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Liu Q, Long R, Lin C, Bi X, Liang Z, Deng YZ. Phosphatidylethanolamines link ferroptosis and autophagy during appressorium formation of rice blast fungus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13489. [PMID: 38956897 PMCID: PMC11219472 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A cell death pathway, ferroptosis, occurs in conidial cells and is critical for formation and function of the infection structure, the appressorium, in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. In this study, we identified an orthologous lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (Lpaat) acting at upstream of phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) biosynthesis and which is required for such fungal ferroptosis and pathogenicity. Two PE species, DOPE and SLPE, that depend on Lpaat function for production were sufficient for induction of lipid peroxidation and the consequent ferroptosis, thus positively regulating fungal pathogenicity. On the other hand, both DOPE and SLPE positively regulated autophagy. Loss of the LPAAT gene led to a decrease in the lipidated form of the autophagy protein Atg8, which is probably responsible for the autophagy defect of the lpaatΔ mutant. GFP-Lpaat was mostly localized on the membrane of lipid droplets (LDs) that were stained by the fluorescent dye monodansylpentane (MDH), suggesting that LDs serve as a source of lipids for membrane PE biosynthesis and probably as a membrane source of autophagosome. Overall, our results reveal novel intracellular membrane-bound organelle dynamics based on Lpaat-mediated lipid metabolism, providing a temporal and spatial link of ferroptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research CentreSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ruhui Long
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research CentreSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chaoxiang Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research CentreSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xinping Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research CentreSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhibin Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research CentreSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yi Zhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research CentreSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
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Sun P, Zhao J, Sha G, Zhou Y, Zhao M, Li R, Kong X, Sun Q, Li Y, Li K, Bi R, Yang L, Qin Z, Huang W, Wang Y, Gao J, Chen G, Zhang H, Adnan M, Yang L, Zheng L, Chen XL, Wang G, Ishikawa T, Li Q, Xu JR, Li G. Inhibitor of cardiolipin biosynthesis-related enzyme MoGep4 confers broad-spectrum anti-fungal activity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38946254 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause devastating diseases, leading to serious losses to agriculture. Mechanistic understanding of pathogenesis of plant pathogens lays the foundation for the development of fungicides for disease control. Mitophagy, a specific form of autophagy, is important for fungal virulence. The role of cardiolipin, mitochondrial signature phospholipid, in mitophagy and pathogenesis is largely unknown in plant pathogenic fungi. The functions of enzymes involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis and relevant inhibitors were assessed using a set of assays, including genetic deletion, plant infection, lipidomics, chemical-protein interaction, chemical inhibition, and field trials. Our results showed that the cardiolipin biosynthesis-related gene MoGEP4 of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae regulates growth, conidiation, cardiolipin biosynthesis, and virulence. Mechanistically, MoGep4 regulated mitophagy and Mps1-MAPK phosphorylation, which are required for virulence. Chemical alexidine dihydrochloride (AXD) inhibited the enzyme activity of MoGep4, cardiolipin biosynthesis and mitophagy. Importantly, AXD efficiently inhibited the growth of 10 plant pathogens and controlled rice blast and Fusarium head blight in the field. Our study demonstrated that MoGep4 regulates mitophagy, Mps1 phosphorylation and pathogenesis in M. oryzae. In addition, we found that the MoGep4 inhibitor, AXD, displays broad-spectrum antifungal activity and is a promising candidate for fungicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gan Sha
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaru Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengfei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renjian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiping Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiqing Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziting Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzheng Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Long Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Guotian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Liang M, Feng A, Wang C, Zhu X, Su J, Xu Z, Yang J, Wang W, Chen K, Chen B, Lin X, Feng J, Chen S. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LM-1 Affects Multiple Cell Biological Processes in Magnaporthe oryzae to Suppress Rice Blast. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1246. [PMID: 38930628 PMCID: PMC11205629 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae, one of the most destructive rice pathogens, causes significant losses during the rice harvest every year. