key modulator of wound-induced leaf senescence and provides insights into the mechanism of leaf senescence caused by wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Rui Xu
- College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, Shandong, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-Ping An
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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13
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Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Plant Hormone Modularity and the Survival-Reproduction Trade-Off. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1143. [PMID: 37627027 PMCID: PMC10452219 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Biological modularity refers to the organization of living systems into separate functional units that interact in different combinations to promote individual well-being and species survival. Modularity provides a framework for generating and selecting variations that can lead to adaptive evolution. While the exact mechanisms underlying the evolution of modularity are still being explored, it is believed that the pressure of conflicting demands on limited resources is a primary selection force. One prominent example of conflicting demands is the trade-off between survival and reproduction. In this review, we explore the available evidence regarding the modularity of plant hormones within the context of the survival-reproduction trade-off. Our findings reveal that the cytokinin module is dedicated to maximizing reproduction, while the remaining hormone modules function to ensure reproduction. The signaling mechanisms of these hormone modules reflect their roles in this survival-reproduction trade-off. While the cytokinin response pathway exhibits a sequence of activation events that aligns with the developmental robustness expected from a hormone focused on reproduction, the remaining hormone modules employ double-negative signaling mechanisms, which reflects the necessity to prevent the excessive allocation of resources to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan A. Smalle
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
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14
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Liu W, Chen G, He M, Wu J, Wen W, Gu Q, Guo S, Wang Y, Sun J. ABI5 promotes heat stress-induced chlorophyll degradation by modulating the stability of MYB44 in cucumber. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad089. [PMID: 37334179 PMCID: PMC10273075 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The yellowing of leaves caused by the decomposition of chlorophyll (Chl) is a characteristic event during senescence, which can be induced by various environmental stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms of high temperature-induced Chl degradation in horticultural plants remain poorly understood. Here, we found that heat stress induced Chl degradation and the expression of ABI5 and MYB44 in cucumber. Silencing of ABI5 compromised heat stress-induced Chl degradation, and the transcription of pheophytinase (PPH) and pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), two key genes in Chl catabolic pathway, but silencing of MYB44 exhibited the opposite results. Furthermore, ABI5 interacted with MYB44 in vitro and in vivo. ABI5 positively regulated heat stress-induced Chl degradation through two pathways. ABI5 directly bound to PPH and PAO promoters to promote their expression, leading to accelerating Chl degradation. On the other hand, the interaction between ABI5 and MYB44 reduced the binding of MYB44 to PPH and PAO promoters and led to the ubiquitination-depended protein degradation of MYB44, thereby alleviating the transcription inhibitory effect of MYB44 on PPH and PAO. Taken together, our findings propose a new regulatory network for ABI5 in regulating heat stress-induced Chl degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guangling Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingming He
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenxu Wen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Shirong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ;
| | - Jin Sun
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ;
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15
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Chen W, Zheng Y, Wang J, Wang Z, Yang Z, Chi X, Dai L, Lu G, Yang Y, Sun B. Ethylene-responsive SbWRKY50 suppresses leaf senescence by inhibition of chlorophyll degradation in sorghum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1129-1145. [PMID: 36683397 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The onset of leaf de-greening and senescence is governed by a complex regulatory network including environmental cues and internal factors such as transcription factors (TFs) and phytohormones, in which ethylene (ET) is one key inducer. However, the detailed mechanism of ET signalling for senescence regulation is still largely unknown. Here, we found that the WRKY TF SbWRKY50 from Sorghum bicolor L., a direct target of the key component ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 in ET signalling, functioned for leaf senescence repression. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein9-edited SbWRKY50 mutant (SbWRKY5O-KO) of sorghum displayed precocious senescent phenotypes, while SbWRKY50 overexpression delayed age-dependent and dark-induced senescence in sorghum. SbWRKY50 negatively regulated chlorophyll degradation through direct binding to the promoters of several chlorophyll catabolic genes. In addition, SbWRKY50 recruited the Polycomb repressive complex 1 through direct interaction with SbBMI1A, to induce histone 2A mono-ubiquitination accumulation on the chlorophyll catabolic genes for epigenetic silencing and thus delayed leaf senescence. Especially, SbWRKY50 can suppress early steps of chlorophyll catabolic pathway via directly repressing SbNYC1 (NON-YELLOW COLORING 1). Other senescence-related hormones could also influence leaf senescence through repression of SbWRKY50. Hence, our work shows that SbWRKY50 is an essential regulator downstream of ET and SbWRKY50 also responds to other phytohormones for senescence regulation in sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuchen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lingyan Dai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, China
| | - Guihua Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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16
