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Mercado JA, Cueva HDL, Noriega JR, Rojas AN, Campos A, Lamberski N. TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM-XYLAZINE ANESTHESIA IN EX SITU BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEYS ( ATELES GEOFFROYI SSP.). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:466-470. [PMID: 38875204 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi ssp.) are endangered in Mexico. Safe anesthetic protocols are important for in situ and ex situ conservation problems. Such protocols are scarce in the literature; nor have safety and physiologic responses been reported. High doses and volume are a counter side for field immobilizations. We tested an anesthetic protocol with a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam (5 mg/kg) plus xylazine (1 mg/kg) in 14 black-handed spider monkeys under human care from two facilities in Mexico. Physiological parameters such as HR, RR, T, SPO2, systolic arterial pressure (), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and median arterial pressure (MAP) were obtained. HR and RR decreased over time, but T increased significantly during the anesthetic time for the whole group; RR and T decreased for juveniles only. Variation between individuals was observed for HR, RR, and DAP. Volume reduction of drugs was achieved compared to previously reported anesthesia protocols. Induction time was fast (6.2 ± 10.4 min) and no tail prehension was seen. Recovery was prolonged (mean and SD). Physiologic parameters remained stable throughout. The protocol proved to be safe for the chemical immobilization of black-handed spider monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Mercado
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Avenida Álvaro Obregón sin número, Colonia Nueva Mexicali, Baja California 21100 México,
| | - Horacio de la Cueva
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22860. México
| | - Jacobo Romano Noriega
- Zoologico Parque Morelos, Sistema Municipal de Parques Temáticos de Tijuana (SIMPATT), La Mesa, Baja California 22105 México
| | - Alejandro N Rojas
- Pro-fauna Centro de Especialidades Médicas Veterinarias, Juárez, Tijuana, Baja California 22040, México
| | - Alejandro Campos
- Parque Zoologico Internacional A.C., Hipódromo de Agua Caliente, Tijuana, Baja California 22410 México
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Sawada Y, Kaneko A, Morimoto M, Suzuki J, Pai C, Nakayama S, Ageyama N, Koie H, Miyabe-Nishiwaki T. The effect of different body positions on the cardiothoracic ratios obtained by chest radiography in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) AND RHESUS MACAQUES (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 2022; 51:345-354. [PMID: 35808827 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although some studies have reported cardiac diseases in macaques, an adequate screening method for cardiac enlargement has not yet been established. This study aimed to evaluate the positioning of macaques for radiographs and establish reference intervals for the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR). MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a device for chest radiography in the sitting position and performed chest radiography in 50 Japanese and 48 rhesus macaques to evaluate the CTR and chest cavity size. RESULTS In Japanese and rhesus macaques, the thorax height was significantly larger, the heart width was significantly smaller, and the mean CTR was significantly smaller in the sitting position than in the prone position. The reference intervals for CTR in the sitting position were 51.6 ± 4.6% and 52.2 ± 5.1% in Japanese and rhesus macaques, respectively. CONCLUSION Thoracic radiographic images obtained in a sitting position resulted in a smaller CTR and a larger thorax height, which could be useful for detecting pulmonary and cardiac abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Sawada
- Center of Human Evolution Modelling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.,Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Azabu University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kaneko
- Center of Human Evolution Modelling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.,Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior (EHUB), Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Mayumi Morimoto
- Center of Human Evolution Modelling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.,Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior (EHUB), Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Juri Suzuki
- Center of Human Evolution Modelling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Chungyu Pai
- College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shunya Nakayama
- College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Naohide Ageyama
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koie
- College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki
- Center of Human Evolution Modelling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.,Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior (EHUB), Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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Williams AR, Ueda Y, Stern JA, Christe KL. Vertebral Heart Score in Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta): Generating Normal Reference Intervals and Assessing its Validity for Identifying Cardiac Disease. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2020; 59:347-355. [PMID: 32317049 PMCID: PMC7338866 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vertebral heart scoring (VHS) is a semiquantitative method to assess the presence and severity of cardiomegaly by using thoracic radiographs. VHS in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) has not been validated or used routinely in the clinical or research setting. We hypothesized that rhesus macaques with cardiac disease diagnosed by using echocardiography would have higher VHS than animals without cardiac disease. A total of 150 rhesus macaques were enrolled in this study. All animals underwent echocardiography and thoracic radiography (right lateral [RL], dorsoventral [DV], and ventrodorsal [VD] views). According to echocardiography, 121 rhesus macaques had no cardiac disease and were used to establish reference intervals for VHS. The remaining 29 macaques had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 20) or other cardiac disease (n = 9). Results showed that VHS of RL and VD views were significantly higher in macaques with any of the identified cardiac diseases and in the cardiac disease group that excluded hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. VHS of animals with HCM was not significantly different than that of control animals. In the RL view, VHS was moderately accurate for predicting the presence of cardiac disease, with an AUC of 0.71 and an optimal cut-off value of 10.25 (sensitivity: 62%, specificity: 77%). In the VD view, VHS was a mildly accurate test for cardiac disease, with an AUC of 0.654 and an optimal cut-off value of 10.65 (sensitivity, 66%; specificity, 63%). Study results indicated that VHS could be a useful screening tool for clinically identifying rhesus macaques with cardiac disease. However, VHS is unlikely to replace echocardiographic examination for determining the presence, type, and severity of cardiac disease in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Williams
- Department of Primate Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Primate Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California; Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California;,
| | - Kari L Christe
- Department of Primate Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
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