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been explored in many crops as a potential biocontrol agent. However, the mechanisms of B. amyloliquefaciens controled rice blast are not fully understood. Here, a biocontrol strain LM-1, isolated from a contaminated medium, was identified as B. amyloliquefaciens using morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, and 16S rDNA sequencing. LM-1 inhibited the growth and pathogenicity of M. oryzae and Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoem. The mycelia of M. oryzae co-cultured with LM-1 were enlarged and broken by fluorescence microscopy using calcofluor white. LM-1 inhibited the mycelia of M. oryzae from producing conidia. Genes itu, srf, and fenB were detected in LM-1. Furthermore, the supernatant of LM-1 interfered with the appressorium formation of M. oryzae, blocked conidial cell death, and reduced autophagy degradation but did not affect the normal germination of rice seeds and seeding growth. Additionally, we observed hypersensitivity reactions, reactive oxygen species, and iron accumulation reduction in rice cells inoculated with supernatant. Our study reveals that LM-1 has a control effect on rice blast and affects cell wall integrity, sporulation, appressorium formation, cell death, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Aiqing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Congying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Jing Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Zihan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
| | - Jianyuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Kailing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Bing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Xiaopeng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Jinqi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Shen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.L.); (A.F.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (W.W.); (K.C.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (J.F.)
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Jia J, Zhao X, Jia P, Zhang X, Li D, Liu Y, Huang L. Ecophysiological responses of Phragmites australis populations to a tidal flat gradient in the Yangtze River Estuary, China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1326345. [PMID: 38756962 PMCID: PMC11097105 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1326345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Phragmites australis is a prevalent species in the Chongming Dongtan wetland and is capable of thriving in various tidal flat environments, including high salinity habitats. P. australis population displays inconsistent ecological performances, highlighting the need to uncover their survival strategies and mechanisms in tidal flats with diverse soil salinities. Upon comparing functional traits of P. australis at multiple tidal flats (low, middle, and high) and their responses to soil physicochemical properties, this study aimed to clarify the salt-tolerant strategy of P. australis and the corresponding mechanisms. These results showed that leaf characteristics, such as specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content, demonstrated more robust stability to soil salinity than shoot height and dry weight. Furthermore, as salt stress intensified, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxisome (POD) in P. australis leaves at low tidal flat exhibited an increased upward trend compared to those at other tidal flats. The molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in Phragmites australis across various habitats was investigated using transcriptome sequencing. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) combined with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) screened out 3 modules closely related to high salt tolerance and identified 105 core genes crucial for high salt tolerance. Further research was carried out on the few degraded populations at low tidal flat, and 25 core genes were identified by combining WGCNA and DEGs. A decrease in the activity of ferroptosis marker gonyautoxin-4 and an increase in the content of Fe3+ in the degenerated group were observed, indicating that ferroptosis might participate in degradation. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated a possible regulatory network between salt tolerance and ferroptosis. In short, this study provided new insights into the salt tolerance mechanism of P. australis population along tidal flats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jia
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Peng Jia
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- GeneMind Biosciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dezhi Li
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Zhao Q, Wu G, Yang P, Shi Y, Fu Z, Mo H, Shi C, Yu S. Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Massive Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seeds. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:343. [PMID: 38540402 PMCID: PMC10969933 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a traditional medicinal plant for treating human diseases that is widely cultivated in many countries. However, the component and related metabolic pathways are still unclear. To understand the changes in expression of the component and related genes during seed development, this study employed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses and integrative analysis to explore the metabolites and pathways involved in the growth of fenugreek. The antifungal activity of the fenugreek seeds was also analyzed. A total of 9499 metabolites were identified in the positive ion mode, and 8043 metabolites were identified in the negative ion mode. Among them, the main components were fatty acyls, prenol lipids, steroids, steroid derivatives, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids. Among these enriched pathways, the top 20 pathways were "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis", "isoflavonoid biosynthesis", and "flavonoid biosynthesis". 