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Kaya C, Ugurlar F, Ashraf M, Ahmad P. Salicylic acid interacts with other plant growth regulators and signal molecules in response to stressful environments in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:431-443. [PMID: 36758290 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the potential plant growth regulators (PGRs) that regulate plant growth and development by triggering many physiological and metabolic processes. It is also known to be a crucial component of plant defense mechanisms against environmental stimuli. In stressed plants, it is documented that it can effectively modulate a myriad of metabolic processes including strengthening of oxidative defense system by directly or indirectly limiting the buildup of reactive nitrogen and oxygen radicals. Although it is well recognized that it performs a crucial role in plant tolerance to various stresses, it is not fully elucidated that whether low or high concentrations of this PGR is effective to achieve optimal growth of plants under stressful environments. It is also not fully understood that to what extent and in what manner it cross-talks with other potential growth regulators and signalling molecules within the plant body. Thus, this critical review discusses how far SA mediates crosstalk with other key PGRs and molecular components of signalling pathways mechanisms, particularly in plants exposed to environmental cues. Moreover, the function of SA exogenously applied in regulation of growth and development as well as reinforcement of oxidative defense system of plants under abiotic stresses is explicitly elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Kaya
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Ferhat Ugurlar
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Ashraf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Pakistan; International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, The University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, GDC, Pulwama, 192301, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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17
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Altaf F, Parveen S, Farooq S, Ul Haq A, Lone ML, Tahir I, Kaushik P, El-Serehy HA. Polyamines effectively mitigate senescence in persistent leaves of Berginia ciliata - a novel model system. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:136-145. [PMID: 35144727 DOI: 10.1071/fp21273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves provide a unique insight into the changes that occur in organs, tissues and cells as they approach senescence. As part of the parental outlay, plants instigate leaf senescence to reallocate resources from older tissues to new organs towards the termination of the growing season. The aim of crop breeding initiatives is to optimize senescence for specific species. Considering hormonal regulation and their crosstalk during leaf senescence through integration of developmental signals, this work examines the efficacy of polyamines (PAs) in modulating several biochemical and physiological aspects with an ultimate aim to delay leaf senescence in leaf discs of Berginia ciliata (Haw.) sternb. Leaf discs were treated with putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) at 20μM, 20μM and 15μM concentration, respectively. A set of leaf discs kept in distilled water served as the control. Leaf discs treated with PAs were green and fresh by about 4 days compared to the control, thus exhibited delayed senescence. This delayed leaf senescence corroborated with the maintenance of high activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging antioxidant enzymes viz , superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and higher content of chlorophylls. A marked increase was also observed in membrane stability and soluble proteins in leaf discs treated with PAs. Exogenous PAs reduced oxidative stress in the leaf discs, as revealed by lower malondialdehyde (MDA) level, which is manifested as reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO). Improved membrane stability was proportional to lower LPO, as measured by the membrane stability index (MSI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Foziya Altaf
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Shazia Parveen
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Sumira Farooq
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Aehsan Ul Haq
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Mohammad Lateef Lone
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Inayatullah Tahir
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Hamed A El-Serehy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Xu Y, Huo L, Zhao K, Li Y, Zhao X, Wang H, Wang W, Shi H. Salicylic acid delays pear fruit senescence by playing an antagonistic role toward ethylene, auxin, and glucose in regulating the expression of PpEIN3a. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1096645. [PMID: 36714736 PMCID: PMC9875596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1096645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) are crucial fruit senescence hormones. SA inhibited ET biosynthesis. However, the mechanism of SA delaying fruit senescence is less known. ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3), a key positive switch in ET perception, functions as a transcriptional activator and binds to the primary ET response element that is present in the promoter of the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 gene. In this study, a gene encoding putative EIN3 protein was cloned from sand pear and designated as PpEIN3a. The deduced PpEIN3a contains a conserved EIN3 domain. The evolutionary analysis results indicated that PpEIN3a belonged to the EIN3 superfamily. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the accumulation of PpEIN3a transcripts were detected in all tissues of this pear. Moreover, PpEIN3a expression was regulated during fruit development. Interestingly, the expression of PpEIN3a was downregulated by SA but upregulated by ET, auxin, and glucose. Additionally, the contents of free and conjugated SA were higher than those of the control after SA treatment. While the content of ET and auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) dramatically decreased after SA treatment compared with control during fruit senescence. The content of glucose increased when fruit were treated by SA for 12 h and then there were no differences between SA treatment and control fruit during the shelf life. SA also delayed the decrease in sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai. 'Whangkeumbae') fruit firmness. The soluble solid content remained relatively stable between the SA treated and control fruits. This study showed that SA plays an antagonistic role toward ET, auxin, and glucose in regulating the expression of PpEIN3a to delay fruit senescence.
