1
|
Uusi-Oukari M, Korpi ER. GABAergic mechanisms in alcohol dependence. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 175:75-123. [PMID: 38555121 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The target of alcohol's effect on the central nervous system has been sought for more than 50 years in the brain's GABA system. The behavioral and emotional effects of alcohol in humans and rodents are very similar to those of barbiturates and benzodiazepines, and GABAA receptors have been shown to be one of the sites of alcohol action. The mechanisms of GABAergic inhibition have been a hotspot of research but have turned out to be complex and controversial. Genetics support the involvement of some GABAA receptor subunits in the development of alcohol dependence and in alcohol use disorders (AUD). Since the effect of alcohol on the GABAA system resembles that of a GABAergic positive modulator, it may be possible to develop GABAergic drug treatments that could substitute for alcohol. The adaptation mechanisms of the GABA system and the plasticity of the brain are a big challenge for drug development: the drugs that act on GABAA receptors developed so far also may cause adaptation and development of additional addiction. Human polymorphisms should be studied further to get insight about how they affect receptor function, expression or other factors to make reasonable predictions/hypotheses about what non-addictive interventions would help in alcohol dependence and AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Uusi-Oukari
- Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Esa R Korpi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Popova D, Sun J, Chow HM, Hart RP. A critical review of ethanol effects on neuronal firing: A metabolic perspective. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:450-458. [PMID: 38217065 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Ethanol metabolism is relatively understudied in neurons, even though changes in neuronal metabolism are known to affect their activity. Recent work demonstrates that ethanol is preferentially metabolized over glucose as a source of carbon and energy, and it reprograms neurons to a state of reduced energy potential and diminished capacity to utilize glucose once ethanol is exhausted. Ethanol intake has been associated with changes in neuronal firing and specific brain activity (EEG) patterns have been linked with risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Furthermore, a haplotype of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit, GIRK2, which plays a critical role in regulating excitability of neurons, has been linked with AUD and shown to be directly regulated by ethanol. At the same time, overexpression of GIRK2 prevents ethanol-induced metabolic changes. Based on the available evidence, we conclude that the mechanisms underlying the effects of ethanol on neuronal metabolism are a novel target for developing therapies for AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Popova
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jacquelyne Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adekomi DA, Olajide OJ, Adewale OO, Okesina AA, Fatoki JO, Falana BA, Adeniyi TD, Adegoke AA, Ojo WA, Alabi SO. D-ribose-L-cysteine exhibits neuroprotective activity through inhibition of oxido-behavioral dysfunctions and modulated activities of neurotransmitters in the cerebellum of Juvenile mice exposed to ethanol. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:746-756. [PMID: 35723231 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2088783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol exposure to the cerebellum has been known to trigger cerebellar dysfunctions through several mechanisms. This present study was designed to evaluate the repealing effect of D-ribose-L-cysteine (DRLC) on alcohol-induced cerebellar dysfunctions in juvenile BALB/c mice. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 10 per group). Mice were given oral administration of normal saline (control), DRLC (100 mg/kg, p.o), ethanol (0.2 mL of 10% w/v), or DRLC (100 mg/kg, p.o) + ethanol (0.2 mL of 10% w/v). On day 29 of the study (i.e., 24 h after the administration of the last respective doses), neurochemical quantification of the respective levels of serotonin and dopamine, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the cerebellar tissues of the mice were analyzed. Compared with the saline-treated group, the studied neurochemical indices were modulated across the various experimental groups. The administration of ethanol significantly modulates the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin and dopamine) as well as contents of total antioxidants, activities of superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, with a concurrently increased level of lipid peroxidase in the cerebellar tissue of the mice. DRLC significantly reverses these effects in the DRLC + ethanol co-treated group. Combined exposure to DRLC + ethanol counteracts the deleterious effect of ethanol in the cerebellum of juvenile BALB/c mice via monoamine neurotransmitter, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant status, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase action pathways. Therefore, DRLC could be a pharmacologic or therapeutic agent in attenuating the deleterious effects of alcohol on the cerebellum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damilare Adedayo Adekomi
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience and Cell Biology Unit, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Olamide Janet Olajide