3,7-Di-O-methylquercetin, flavonoids, pseudobaptigenin, isoflavonoids, methylecgonine, alkaloids, and derivatives were the most significantly upregulated metabolites. There were 38,137 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified via transcriptomic analysis. According to the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, 147 DEGs were significantly enriched in "flavonoid biosynthesis". Ten DEGs of the six key enzymes were found to be involved in three pathways related to flavonoid and alkaloid synthesis in fenugreek. The antifungal activity test revealed the inhibitory effect of the ethanol extract of fenugreek seeds on Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze)Wiltshire and Magnaporthe oryzae. These findings further prove that the use of botanical pesticides in fenugreek fruit has research value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China;
| | - Guoxing Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (G.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Pu Yang
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (P.Y.); (Y.S.); (Z.F.); (H.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yuanchong Shi
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (P.Y.); (Y.S.); (Z.F.); (H.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zuoyi Fu
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (P.Y.); (Y.S.); (Z.F.); (H.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Haifeng Mo
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (P.Y.); (Y.S.); (Z.F.); (H.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Chunlan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (G.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Shuhui Yu
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China;
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Liu Q, Xue J, Zhang L, Jiang L, Li C. Unveiling the Roles of LncRNA MOIRAs in Rice Blast Disease Resistance. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:82. [PMID: 38254971 PMCID: PMC10815219 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice blast disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is a major threat to rice production worldwide. This study investigates the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in rice's response to this destructive disease, with a focus on their impacts on disease resistance and yield traits. Three specific lncRNAs coded by M. oryzae infection-responsive lncRNAs (MOIRAs), MOIRA1, MOIRA2, and MOIRA3, were identified as key regulators of rice's response to M. oryzae infection. Strikingly, when MOIRA1 and MOIRA2 were overexpressed, they exhibited a dual function: they increased rice's susceptibility to blast fungus, indicating a negative role in disease resistance, while simultaneously enhancing tiller numbers and single-plant yield, with no adverse effects on other yield-related traits. This unexpected improvement in productivity suggests the possibility of overcoming the traditional trade-off between disease resistance and crop yield. These findings provide a novel perspective on crop enhancement, offering a promising solution to global food security challenges by developing rice varieties that effectively balance disease resistance and increased productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.Z.); (L.J.); (C.L.)
| | - Jiao Xue
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.Z.); (L.J.); (C.L.)
| | - Liqun Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.Z.); (L.J.); (C.L.)
| | - Chen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.Z.); (L.J.); (C.L.)
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Kulkarni M, Hardwick JM. Programmed Cell Death in Unicellular Versus Multicellular Organisms. Annu Rev Genet 2023; 57:435-459. [PMID: 37722687 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-033123-095833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (self-induced) is intrinsic to all cellular life forms, including unicellular organisms. However, cell death research has focused on animal models to understand cancer, degenerative disorders, and developmental processes. Recently delineated suicidal death mechanisms in bacteria and fungi have revealed ancient origins of animal cell death that are intertwined with immune mechanisms, allaying earlier doubts that self-inflicted cell death pathways exist in microorganisms. Approximately 20 mammalian death pathways have been partially characterized over the last 35 years. By contrast, more than 100 death mechanisms have been identified in bacteria and a few fungi in recent years. However, cell death is nearly unstudied in most human pathogenic microbes that cause major public health burdens. Here, we consider how the current understanding of programmed cell death arose through animal studies and how recently uncovered microbial cell death mechanisms in fungi and bacteria resemble and differ from mechanisms of mammalian cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Kulkarni
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; ,
| | - J Marie Hardwick
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; ,