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Overexpression of a Senescence-Related Gene CpSRG1 from Wintersweet ( Chimonanthus praecox) Promoted Growth and Flowering, and Delayed Senescence in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213971. [PMID: 36430449 PMCID: PMC9696086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant senescence is a complex process that is controlled by developmental regulation and genetic programs. A senescence-related gene CpSRG1, which belongs to the 2OG-Fe(II) dioxygenase superfamily, was characterized from wintersweet, and the phylogenetic relationship of CpSRG1 with homologs from other species was investigated. The expression analysis by qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) indicated that CpSRG1 is abundant in flower organs, especially in petals and stamens, and the highest expression of CpSRG1 was detected in stage 6 (withering period). The expression patterns of the CpSRG1 gene were further confirmed in CpSRG1pro::GUS (β-glucuronidase) plants, and the activity of the CpSRG1 promoter was enhanced by exogenous Eth (ethylene), SA (salicylic acid), and GA3 (gibberellin). Heterologous overexpression of CpSRG1 in Arabidopsis promoted growth and flowering, and delayed senescence. Moreover, the survival rates were significantly higher and the root lengths were significantly longer in the transgenic lines than in the wild-type plants, both under low nitrogen stress and GA3 treatment. This indicated that the CpSRG1 gene may promote the synthesis of assimilates in plants through the GA pathway, thereby improving growth and flowering, and delaying senescence in transgenic Arabidopsis. Our study has laid a satisfactory foundation for further analysis of senescence-related genes in wintersweet and wood plants. It also enriched our knowledge of the 2OG-Fe(II) dioxygenase superfamily, which plays a variety of important roles in plants.
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Zhou Y, Ma B, Tao JJ, Yin CC, Hu Y, Huang YH, Wei W, Xin PY, Chu JF, Zhang WK, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Rice EIL1 interacts with OsIAAs to regulate auxin biosynthesis mediated by the tryptophan aminotransferase MHZ10/OsTAR2 during root ethylene responses. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4366-4387. [PMID: 35972379 PMCID: PMC9614475 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene plays essential roles in adaptive growth of rice (Oryza sativa). Understanding of the crosstalk between ethylene and auxin (Aux) is limited in rice. Here, from an analysis of the root-specific ethylene-insensitive rice mutant mao hu zi 10 (mhz10), we identified the tryptophan aminotransferase (TAR) MHZ10/OsTAR2, which catalyzes the key step in indole-3-pyruvic acid-dependent Aux biosynthesis. Genetically, OsTAR2 acts downstream of ethylene signaling in root ethylene responses. ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 like1 (OsEIL1) directly activated OsTAR2 expression. Surprisingly, ethylene induction of OsTAR2 expression still required the Aux pathway. We also show that Os indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)1/9 and OsIAA21/31 physically interact with OsEIL1 and show promotive and repressive effects on OsEIL1-activated OsTAR2 promoter activity, respectively. These effects likely depend on their EAR motif-mediated histone acetylation/deacetylation modification. The special promoting activity of OsIAA1/9 on OsEIL1 may require both the EAR motifs and the flanking sequences for recruitment of histone acetyltransferase. The repressors OsIAA21/31 exhibit earlier degradation upon ethylene treatment than the activators OsIAA1/9 in a TIR1/AFB-dependent manner, allowing OsEIL1 activation by activators OsIAA1/9 for OsTAR2 expression and signal amplification. This study reveals a positive feedback regulation of ethylene signaling by Aux biosynthesis and highlights the crosstalk between ethylene and Aux pathways at a previously underappreciated level for root growth regulation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biao Ma
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian-Jun Tao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cui-Cui Yin
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi-Hua Huang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pei-Yong Xin
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Fang Chu
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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The RPN12a proteasome subunit is essential for the multiple hormonal homeostasis controlling the progression of leaf senescence. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1043. [PMID: 36180574 PMCID: PMC9525688 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The 26S proteasome is a conserved multi-subunit machinery in eukaryotes. It selectively degrades ubiquitinated proteins, which in turn provides an efficient molecular mechanism to regulate numerous cellular functions and developmental processes. Here, we studied a new loss-of-function allele of RPN12a, a plant ortholog of the yeast and human structural component of the 19S proteasome RPN12. Combining a set of biochemical and molecular approaches, we confirmed that a rpn12a knock-out had exacerbated 20S and impaired 26S activities. The altered proteasomal activity led to a pleiotropic phenotype affecting both the vegetative growth and reproductive phase of the plant, including a striking repression of leaf senescence associate cell-death. Further investigation demonstrated that RPN12a is involved in the regulation of several conjugates associated with the auxin, cytokinin, ethylene and jasmonic acid homeostasis. Such enhanced aptitude of plant cells for survival in rpn12a contrasts with reports on animals, where 26S proteasome mutants generally show an accelerated cell death phenotype.