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience and Cell Biology Unit, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Omowumi Oyeronke Adewale
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | | | - John Olabode Fatoki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Benedict Abiola Falana
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience and Cell Biology Unit, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Temidayo Daniel Adeniyi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Science, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Waliu Adetunji Ojo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bhat UA, Kumar SA, Chakravarty S, Patel AB, Kumar A. Differential Effects of Chronic Ethanol Use on Mouse Neuronal and Astroglial Metabolic Activity. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03922-y. [PMID: 37069415 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol use disorder, a major risk factor for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders including addiction to other substances, is associated with several neuropathology including perturbed neuronal and glial activities in the brain. It affects carbon metabolism in specific brain regions, and perturbs neuro-metabolite homeostasis in neuronal and glial cells. Alcohol induced changes in the brain neurochemical profile accompany the negative emotional state associated with dysregulated reward and sensitized stress response to withdrawal. However, the underlying alterations in neuro-astroglial activities and neurochemical dysregulations in brain regions after chronic alcohol use are poorly understood. This study evaluates the impact of chronic ethanol use on the regional neuro-astroglial metabolic activity using 1H-[13C]-NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with infusion of [1,6-13C2]glucose and sodium [2-13C]acetate, respectively, after 48 h of abstinence. Besides establishing detailed 13C labeling of neuro-metabolites in a brain region-specific manner, our results show chronic ethanol induced-cognitive deficits along with a reduction in total glucose oxidation rates in the hippocampus and striatum. Furthermore, using [2-13C]acetate infusion, we showed an alcohol-induced increase in astroglial metabolic activity in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, increased astroglia activity in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex was associated with a differential expression of monocarboxylic acid transporters that are regulating acetate uptake and metabolism in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Unis Ahmad Bhat
- Epigenetics and Neuropsychiatric Disorders Laboratory, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana State (TS), 500007, India
| | - Sreemantula Arun Kumar
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anant Bahadur Patel
- Epigenetics and Neuropsychiatric Disorders Laboratory, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana State (TS), 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana State (TS), 500007, India.
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Epigenetics and Neuropsychiatric Disorders Laboratory, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana State (TS), 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carton L, Auger F, Laloux C, Durieux N, Kyheng M, Potey C, Bergeron S, Rolland B, Deguil J, Bordet R. Effects of acute ethanol and/or diazepam exposure on immediate and delayed hippocampal metabolite levels in rats anesthetized with isoflurane. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:687-698. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Carton
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR‐S1172, Pharmacology Department Lille France
| | - Florent Auger
- Lille In vivo Imaging and Functional Exploration platform Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41‐UMS 2014‐PLBS Lille France
| | - Charlotte Laloux
- Lille In vivo Imaging and Functional Exploration platform Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41‐UMS 2014‐PLBS Lille France
| | - Nicolas Durieux
- Lille In vivo Imaging and Functional Exploration platform Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41‐UMS 2014‐PLBS Lille France
| | - Maéva Kyheng
- ULR 2694‐METRICS: Évaluation des Technologies de Santé et des Pratiques Médicales Univ. Lille, CHU Lille Lille France
- Département de Biostatistiques CHU Lille Lille France
| | - Camille Potey
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR‐S1172, Pharmacology Department Lille France
| | - Sandrine Bergeron
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR‐S1172, Pharmacology Department Lille France
| | - Benjamin Rolland
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon CH Le Vinatier, Hospices Civils de Lyon Bron France
- Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Bron France
| | - Julie Deguil