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Zhang XM, Li JT, Xia Y, Shi XQ, Liu XL, Tang M, Tang J, Sun W, Yi Y. Early and Late Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Responses of Rhododendron 'Xiaotaohong' Petals to Infection with Alternaria sp. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12695. [PMID: 37628875 PMCID: PMC10454523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, petal blight disease caused by pathogens has become increasingly epidemic in Rhododendron. Breeding disease-resistant rhododendron is considered to be a more environmentally friendly strategy than is the use of chemical reagents. In this study, we aimed to investigate the response mechanisms of rhododendron varieties to petal blight, using transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses. Specifically, we monitored changes in gene expression and metabolite accumulation in Rhododendron 'Xiaotaohong' petals infected with the Alternaria sp. strain (MR-9). The infection of MR-9 led to the development of petal blight and induced significant changes in gene transcription. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were predominantly enriched in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway. These DEGs were involved in carrying out stress responses, with genes associated with H2O2 production being up-regulated during the early and late stages of infection. Correspondingly, H2O2 accumulation was detected in the vicinity of the blight lesions. In addition, defense-related genes, including PR and FRK, exhibited significant up-regulated expression during the infection by MR-9. In the late stage of the infection, we also observed significant changes in differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs), including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenes. Notably, the levels of euscaphic acid, ganoderol A, (-)-cinchonidine, and theophylline in infected petals were 21.8, 8.5, 4.5, and 4.3 times higher, respectively, compared to the control. Our results suggest that H2O2, defense-related genes, and DAM accumulation are involved in the complex response mechanisms of Rhododendron 'Xiaotaohong' petals to MR-9 infection. These insights provide a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of petal blight disease and may have practical implications for developing disease-resistant rhododendron varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.-T.L.); (Y.X.); (X.-Q.S.); (J.T.); (W.S.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Alpine Rhododendron Diseases and Pests of Institutions of Higher Learning in Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Jie-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.-T.L.); (Y.X.); (X.-Q.S.); (J.T.); (W.S.); (Y.Y.)
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Ying Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.-T.L.); (Y.X.); (X.-Q.S.); (J.T.); (W.S.); (Y.Y.)
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Xiao-Qian Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.-T.L.); (Y.X.); (X.-Q.S.); (J.T.); (W.S.); (Y.Y.)
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Xian-Lun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Alpine Rhododendron Diseases and Pests of Institutions of Higher Learning in Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Ming Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Area of Southwest, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.-T.L.); (Y.X.); (X.-Q.S.); (J.T.); (W.S.); (Y.Y.)
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.-T.L.); (Y.X.); (X.-Q.S.); (J.T.); (W.S.); (Y.Y.)
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Yin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.-T.L.); (Y.X.); (X.-Q.S.); (J.T.); (W.S.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Area of Southwest, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
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9
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He Y, Zhang K, Li S, Lu X, Zhao H, Guan C, Huang X, Shi Y, Kang Z, Fan Y, Li W, Chen C, Li G, Long O, Chen Y, Hu M, Cheng J, Xu B, Chapman MA, Georgiev MI, Fernie AR, Zhou M. Multiomics analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying virulence in Rhizoctonia and jasmonic acid-mediated resistance in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2773-2798. [PMID: 37119263 PMCID: PMC10396374 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a devastating soil-borne pathogen that seriously threatens the cultivation of economically important crops. Multiple strains with a very broad host range have been identified, but only 1 (AG1-IA, which causes rice sheath blight disease) has been examined in detail. Here, we analyzed AG4-HGI 3 originally isolated from Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), but with a host range comparable to AG1-IA. Genome comparison reveals abundant pathogenicity genes in this strain. We used multiomic approaches to improve the efficiency of screening for disease resistance genes. Transcriptomes of the plant-fungi interaction identified differentially expressed genes associated with virulence in Rhizoctonia and resistance in Tartary buckwheat. Integration with jasmonate-mediated transcriptome and metabolome changes revealed a negative regulator of jasmonate signaling, cytochrome P450 (FtCYP94C1), as increasing disease resistance probably via accumulation of resistance-related flavonoids. The integration of resistance data for 320 Tartary buckwheat accessions identified a gene homolog to aspartic proteinase (FtASP), with peak expression following R. solani inoculation. FtASP exhibits no proteinase activity but functions as an antibacterial peptide that slows fungal growth. This work reveals a potential mechanism behind pathogen virulence and host resistance, which should accelerate the molecular breeding of resistant varieties in economically essential crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi He