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22
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Comparative Transcriptome and Pigment Analyses Reveal Changes in Gene Expression Associated with Flavonol Metabolism in Yellow Camellia. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of various pigments leads to the formation of different flower colors in plants. However, the regulation mechanism of yellow flower formation and flower color differences between Camellia nitidssima C.W.Chi (CN) and its hybrids C. ‘Zhenghuangqi’ (ZHQ), C. ‘Huangxuanlv’ (HXL), and C. ‘Xinshiji’ (XSJ), remains largely unknown. Here, we showed that the content of two flavonols, quercetin-7-O-glucoside (Qu7G) and quercetin-3-O-glucoside (Qu3G), was positively correlated with the yellow degree of petals in CN and its three hybrids. Additionally, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of petals of the four yellow camellia plants, which revealed 322 common upregulated and 866 common downregulated DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in the CN vs. ZHQ, CN vs. HXL, and CN vs. XSJ comparison groups. Their regulatory pathway analysis showed that flavonol biosynthesis genes (FLSs and GTs) and transcriptional regulatory genes MYBs were all expressed higher in CN than its three hybrids, which corresponded to differences in the flavonol content among the four yellow camellias. Further, two ethylene synthesis genes (ACSs, ACO) and three ethylene signaling genes (EIN2s, EIN3, ERFs) were all upregulated in the yellow petals of CN. In conclusion, the expression of flavonol-related genes and flavonols (Qu7G and Qu3G) accumulation could play a key role in the formation of yellow flowers in camellia, and the ethylene pathway might be involved in the regulation of yellow flower formation of camellias. This work describes the possible regulatory pathway of yellow camellia, thereby laying a foundation for future verification of genes linked to flower coloring and the breeding of yellow camellia.
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Zhang Y, Tan S, Gao Y, Kan C, Wang HL, Yang Q, Xia X, Ishida T, Sawa S, Guo H, Li Z. CLE42 delays leaf senescence by antagonizing ethylene pathway in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:550-562. [PMID: 35396726 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the final stage of leaf development and is influenced by numerous internal and environmental factors. CLE family peptides are plant-specific peptide hormones that regulate various developmental processes. However, the role of CLE in regulating Arabidopsis leaf senescence remains unclear. Here, we found that CLE42 is a negative regulator of leaf senescence by using a CRISPR/Cas9-produced CLE mutant collection. The cle42 mutant displayed earlier senescence phenotypes, while overexpression of CLE42 delayed age-dependent and dark-induced leaf senescence. Moreover, application of the synthesized 12-amino-acid peptide (CLE42p) also delayed leaf senescence under natural and dark conditions. CLE42 and CLE41/44 displayed functional redundancy in leaf senescence, and the cle41 cle42 cle44 triple mutant displayed more pronounced earlier senescence phenotypes than any single mutant. Analysis of differentially expressed genes obtained by RNA-Seq methodology revealed that the ethylene pathway was suppressed by overexpressing CLE42. Moreover, CLE42 suppressed ethylene biosynthesis and thus promoted the protein accumulation of EBF, which in turn decreased the function of EIN3. Accordingly, mutation of EIN3/EIL1 or overexpression of EBF1 suppressed the earlier senescence phenotypes of the cle42 mutant. Together, our results reveal that the CLE peptide hormone regulates leaf senescence by communicating with the ethylene pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuya Tan
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chengcheng Kan
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qi Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Takashi Ishida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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24
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Cai Z, Guo H, Shen S, Yu Q, Wang J, Zhu E, Zhang P, Song L, Zhang Y, Zhang K. Generation of the salicylic acid deficient Arabidopsis via a synthetic salicylic acid hydroxylase expression cassette. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:89. [PMID: 35765077 PMCID: PMC9238041 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the plant hormones, which plays crucial roles in signaling transduction in plant growth, disease resistance, and leaf senescence. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SA 3-hydroxylase (S3H) and 5-hydroxylase (S5H) are key enzymes which maintain SA homeostasis by catalyzing SA to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and 2,5-DHBA, respectively. RESULTS SA deficient transgenic Arabidopsis lines were generated by introducing two binary vectors S5Hpro::EGFP-S3H and 35Spro::EGFP-S3H respectively, in which the expression of S3H is under the control of the S5H promoter or CaMV 35S promoter. Compared with the constitutive expression of S3H gene under the control of 35S promoter, the S3H gene under the native S5H promoter is activated by endogenous SA and results in a dynamic control of SA catabolism in a feedback mode. The SA accumulation, growth, leaf senescence, and pathogen resistance of the S5Hpro::GFP-S3H transgenic plants were investigated in parallel with NahG transgenic plants. The SA levels in the S5Hpro::EGFP-S3H transgenic plants were similar to or slightly lower than those of NahG transgenic Arabidopsis and resulted in SA deficient phenotypes. The low-SA trait of the S5Hpro::EGFP-S3H transgenic lines was inherited stably in the later generations. CONCLUSIONS Compared with NahG transgenic lines producing by-product catechol, S5Hpro::EGFP-S3H transgenic lines reduce SA levels by converting SA to