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR‐S1172, Pharmacology Department Lille France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR‐S1172, Pharmacology Department Lille France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marino RAM, Girven KS, Figueiredo A, Navarrete J, Doty C, Sparta DR. Binge ethanol drinking associated with sex-dependent plasticity of neurons in the insula that project to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108695. [PMID: 34233202 PMCID: PMC8928450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Modifications in brain regions that govern reward-seeking are thought to contribute to persistent behaviors that are heavily associated with alcohol-use disorder (AUD) including binge ethanol drinking. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a critical node linked to both alcohol consumption and the onset, maintenance and progression of adaptive anxiety and stress-related disorders. Differences in anatomy, connectivity and receptor subpopulations, make the BNST a sexually dimorphic region. Previous work indicates that the ventral BNST (vBNST) receives input from the insular cortex (IC), a brain region involved in processing the body's internal state. This IC-vBNST projection has also been implicated in emotional and reward-seeking processes. Therefore, we examined the functional properties of vBNST-projecting, IC neurons in male and female mice that have undergone short-term ethanol exposure and abstinence using a voluntary Drinking in the Dark paradigm (DID) paired with whole-cell slice electrophysiology. First we show that IC neurons projected predominantly to the vBNST. Next, our data show that short-term ethanol exposure and abstinence enhanced excitatory synaptic strength onto vBNST-projecting, IC neurons in both sexes. However, we observed diametrically opposing modifications in excitability across sexes. In particular, short-term ethanol exposure resulted in increased intrinsic excitability of vBNST-projecting, IC neurons in females but not in males. Furthermore, in females, abstinence decreased the excitability of these same neurons. Taken together these findings show that short-term ethanol exposure, as well as the abstinence cause sex-related adaptations in BNST-projecting, IC neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A M Marino
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kasey S Girven
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Antonio Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jovana Navarrete
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Carolyn Doty
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Dennis R Sparta
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Single-Centre Retrospective Training Cohort Using Artificial Intelligence for Prognostic Prediction of Encephalopathy, Mortality, and Liver Dysfunction after Early TIPS Creation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2021; 44:1597-1608. [PMID: 34240232 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-021-02907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Based on an artificial intelligence approach, this study attempted to establish prognostic models to predict 3-month overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) occurrence, 1-year mortality, and liver dysfunction for cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding (AVB) treated with early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included patients treated with early TIPS between January 2016 and November 2019. Independent risk factors associated with occurrence of OHE within 3 months, 1-year mortality, and liver dysfunction after early TIPS were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic analyses. Artificial neural network (ANN) models and prognostic nomograms based on the independent risk factors were established and validated internally. RESULTS A total of 207 patients were included, with 33 (15.9%) experienced OHE within 3 months after TIPS creation. The albumin-bilirubin grade (P = 0.015), age (≤ 65, > 65 years) (P < 0.001), gender (P = 0.002), and alcoholic cirrhosis (P = 0.013) was identified as independent risk factors associated with 3-month OHE. Presence of portal vein thrombosis (P = 0.034) and model for end-stage liver disease score (P = 0.063) were identified as independent risk factors associated with 1-year mortality. The platelet-albumin-bilirubin grade (P = 0.041) and a history of hepatic encephalopathy (P = 0.018) were identified as independent risk factors associated with liver dysfunction after TIPS creation. Three ANN models and three nomograms were then established and validated with high accuracy. CONCLUSIONS The ANN and nomogram models have potential to accurately predict early occurrence of OHE, mortality, and liver dysfunction after early TIPS creation for cirrhotic patients with AVB.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jin S, Cinar R, Hu X, Lin Y, Luo G, Lovinger DM, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Spinal astrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 mediates ethanol metabolism and analgesia in mice. Br J Anaesth 2021; 127:296-309. [PMID: 33934892 PMCID: PMC8362281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the targets in the CNS that mediate ethanol analgesia. This study explores the role of spinal astrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2), a key ethanol-metabolising enzyme, in the analgesic effects of ethanol in mice. METHODS Astrocyte and hepatocyte ALHD2-deficient mice were generated and tested in acute and chronic pain models. Cell-type-specific distribution of ALDH2 was analysed by RNA in situ hybridisation in spinal slices from astrocytic ALDH2-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates. Spinal ethanol metabolites and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS ALDH2 mRNA was expressed in both astrocytes and neurones in spinal cord slices. Astrocyte ALDH2-deficient mice had decreased expression of ALDH2 mRNA in astrocytes, but not in neurones. Astrocyte ALDH2 deficiency inhibited ethanol-derived acetate, but not acetaldehyde content in spinal cord tissues. Depletion of spinal astrocyte ALDH2 selectively inhibited ethanol-induced anti-nociceptive effect, but not the effect of ethanol, on motor function. Astrocyte ALDH2 deficiency abolished ethanol-induced GABA elevation. The ethanol metabolite acetate produced anti-nociception and increased GABA synthesis in a manner similar to ethanol. I.T. delivery of either GABAA or GABAB receptor antagonists prevented ethanol and acetate-induced analgesia. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that ALDH2 in spinal astrocytes mediates spinal ethanol metabolism and ethanol-induced analgesic effects by promoting GABA synthesis and GABAergic transmission in spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xudong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuhong Lin
