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Zhang C, Feng Y, Balutowski A, Miner GE, Rivera-Kohr DA, Hrabak MR, Sullivan KD, Guo A, Calderin JD, Fratti RA. The interdependent transport of yeast vacuole Ca 2+ and H + and the role of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102672. [PMID: 36334632 PMCID: PMC9706634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast vacuoles are acidified by the v-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) that is comprised of the membrane embedded VO complex and the soluble cytoplasmic V1 complex. The assembly of the V1-VO holoenzyme on the vacuole is stabilized in part through interactions between the VO a-subunit ortholog Vph1 and the lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2). PI(3,5)P2 also affects vacuolar Ca2+ release through the channel Yvc1 and uptake through the Ca2+ pump Pmc1. Here, we asked if H+ and Ca2+ transport activities were connected through PI(3,5)P2. We found that overproduction of PI(3,5)P2 by the hyperactive fab1T2250A mutant augmented vacuole acidification, whereas the kinase-inactive fab1EEE mutant attenuated the formation of a H+ gradient. Separately, we tested the effects of excess Ca2+ on vacuole acidification. Adding micromolar Ca2+ blocked vacuole acidification, whereas chelating Ca2+ accelerated acidification. The effect of adding Ca2+ on acidification was eliminated when the Ca2+/H+ antiporter Vcx1 was absent, indicating that the vacuolar H+ gradient can collapse during Ca2+ stress through Vcx1 activity. This, however, was independent of PI(3,5)P2, suggesting that PI(3,5)P2 plays a role in submicromolar Ca2+ flux but not under Ca2+ shock. To see if the link between Ca2+ and H+ transport was bidirectional, we examined Ca2+ transport when vacuole acidification was inhibited. We found that Ca2+ transport was inhibited by halting V-ATPase activity with Bafilomycin or neutralizing vacuolar pH with chloroquine. Together, these data show that Ca2+ transport and V-ATPase efficacy are connected but not necessarily through PI(3,5)P2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yilin Feng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam Balutowski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Gregory E Miner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - David A Rivera-Kohr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael R Hrabak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Katherine D Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Annie Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jorge D Calderin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Rutilio A Fratti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA; Center for Biophysics & Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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Pomorski A, Krężel A. Biarsenical fluorescent probes for multifunctional site-specific modification of proteins applicable in life sciences: an overview and future outlook. Metallomics 2021; 12:1179-1207. [PMID: 32658234 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00093k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent modification of proteins of interest (POI) in living cells is desired to study their behaviour and functions in their natural environment. In a perfect setting it should be easy to perform, inexpensive, efficient and site-selective. Although multiple chemical and biological methods have been developed, only a few of them are applicable for cellular studies thanks to their appropriate physical, chemical and biological characteristics. One such successful system is a tetracysteine tag/motif and its selective biarsenical binders (e.g. FlAsH and ReAsH). Since its discovery in 1998 by Tsien and co-workers, this method has been enhanced and revolutionized in terms of its efficiency, formed complex stability and breadth of application. Here, we overview the whole field of knowledge, while placing most emphasis on recent reports. We showcase the improvements of classical biarsenical probes with various optical properties as well as multifunctional molecules that add new characteristics to proteins. We also present the evolution of affinity tags and motifs of biarsenical probes demonstrating much more possibilities in cellular applications. We summarize protocols and reported observations so both beginners and advanced users of biarsenical probes can troubleshoot their experiments. We address the concerns regarding the safety of biarsenical probe application. We showcase examples in virology, studies on receptors or amyloid aggregation, where application of biarsenical probes allowed observations that previously were not possible. We provide a summary of current applications ranging from bioanalytical sciences to allosteric control of selected proteins. Finally, we present an outlook to encourage more researchers to use these magnificent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pomorski
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
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Dunant Y, Gisiger V. Ultrafast and Slow Cholinergic Transmission. Different Involvement of Acetylcholinesterase Molecular Forms. Molecules 2017; 22:E1300. [PMID: 28777299 PMCID: PMC6152031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh), an ubiquitous mediator substance broadly expressed in nature, acts as neurotransmitter in cholinergic synapses, generating specific communications with different time-courses. (1) Ultrafast transmission. Vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and nerve-electroplaque junctions (NEJs) are the fastest cholinergic synapses; able to transmit brief impulses (1-4 ms) at high frequencies. The collagen-tailed A12 acetylcholinesterase is concentrated in the synaptic cleft of NMJs and NEJs, were it curtails the postsynaptic response by ultrafast ACh hydrolysis. Here, additional processes contribute to make transmission so rapid. (2) Rapid transmission. At peripheral and central cholinergic neuro-neuronal synapses, transmission involves an initial, relatively rapid (10-50 ms) nicotinic response, followed by various muscarinic or nicotinic effects. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) being not concentrated within these synapses, it does not curtail the initial rapid response. In contrast, the late responses are controlled by a globular form of AChE (mainly G4-AChE), which is membrane-bound and/or secreted. (3) SlowAChsignalling. In non-neuronal systems, in muscarinic domains, and in most regions of the central nervous system (CNS), many ACh-releasing structures (cells, axon terminals, varicosities, boutons) do not form true synaptic contacts, most muscarinic and also part of nicotinic receptors are extra-synaptic, often situated relatively far from ACh releasing spots. A12-AChE being virtually absent in CNS, G4-AChE is the most abundant form, whose function appears to modulate the "volume" transmission, keeping ACh concentration within limits in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Dunant
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Genève, CH-1211-Genève 4, Switzerland.