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shijuan Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chaonan Guan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaliang Shi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhen Kang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangsheng Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ou Long
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mang Hu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianping Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
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10
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Zhou Y, Zhao J, Yang L, Bi R, Qin Z, Sun P, Li R, Zhao M, Wang Y, Chen G, Wan H, Zheng L, Chen XL, Wang G, Li Q, Li G. Doxorubicin inhibits phosphatidylserine decarboxylase and confers broad-spectrum antifungal activity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37148193 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As phospholipids of cell membranes, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) play crucial roles in glycerophospholipid metabolism. Broadly, some phospholipid biosynthesis enzymes serve as potential fungicide targets. Therefore, revealing the functions and mechanism of PE biosynthesis in plant pathogens would provide potential targets for crop disease control. We performed analyses including phenotypic characterizations, lipidomics, enzyme activity, site-directed mutagenesis, and chemical inhibition assays to study the function of PS decarboxylase-encoding gene MoPSD2 in rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. The Mopsd2 mutant was defective in development, lipid metabolism, and plant infection. The PS level increased while PE decreased in Mopsd2, consistent with the enzyme activity. Furthermore, chemical doxorubicin inhibited the enzyme activity of MoPsd2 and showed antifungal activity against 10 phytopathogenic fungi including M. oryzae and reduced disease severity of two crop diseases in the field. Three predicted doxorubicin-interacting residues are important for MoPsd2 functions. Our study demonstrates that MoPsd2 is involved in de novo PE biosynthesis and contributes to the development and plant infection of M. oryzae and that doxorubicin shows broad-spectrum antifungal activity as a fungicide candidate. The study also implicates that bacterium Streptomyces peucetius, which biosynthesizes doxorubicin, could be potentially used as an eco-friendly biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruiqing Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziting Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Renjian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mengfei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hu Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712000, China
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guotian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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11
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Chang W, Lei Z, Yang Y, Dai S, Feng J, Yang J, Zhang Z. Tandem Reaction of Azide with Isonitrile and TMSC nF m(H): Access to N-Functionalized C-Fluoroalkyl Amidine. Org Lett 2023; 25:1392-1396. [PMID: 36861965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
N-Functionalized C-fluoroalkyl amidines are attracting great attention due to their potential in pharmaceuticals. Herein, we report a Pd-catalyzed tandem reaction of azide with isonitrile and fluoroalkylsilane via a carbodiimide intermediate, providing facile access to N-functionalized C-fluoroalkyl amidines. This protocol offers an approach toward not only N-sulphonyl, N-phosphoryl, N-acyl, and N-aryl but also C-CF3, C2F5, and CF2H amidines with a broad substrate scope. The accomplishment of further transformations and Celebrex derivatization in gram scale and biological evaluation reveals the important utility of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Chang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zizhen Lei
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sibo Dai
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiyao Feng
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
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12
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Appressoria-Small but Incredibly Powerful Structures in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032141. [PMID: 36768468 PMCID: PMC9917257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi are responsible for many of the most severe crop diseases in the world and remain very challenging to control. Improving current protection strategies or designating new measures based on an overall understanding of molecular host-pathogen interaction mechanisms could be helpful for disease management. The attachment and penetration of the plant surface are the most important events among diverse plant-fungi interactions. Fungi evolved as small but incredibly powerful infection structure appressoria to facilitate attachment and penetration. Appressoria are indispensable for many diseases, such as rusts, powdery mildews, and blast diseases, as well as devastating oomycete diseases. Investigation into the formation of plant-pathogen appressoria contributes to improving the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions. Fungal host attachment is a vital step of fungal pathogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in the molecular mechanisms regulating the formation of appressoria. Additionally, some biocontrol agents were revealed to act on appressorium. The regulation of fungal adhesion during the infective process by acting on appressoria formation is expected to prevent the occurrence of crop disease caused by some pathogenic fungi.