a native product 2,3-DHBA for catabolism. Together, we provide new SA-deficient germplasms for the investigations of SA signaling in plant development, leaf senescence, and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijing Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilu Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Engao Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghua Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Huang P, Li Z, Guo H. New Advances in the Regulation of Leaf Senescence by Classical and Peptide Hormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923136. [PMID: 35837465 PMCID: PMC9274171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development, manifested by leaf yellowing due to the loss of chlorophyll, along with the degradation of macromolecules and facilitates nutrient translocation from the sink to the source tissues, which is essential for the plants' fitness. Leaf senescence is controlled by a sophisticated genetic network that has been revealed through the study of the molecular mechanisms of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), which are involved in multiple layers of regulation. Leaf senescence is primarily regulated by plant age, but also influenced by a variety of factors, including phytohormones and environmental stimuli. Phytohormones, as important signaling molecules in plant, contribute to the onset and progression of leaf senescence. Recently, peptide hormones have been reported to be involved in the regulation of leaf senescence, enriching the significance of signaling molecules in controlling leaf senescence. This review summarizes recent advances in the regulation of leaf senescence by classical and peptide hormones, aiming to better understand the coordinated network of different pathways during leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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26
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Wang Y, Liu B, Hu Y, Gan SS. A positive feedback regulatory loop, SA-AtNAP-SAG202/SARD1-ICS1-SA, in SA biosynthesis involved in leaf senescence but not defense response. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:15. [PMID: 37789442 PMCID: PMC10515000 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant hormone that regulates defense responses and leaf senescence. It is imperative to understand upstream factors that regulate genes of SA biosynthesis. SAG202/SARD1 is a key regulator for isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1) induction and SA biosynthesis in defense responses. The regulatory mechanism of SA biosynthesis during leaf senescence is not well understood. Here we show that AtNAP, a senescence-specific NAC family transcription factor, directly regulates a senescence-associated gene named SAG202 as revealed in yeast one-hybrid and in planta assays. Inducible overexpreesion of AtNAP and SAG202 lead to high levels of SA and precocious senescence in leaves. Individual knockout mutants of sag202 and ics1 have markedly reduced SA levels and display a significantly delayed leaf senescence phenotype. Furthermore, SA positively feedback regulates AtNAP and SAG202. Our research has uncovered a unique positive feedback regulatory loop, SA-AtNAP-SAG202-ICS1-SA, that operates to control SA biosynthesis associated with leaf senescence but not defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- Sections of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Present address: Nobell Foods, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Sections of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Youzhen Hu
- Sections of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Present address: College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Su-Sheng Gan
- Sections of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
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27
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Jing T, Liu K, Wang Y, Ai X, Bi H. Melatonin Positively Regulates Both Dark- and Age-Induced Leaf Senescence by Reducing ROS Accumulation and Modulating Abscisic Acid and Auxin Biosynthesis in Cucumber Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3576. [PMID: 35408936 PMCID: PMC8998517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MT), as a signaling molecule, plays a vital role in regulating leaf senescence in plants. This study aimed to verify the antioxidant roles of MT in delaying dark- or age-induced leaf senescence of cucumber plants. The results showed that endogenous MT responds to darkness and overexpression of CsASMT, the key gene of MT synthesis, and delays leaf senescence stimulated by darkness, as manifested by significantly lower malonaldehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents as well as higher activities and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes compared to the control. Moreover, MT suppressed both age- or dark-induced leaf senescence of cucumber, as evidenced by a decrease in senescence-related gene SAG20 and cell-death-related gene PDCD expression and ROS content and an increase in antioxidant capacity and chlorophyll biosynthesis compared with the H2O-treated seedlings. Meanwhile, the suppression of age-induced leaf senescence by melatonin was also reflected by the reduction in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling pathways as well as the promotion of auxin (IAA) biosynthesis and signaling pathways in cucumber plants in the solar greenhouse. Combining the results of the two separate experiments, we demonstrated that MT acts as a powerful antioxidant to alleviate leaf senescence by activating the antioxidant system and IAA synthesis and signaling while inhibiting ABA synthesis and signaling in cucumber plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Huangai Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (T.J.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (X.A.)