- Laboratory for Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guoxiang Luo
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jin S, Cao Q, Yang F, Zhu H, Xu S, Chen Q, Wang Z, Lin Y, Cinar R, Pawlosky RJ, Zhang Y, Xiong W, Gao B, Koob GF, Lovinger DM, Zhang L. Brain ethanol metabolism by astrocytic ALDH2 drives the behavioural effects of ethanol intoxication. Nat Metab 2021; 3:337-351. [PMID: 33758417 PMCID: PMC8294184 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol is among the most widely used psychoactive substances worldwide. Ethanol metabolites such as acetate, thought to be primarily the result of ethanol breakdown by hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), contribute to alcohol's behavioural effects and alcoholism. Here, we show that ALDH2 is expressed in astrocytes in the mouse cerebellum and that ethanol metabolism by astrocytic ALDH2 mediates behavioural effects associated with ethanol intoxication. We show that ALDH2 is expressed in astrocytes in specific brain regions and that astrocytic, but not hepatocytic, ALDH2 is required to produce ethanol-derived acetate in the mouse cerebellum. Cerebellar astrocytic ALDH2 mediates low-dose ethanol-induced elevation of GABA levels, enhancement of tonic inhibition and impairment of balance and coordination skills. Thus, astrocytic ALDH2 controls the production, cellular and behavioural effects of alcohol metabolites in a brain-region-specific manner. Our data indicate that astrocytic ALDH2 is an important, but previously under-recognized, target in the brain to alter alcohol pharmacokinetics and potentially treat alcohol use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Jin
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fanghan Yang
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongying Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Su Xu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yuhong Lin
- Laboratory for Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Pawlosky
- Laboratory for Metabolic Control, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory for Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George F Koob
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bahadur Patel A, Veeraiah P, Shameem M, Mahesh Kumar J, Saba K. Impaired GABAergic and glutamatergic neurometabolic activity in aged mice brain as measured by 1 H-[ 13 C]-NMR spectroscopy. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21321. [PMID: 33543543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001704rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with a decline in cognitive function, and is a major risk factor for many neurodegenerative diseases. Although, there are several evidence that brain mitochondrial function is altered with aging its significance at the cellular level is elusive. In this study, we have investigated mitochondrial TCA cycle and neurotransmitter cycle fluxes associated with glutamatergic, GABAergic neurons and astroglia in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of young (6 months) and aged (24 months) C57BL6 mice by using 1 H-[13 C]-NMR spectroscopy together with timed infusion of 13 C-labeled glucose and acetate. The ratio VCyc /VTCA was determined from a steady-state [2-13 C]acetate experiment. Metabolic fluxes were obtained by fitting a three-compartment metabolic model to 13 C turnover of amino acids from glucose. Levels of glutamate, aspartate and taurine were reduced in the cerebral cortex, while glutamine and choline were elevated in the hippocampus of aged mice. Interestingly, the rate of acetate oxidation increased in the cerebral cortex, while the flux of mitochondrial TCA cycle of glutamatergic neurons decreased in the cerebral cortex (P < .0001) and hippocampus (P = .025) of aged mice. The glutamate-glutamine neurotransmitter cycle flux was reduced in the cerebral cortex (P < .0001). The GABAergic TCA cycle flux was reduced in the cerebral cortex (P = .0008), while GABA-glutamine neurotransmitter cycling flux was also reduced in the cerebral cortex (P = .011) and hippocampus (P = .042) of aged brain. In conclusion, the reduction in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter activity of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus correlates qualitatively with declined cognitive function in aged mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anant Bahadur Patel
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pandichelvam Veeraiah
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohammad Shameem
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jerald Mahesh Kumar
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kamal Saba