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13
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Cheng Y, Zhang H, Zhu W, Li Q, Meng R, Yang K, Guo Z, Zhai Y, Zhang H, Ji R, Peng H, Dou D, Jing M. Ferroptosis induced by the biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum enhances soybean resistance to Phytophthora sojae. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:6267-6278. [PMID: 36250814 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death accompanied by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Both biotic and abiotic stresses can induce ferroptosis in plant cells. In the case of plant interactions with pathogenic Phytophthora oomycetes, the roles of ferroptosis are still largely unknown. Here, we performed transcriptome analysis on soybean plants treated with the biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum, a soilborne and non-pathogenic oomycete capable of inducing plant resistance against Phytophthora sojae infection. Expression of homologous soybean genes involved in ferroptosis and resistance was reprogrammed upon P. oligandrum treatment. Typical hallmarks for characterizing ferroptosis were detected in soybean hypocotyl cells, including decreased glutathione (GSH) level, accumulation of ferric ions, and lipid peroxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, ferroptosis-like cell death was triggered by P. oligandrum to suppress P. sojae infection in soybean. Protection provided by P. oligandrum could be attenuated by the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), suggesting the critical role of ferroptosis in soybean resistance against P. sojae. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ferroptosis is a P. oligandrum-inducible defence mechanism against oomycete infection in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Haijing Zhang
- Rongcheng Agricultural and Rural Services Centre, Weihai, China
| | - Rui Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Daolong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Liang M, Dong L, Deng YZ. Circadian Redox Rhythm in Plant-Fungal Pathogen Interactions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:726-738. [PMID: 35044223 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Circadian-controlled cellular growth, differentiation, and metabolism are mainly achieved by a classical transcriptional-translational feedback loop (TTFL), as revealed by investigations in animals, plants, and fungi. Recent Advances: Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported as part of a cellular network synchronizing nontranscriptional oscillators with established TTFL components, adding complexity to regulatory mechanisms of circadian rhythm. Both circadian rhythm and ROS homeostasis have a great impact on plant immunity as well as fungal pathogenicity, therefore interconnections of these two factors are implicit in plant-fungus interactions. Critical Issues: In this review, we aim to summarize the recent advances in circadian-controlled ROS homeostasis, or ROS-modulated circadian clock, in plant-fungus pathosystems, particularly using the rice (Oryza sativa) blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) pathosystem as an example. Understanding of such bidirectional interaction between the circadian timekeeping machinery and ROS homeostasis/signaling would provide a theoretical basis for developing disease control strategies for important plants/crops. Future Directions: Questions remain unanswered about the detailed mechanisms underlying circadian regulation of redox homeostasis in M. oryzae, and the consequent fungal differentiation and death in a time-of-day manner. We believe that the rice-M. oryzae pathobiosystem would provide an excellent platform for investigating such issues in circadian-ROS interconnections in a plant-fungus interaction context. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 726-738.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhen Deng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Ryder LS, Cruz-Mireles N, Molinari C, Eisermann I, Eseola AB, Talbot NJ. The appressorium at a glance. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276040. [PMID: 35856284 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant pathogenic fungi have the capacity to infect their plant hosts using specialised cells called appressoria. These structures act as a gateway between the fungus and host, allowing entry to internal tissues. Appressoria apply enormous physical force to rupture the plant surface, or use a battery of enzymes to digest the cuticle and plant cell wall. Appressoria also facilitate focal secretion of effectors at the point of plant infection to suppress plant immunity. These infection cells develop in response to the physical characteristics of the leaf surface, starvation stress and signals from the plant. Appressorium morphogenesis has been linked to septin-mediated reorganisation of F-actin and microtubule networks of the cytoskeleton, and remodelling of the fungal cell wall. In this Cell Science at a Glance and accompanying poster, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of appressorium-mediated infection, and compare development on the leaf surface to the biology of invasive growth by pathogenic fungi. Finally, we outline key gaps in our current knowledge of appressorium cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Camilla Molinari