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28
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Khan MSS, Islam F, Chen H, Chang M, Wang D, Liu F, Fu ZQ, Chen J. Transcriptional Coactivators: Driving Force of Plant Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:823937. [PMID: 35154230 PMCID: PMC8831314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.823937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant defense signal that mediates local and systemic immune responses against pathogen invasion. However, the underlying mechanism of SA-mediated defense is very complex due to the involvement of various positive and negative regulators to fine-tune its signaling in diverse pathosystems. Upon pathogen infections, elevated level of SA promotes massive transcriptional reprogramming in which Non-expresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1) acts as a central hub and transcriptional coactivator in defense responses. Recent findings show that Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) also functions as a transcriptional coactivator and stimulates the expression of PR1 in the presence of NPR1 and SA. Furthermore, EDS1 stabilizes NPR1 protein level, while NPR1 sustains EDS1 expression during pathogenic infection. The interaction of NPR1 and EDS1 coactivators initiates transcriptional reprogramming by recruiting cyclin-dependent kinase 8 in the Mediator complex to control immune responses. In this review, we highlight the recent breakthroughs that considerably advance our understanding on how transcriptional coactivators interact with their functional partners to trigger distinct pathways to facilitate immune responses, and how SA accumulation induces dynamic changes in NPR1 structure for transcriptional reprogramming. In addition, the functions of different Mediator subunits in SA-mediated plant immunity are also discussed in light of recent discoveries. Taken together, the available evidence suggests that transcriptional coactivators are essential and potent regulators of plant defense pathways and play crucial roles in coordinating plant immune responses during plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faisal Islam
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Ming Chang
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Plant Health, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Fengquan Liu,
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Zheng Qing Fu,
| | - Jian Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jian Chen,
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes Respond to Chlorophyll Deficiency in Green and Yellow Leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis to produce sugars and other useful biochemical products in green plants. However, the molecular effects of chlorophyll deficiency in Chrysanthemum are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a bud sport mutant chrysanthemum belonging to the variety ‘Nannong Binyun’, which has yellow branches. Plant physiological studies have shown that the yellow color is revealed due to chlorophyll loss. RNA extracts of yellow and green tissues were analyzed using high-throughput RNA-sequencing, and a total of 11,649 tissue enriched unigenes that respond to chlorophyll deficiency were identified, including 4803 unigenes upregulated in yellow tissues and 6846 unigenes in green tissues. GO analysis revealed that these tissue-enriched genes may involve in the physiological processes of chlorophyll accumulation and photosynthesis. In addition, many DEGs from the families of AP2-EREBP, bHLH, MYB, and FAR1 that are associated with plant development and stress response were detected. Our study found that most of the genes from the GRAS family were downregulated in yellow leaves, indicating their putative roles in stem cell maintenance and possible contribution to leaf size determination.