| | - Victor Gisiger
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Barman A, Tamuli R. The pleiotropic vegetative and sexual development phenotypes of Neurospora crassa arise from double mutants of the calcium signaling genes plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1. Curr Genet 2017; 63:861-875. [PMID: 28265741 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated phenotypes of the double mutants of the calcium (Ca2+) signaling genes plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1 encoding for a phospholipase C1 (PLC-1), a secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), and a Ca2+/H+ exchanger (CPE-1), respectively, to understand the cell functions regulated by their genetic interactions. Mutants lacking plc-1 and either splA2 or cpe-1 exhibited numerous defects including reduced colonial growth, stunted aerial hyphae, premature conidiation on plates with delayed germination, inappropriate conidiation in submerged culture, and lesser mycelial pigmentation. Moreover, the ∆plc-1; ∆splA2 and ∆plc-1; ∆cpe-1 double mutants were female-sterile when crossed with wild type as the male parent. In addition, ∆plc-1, ∆splA2, and ∆cpe-1 single mutants displayed higher carotenoid accumulation and an increased level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, the pleiotropic phenotype of the double mutants of plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1 suggested that the genetic interaction of these genes plays a critical role for normal vegetative and sexual development in N. crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Barman
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781 039, India
| | - Ranjan Tamuli
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781 039, India.
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Takamori S. Presynaptic Molecular Determinants of Quantal Size. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:2. [PMID: 26903855 PMCID: PMC4744840 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantal hypothesis for the release of neurotransmitters at the chemical synapse has gained wide acceptance since it was first worked out at the motor endplate in frog skeletal muscle in the 1950’s. Considering the morphological identification of synaptic vesicles (SVs) at the nerve terminals that appeared to be homogeneous in size, the hypothesis proposed that signal transduction at synapses is mediated by the release of neurotransmitters packed in SVs that are individually uniform in size; the amount of transmitter in a synaptic vesicle is called a quantum. Although quantal size—the amplitude of the postsynaptic response elicited by the release of neurotransmitters from a single vesicle—clearly depends on the number and sensitivity of the postsynaptic receptors, accumulating evidence has also indicated that the amount of neurotransmitters stored in SVs can be altered by various presynaptic factors. Here, I provide an overview of the concepts and underlying presynaptic molecular underpinnings that may regulate quantal size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Takamori
- Laboratory of Neural Membrane Biology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University Kyoto, Japan
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Uhl P, Szober C, Amann B, Alge-Priglinger C, Ueffing M, Hauck S, Deeg C. In situ cell surface proteomics reveals differentially expressed membrane proteins in retinal pigment epithelial cells during autoimmune uveitis. J Proteomics 2014; 109:50-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gonçalves AP, Cordeiro JM, Monteiro J, Muñoz A, Correia-de-Sá P, Read ND, Videira A. Activation of a TRP-like channel and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics during phospholipase-C-mediated cell death. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3817-29. [PMID: 25037570 PMCID: PMC4150065 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.152058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The model organism Neurospora crassa undergoes programmed cell death when exposed to staurosporine. Here, we show that staurosporine causes defined changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c) dynamics and a distinct Ca2+ signature that involves Ca2+ influx from the external medium and internal Ca2+ stores. We investigated the molecular basis of this Ca2+ response by using [Ca2+]c measurements combined with pharmacological and genetic approaches. Phospholipase C was identified as a pivotal player during cell death, because modulation of the phospholipase C signaling pathway and deletion of PLC-2, which we show to be involved in hyphal development, results in an inability to trigger the characteristic staurosporine-induced Ca2+ signature. Using Δcch-1, Δfig-1 and Δyvc-1 mutants and a range of inhibitors, we show that extracellular Ca2+ entry does not occur through the hitherto described high- and low-affinity Ca2+ uptake systems, but through the opening of plasma membrane channels with properties resembling the transient receptor potential (TRP) family. Partial blockage of the response to staurosporine after inhibition of a putative inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor suggests that Ca2+ release from internal stores following IP3 formation combines with the extracellular Ca2+ influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pedro Gonçalves
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - J Miguel Cordeiro
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Monteiro
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, CTF Building, Grafton Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nick D Read
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, CTF Building, Grafton Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Arnaldo Videira
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Dunant Y, Cordeiro JM. Presynaptic K(+) channels, vesicular Ca(2+)/H (+) antiport--synaptotagmin, and acetylcholinesterase, three mechanisms cutting short the cholinergic signal at neuromuscular and nerve-electroplaque junctions. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:377-86. [PMID: 24390960 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In neuromuscular and nerve-electroplaque junctions, nerve impulses can be transmitted at high frequencies. This implies that transmission of individual impulses must be very brief. We describe three mechanisms which curtail the time course of individual impulses at these synapses: (1) opening of presynaptic K(+) channels (delayed rectifier) efficiently curtails the presynaptic action potential. Inhibition of K(+) channel by aminopyridines transforms the normally brief postsynaptic potential (2-3 ms) to a long-lasting "giant" potential (exceeding half a second); (2) a low-affinity Ca(2+)/H(+) antiport ensures rapid Ca(2+) sequestration into synaptic vesicles, curtailing the calcium signal and thereby the duration of transmitter release. Indeed vesicular Ca(2+)/H(+) antiport inhibition by bafilomycin or Sr(2+) prolongs the duration of the postsynaptic potential. We recently showed that synaptotagmin-1 is required for this antiport activity; thus the vesicular Ca(2+)/H(+) antiport might be synaptotagmin itself, or regulated by it; and (3) it is recalled that, in these junctions, acetylcholinesterase is highly concentrated in the synaptic cleft and that anticholinesterases lengthen the endplate time course. Therefore, at three different steps of synaptic transmission, an efficient mechanism curtails the local synaptic signal. When one of these three mechanisms is inhibited, the duration of individual impulses is prolonged, but the synapse loses its faculty to fire at high frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Dunant
- Neurosciences fondamentales, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Genève, 1211, Genève 4, Switzerland,
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