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Iris Eisermann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice B Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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16
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The Classification of Rice Blast Resistant Seed Based on Ranman Spectroscopy and SVM. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134091. [PMID: 35807337 PMCID: PMC9268727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice blast is a serious threat to rice yield. Breeding disease-resistant varieties is one of the most economical and effective ways to prevent damage from rice blast. The traditional identification of resistant rice seeds has some shortcoming, such as long possession time, high cost and complex operation. The purpose of this study was to develop an optimal prediction model for determining resistant rice seeds using Ranman spectroscopy. First, the support vector machine (SVM), BP neural network (BP) and probabilistic neural network (PNN) models were initially established on the original spectral data. Second, due to the recognition accuracy of the Raw-SVM model, the running time was fast. The support vector machine model was selected for optimization, and four improved support vector machine models (ABC-SVM (artificial bee colony algorithm, ABC), IABC-SVM (improving the artificial bee colony algorithm, IABC), GSA-SVM (gravity search algorithm, GSA) and GWO-SVM (gray wolf algorithm, GWO)) were used to identify resistant rice seeds. The difference in modeling accuracy and running time between the improved support vector machine model established in feature wavelengths and full wavelengths (200–3202 cm−1) was compared. Finally, five spectral preproccessing algorithms, Savitzky–Golay 1-Der (SGD), Savitzky–Golay Smoothing (SGS), baseline (Base), multivariate scatter correction (MSC) and standard normal variable (SNV), were used to preprocess the original spectra. The random forest algorithm (RF) was used to extract the characteristic wavelengths. After different spectral preproccessing algorithms and the RF feature extraction, the improved support vector machine models were established. The results show that the recognition accuracy of the optimal IABC-SVM model based on the original data was 71%. Among the five spectral preproccessing algorithms, the SNV algorithm’s accuracy was the best. The accuracy of the test set in the IABC-SVM model was 100%, and the running time was 13 s. After SNV algorithms and the RF feature extraction, the classification accuracy of the IABC-SVM model did not decrease, and the running time was shortened to 9 s. This demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of IABC in SVM parameter optimization, with higher prediction accuracy and better stability. Therefore, the improved support vector machine model based on Ranman spectroscopy can be applied to the fast and non-destructive identification of resistant rice seeds.
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Guo L, Li Y, Mao X, Tao R, Tao B, Zhou Z. Antifungal Activity of Polymethoxylated Flavonoids (PMFs)-Loaded Citral Nanoemulsion against Penicillium italicum by Causing Cell Membrane Damage. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040388. [PMID: 35448619 PMCID: PMC9029654 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A major citrus postharvest pathogen, Penicillium italicum (P. italicum), causes substantial economic losses in citrus. In this study, a citral nanoemulsion containing polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs), the antimicrobial compounds from citrus, was prepared. The antifungal activity and potential antifungal mechanisms of the nanoemulsion against P. italicum were evaluated. The results showed that the growth of P. italicum was effectively inhibited by the nanoemulsion, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 62.5 and 250 mg L−1, respectively. The nanoemulsion significantly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth, and it altered the morphology of P. italicum. In addition, the permeability of the cell membrane increased with increasing nanoemulsion concentrations, as evidenced by a rapid rise in extracellular electric conductivity and stronger red fluorescence from mycelia (propidium iodide staining). Compared with the control, the nanoemulsion treatment induced a decrease in total lipid and ergosterol contents in P. italicum cells by 64.61% and 60.58%, respectively, demonstrating that membrane integrity had been disrupted. The results indicated that the PMFs-loaded nanoemulsion exerted antifungal activity against P. italicum by disrupting cell membrane integrity and permeability; such a nanoemulsion may be used as a potential fungicide substitute for preservation in citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoxue Mao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Boyun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiqin Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- The Southwest Institute of Fruits Nutrition, Banan District, Chongqing 400054, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-023-6825-1047