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30
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Rao YR, Ansari MW, Sahoo RK, Wattal RK, Tuteja N, Kumar VR. Salicylic acid modulates ACS, NHX1, sos1 and HKT1;2 expression to regulate ethylene overproduction and Na + ions toxicity that leads to improved physiological status and enhanced salinity stress tolerance in tomato plants cv. Pusa Ruby. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1950888. [PMID: 34252347 PMCID: PMC8526040 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1950888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is an important crop for its high nutritional and medicinal properties. The role of salicylic acid (SA) in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHX1), salt overly sensitive 1 (sos1) and high-affinity K+ transporter (HKT1;2) transcripts, and ACS enzyme activity and ethylene (ET) production, and growth and physiological attributes was evaluated in tomato cv. Pusa Ruby under salinity stress. Thirty days-old seedlings treated with 0 mM NaCl, 250 mM NaCl, 250 mM NaCl plus 100 µM SA were assessed for different growth and physiological parameters at 45 DAS. Results showed ACS, NHX1, sos1 and HKT1;2 transcripts were significantly changed in SA treated plants. The ACS enzyme activity and ET content were considerably decreased in SA treated plants. Shoot length (SL), root length (RL), number of leaves (NL), leaf area per plant (LA), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and root fresh weight (RFW) were also improved under SA treatment. Conversely, the electrolyte leakage and sodium ion (Na+) content were significantly reduced in SA treated plants. In addition, the endogenous proline and potassium ion (K+) content, and K+/Na+ ratio were considerably increased under SA treatment. Likewise, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) profile were better in SA treated plant. The present findings suggest that SA reverse the negative effects of salinity stress and stress induced ET production by modulating ACS, NHX, sos1 and HKT1;2 transcript level, and improving various growth and physiological parameters, and antioxidants enzymes profile. This will contribute to a better understanding of salinity stress tolerance mechanisms of tomato plants involving SA and ET cross talk and ions homeostasis to develop more tolerant plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalaga Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan University, Vadlamudi, India
| | - Mohammad Wahid Ansari
- Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ratnum Kaul Wattal
- Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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31
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Lee BR, Zaman R, La VH, Park SH, Kim TH. Ethephon-Induced Ethylene Enhances Protein Degradation in Source Leaves, but Its High Endogenous Level Inhibits the Development of Regenerative Organs in Brassica napus. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10101993. [PMID: 34685802 PMCID: PMC8537263 DOI: 10.3390/plants10101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the regulatory role of ethylene in the source-sink relationship for nitrogen remobilization, short-term effects of treatment with different concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 75 ppm) of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, an ethylene inducing agent) for 10 days (EXP 1) and long-term effects at 20 days (Day 30) after treatment with 100 ppm for 10 days (EXP 2) on protein degradation and amino acid transport in foliar sprayed mature leaves of Brassica napus (cv. Mosa) were determined. In EXP 1, endogenous ethylene concentration gradually increased in response to the treated ethephon concentration, leading to the upregulation of senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) expression and downregulation of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (CAB) expression. Further, the increase in ethylene concentration caused a reduction in protein, Rubisco, and amino acid contents in the mature leaves. However, the activity of protease and expression of amino acid transporter (AAP6), an amino acid transport gene, were not significantly affected or slightly suppressed between the treatments with 50 and 75 ppm. In EXP 2, the enhanced ethylene level reduced photosynthetic pigments, leading to an inhibition of flower development without any pod development. A significant increase in protease activity, confirmed using in-gel staining of protease, was also observed in the ethephon-treated mature leaves. Ethephon application enhanced the expression of four amino acid transporter genes (AAP1, AAP2, AAP4, and AAP6) and the phloem loading of amino acids. Significant correlations between ethylene level, induced by ethephon application, and the descriptive parameters of protein degradation and amino acid transport were revealed. These results indicated that an increase in ethylene upregulated nitrogen remobilization in the mature leaves (source), which was accompanied by an increase in proteolytic activity and amino acid transport, but had no benefit to pod (sink) development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok-Rye Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.); (S.-H.P.)
- Asian Pear Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Rashed Zaman
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.); (S.-H.P.)
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Van Hien La
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.); (S.-H.P.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Quyet Thang Commune, Thai Nguyen City 24119, Vietnam
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.); (S.-H.P.)
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.); (S.-H.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-530-2126
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Liu W, Chen G, Chen J, Jahan MS, Guo S, Wang Y, Sun J. Overexpression of 7-hydroxymethyl Chlorophyll a Reductase from Cucumber in Tobacco Accelerates Dark-Induced Chlorophyll Degradation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10091820. [PMID: 34579353 PMCID: PMC8465020 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll (Chl) a reductase (HCAR) plays critical roles in the Chl cycle and degradation during leaf senescence, however, its function in horticultural crops remains unknown. Here, we identified an HCAR gene (CsHCAR) from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and investigated its roles in response to dark-induced Chl degradation. CsHCAR encoded 459 amino acids, which were orthologous to Arabidopsis HCAR, had the conserved domains, and localized in the chloroplast. Gene expression analysis showed that CsHCAR expression was the highest in senescent leaves and was responsive to different stresses and phytohormone treatments. Overexpression of CsHCAR in tobacco accelerated dark-induced Chl degradation through enhancing the expression of Chl catabolic genes. After 10 d of darkness treatment, the biomass of CsHCAR overexpression plants was reduced. Furthermore, the value of net photosynthetic rate, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, and effective quantum yield of photosystem II in CsHCAR overexpression plants was significantly reduced in comparison to that in wild-type (WT) plants. The photosynthetic protein content, including Lhcb1, Lhcb2, Lhcb4, RbcS, and RbcL in CsHCAR overexpression plants exhibited a lower level as compared to that observed in WT plants. In addition, the expression of genes encoding these proteins in CsHCAR overexpression plants was significantly lower than that in WT plants. Moreover, CsHCAR overexpression plants inhibited the dark-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results indicate that CsHCAR affects the stability of photosynthetic proteins in chloroplasts, positively regulates Chl degradation, and plays an important role in maintaining ROS homeostasis in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yu Wang
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Jin Sun
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.S.)
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A Transcription Factor Regulates Gene Expression in Chloroplasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136769. [PMID: 34202438 PMCID: PMC8268430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast is a semi-autonomous organelle with its own genome. The expression of chloroplast genes depends on both chloroplasts and the nucleus. Although many nucleus-encoded proteins have been shown to localize in chloroplasts and are essential for chloroplast gene expression, it is not clear whether transcription factors can regulate gene expression in chloroplasts. Here we report that the transcription factor NAC102 localizes in both chloroplasts and nucleus in Arabidopsis. Specifically, NAC102 localizes in chloroplast nucleoids. Yeast two-hybrid assay and co-immunoprecipitation assay suggested that NAC102 interacts with chloroplast RNA polymerases. Furthermore, overexpression of NAC102 in chloroplasts leads to reduced chloroplast gene expression and chlorophyll content, indicating that NAC102 functions as a repressor in chloroplasts. Our study not only revealed that transcription factors are new regulators of chloroplast gene expression, but also discovered that transcription factors can function in chloroplasts in addition to the canonical organelle nucleus.
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CmNAC73 Mediates the Formation of Green Color in Chrysanthemum Flowers by Directly Activating the Expression of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Genes HEMA1 and CRD1. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050704. [PMID: 34066887 PMCID: PMC8151904 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is one of the most beautiful and popular flowers in the world, and the flower color is an important ornamental trait of chrysanthemum. Compared with other flower colors, green flowers are relatively rare. The formation of green flower color is attributed to the accumulation of chlorophyll; however, the regulatory mechanism of chlorophyll metabolism in chrysanthemum with green flowers remains largely unknown. In this study, we performed Illumina RNA sequencing on three chrysanthemum materials, Chrysanthemum vestitum and Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars ‘Chunxiao’ and ‘Green anna’, which produce white, light green and dark green flowers, respectively. Based on the results of comparative transcriptome analysis, a gene encoding a novel NAC family transcription factor, CmNAC73, was found to be highly correlated to chlorophyll accumulation in the outer whorl of ray florets in chrysanthemum. The results of transient overexpression in chrysanthemum leaves showed that CmNAC73 acts as a positive regulator of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Furthermore, transactivation and yeast one-hybrid assays indicated that CmNAC73 directly binds to the promoters of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes HEMA1 and CRD1. Thus, this study uncovers the transcriptional regulation of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes HEMA1 and CRD1 by CmNAC73 and provides new insights into the development of green flower color in chrysanthemum and chlorophyll metabolism in plants.
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Wang C, Dai S, Zhang ZL, Lao W, Wang R, Meng X, Zhou X. Ethylene and salicylic acid synergistically accelerate leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:828-833. [PMID: 33501715 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) have long been known to promote senescence, but their interplay during this process remains elusive. Here we report the synergistic effects of ethylene and SA on promoting leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. EIN3, a key transcription factor of ethylene signaling, physically interacted with the core SA signaling regulator NPR1 in senescing leaves. EIN3 and NPR1 synergistically promoted the expression of the senescence-associated genes ORE1 and SAG29. The senescence phenotype was more delayed for the ein3eil1npr1 triple mutant than ein3eil1 or npr1 with ethylene or/and SA treatment. NPR1-promoted leaf senescence may depend on functional EIN3/EIL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shouyi Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Wenqing Lao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Ruiying Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xianqing Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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