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Kaur S, Samota MK, Choudhary M, Choudhary M, Pandey AK, Sharma A, Thakur J. How do plants defend themselves against pathogens-Biochemical mechanisms and genetic interventions. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:485-504. [PMID: 35400890 PMCID: PMC8943088 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In agro-ecosystem, plant pathogens hamper food quality, crop yield, and global food security. Manipulation of naturally occurring defense mechanisms in host plants is an effective and sustainable approach for plant disease management. Various natural compounds, ranging from cell wall components to metabolic enzymes have been reported to protect plants from infection by pathogens and hence provide specific resistance to hosts against pathogens, termed as induced resistance. It involves various biochemical components, that play an important role in molecular and cellular signaling events occurring either before (elicitation) or after pathogen infection. The induction of reactive oxygen species, activation of defensive machinery of plants comprising of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative components, secondary metabolites, pathogenesis-related protein expression (e.g. chitinases and glucanases), phytoalexin production, modification in cell wall composition, melatonin production, carotenoids accumulation, and altered activity of polyamines are major induced changes in host plants during pathogen infection. Hence, the altered concentration of biochemical components in host plants restricts disease development. Such biochemical or metabolic markers can be harnessed for the development of "pathogen-proof" plants. Effective utilization of the key metabolites-based metabolic markers can pave the path for candidate gene identification. This present review discusses the valuable information for understanding the biochemical response mechanism of plants to cope with pathogens and genomics-metabolomics-based sustainable development of pathogen proof cultivars along with knowledge gaps and future perspectives to enhance sustainable agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simardeep Kaur
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manoj Choudhary
- ICAR-National Research Center for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Mukesh Choudhary
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU Campus, Ludhiana, India
| | - Abhay K. Pandey
- Department of Mycology and Microbiology, Tea Research Association-North Bengal Regional R & D Center, Nagrakata, West Bengal 735225 India
| | - Anshu Sharma
- Department of FST, Dr. YS Parmar UHF Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Julie Thakur
- Department of Botany, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Zheng XR, Zhang MJ, Qiao YH, Li R, Alkan N, Chen JY, Chen FM. Cyclocarya paliurus Reprograms the Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway Against Colletotrichum fructicola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:933484. [PMID: 35845688 PMCID: PMC9280340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus is an endemic Chinese tree species with considerable medicinal, timber, and horticultural value. The anthracnose disease of C. paliurus is caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola, which results in great losses in yield and quality. Here, resistance evaluation of six cultivars of C. paliurus exhibited varying degrees of resistance to C. fructicola infection, where Wufeng was the most resistant and Jinggangshan was the most susceptive. Physiological measurements and histochemical staining assays showed that the Wufeng cultivar exhibits intense reactive oxygen species accumulation and defense capabilities. A multiomics approach using RNA sequencing and metabolome analyses showed that resistance in C. paliurus (Wufeng) is related to early induction of reprogramming of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. In vitro antifungal assays revealed that the flavonoid extracts from resistant cultivars strongly inhibited C. fructicola hyphal growth than susceptible cultivars. Relative gene expression analysis further demonstrated the pivotal antifungal role of C. paliurus flavonoids in targeting Colletotrichum appressorium formation. Together, these results represent a novel resistance mechanism of C. paliurus against anthracnose through the reprogramming of flavonoids, which will lay a foundation for breeding anthracnose-resistant varieties and the application of flavonoid extraction of C. paliurus as a natural antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Rong Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mao-Jiao Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Hang Qiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie-Yin Chen,
| | - Feng-Mao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Feng-Mao Chen,
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