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tong H, Gan C, Wei B, Wang ZD, Li XD, Qian SJ, Huan H, Zhang LH, Yang Z, Chen YL, Gu YH, Chen LX, Yang YH, Wu H, Tang CW. Risk factors for overt hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Dig Dis 2021; 22:31-40. [PMID: 33128287 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the risk factors and establish a risk score for post-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE). METHODS Altogether 299 and 62 cirrhotic patients receiving TIPS from January 2015 to March 2018 were divided into the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The data of the derivation cohort were analyzed for risk factors of post-TIPS OHE. A risk score was established from the derivation cohort and verified by the validation cohort. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 112.6 weeks, 52 (17.4%) patients in the derivation cohort experienced post-TIPS OHE. Logistic regression showed that alcoholic cirrhosis (odds ratio [OR] 3.068, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.423-6.613, P = 0.004), stent diameter of 10 mm (OR 12.046 [95% CI 2.308-62.862], P = 0.003), portal pressure gradient (PPG) decrement ≥60% (OR 3.548 [95% CI 1.741-7.230], P < 0.001), model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score ≥10 (OR 2.695 [95% CI 1.203-6.035], P = 0.016), blood ammonia (OR 1.009 [95% CI 1.000-1.018], P = 0.043) and notable hydrothorax (OR 4.393 [95% CI 1.554-12.415], P = 0.005) were associated with an increased risk of post-TIPS OHE. The risk score reached a promising risk evaluation of post-TIPS OHE when verified by the validation cohort (sensitivity 71.4%, specificity 70.7%, accuracy 71.0%). CONCLUSIONS Alcoholic cirrhosis and notable hydrothorax are independent risk factors for post-TIPS OHE in liver cirrhosis, together with the stent diameter of 10 mm, PPG decrement ≥60%, MELD score ≥10 and blood ammonia. The established risk score is reliable to identify high-risk individuals of developing post-TIPS OHE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Can Gan
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhi Dong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao Dan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shuai Jie Qian
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui Huan
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lin Hao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Long Chen
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,Medical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong Hong Gu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,Medical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Liu Xiang Chen
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Hang Yang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Cheng Wei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ding JH, Jin Z, Yang XX, Lou J, Shan WX, Hu YX, Du Q, Liao QS, Xie R, Xu JY. Role of gut microbiota via the gut-liver-brain axis in digestive diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:6141-6162. [PMID: 33177790 PMCID: PMC7596643 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i40.6141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional information interaction system between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract, in which gut microbiota plays a key role. The gut microbiota forms a complex network with the enteric nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the neuroendocrine and neuroimmunity of the CNS, which is called the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Due to the close anatomical and functional interaction of the gut-liver axis, the microbiota-gut-liver-brain axis has attracted increased attention in recent years. The microbiota-gut-liver-brain axis mediates the occurrence and development of many diseases, and it offers a direction for the research of disease treatment. In this review, we mainly discuss the role of the gut microbiota in the irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, functional dyspepsia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy via the gut-liver-brain axis, and the focus is to clarify the potential mechanisms and treatment of digestive diseases based on the further understanding of the microbiota-gut- liver-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jun Lou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Wei-Xi Shan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yan-Xia Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qiu-Shi Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing-Yu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bauer MR, Garcy DP, Boehm SL. Systemic Administration of the AMPA Receptor Antagonist, NBQX, Reduces Alcohol Drinking in Male C57BL/6J, But Not Female C57BL/6J or High-Alcohol-Preferring, Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:2316-2325. [PMID: 32945559 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors that have been investigated for their role in modulating alcohol consumption. However, little is known about the role of AMPA receptors in the control of binge-like or free-access alcohol drinking in C57BL/6J or in selectively bred high-alcohol-preferring (HAP) mice. The purpose of this experiment was to assess the role of systemic administration of the AMPA receptor antagonist, 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline (NBQX), on alcohol consumption using a model of binge-like drinking, drinking in the dark (DID) and free-access 2-bottle choice (2BC) in male and female C57BL/6J and HAP mice. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were allowed free access to 20% (v/v) alcohol for 2 hours each day beginning 3 hours into the dark cycle for 4 days. On day 5, mice were intraperitoneally injected with one of 4 doses of NBQX (0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg; n = 10) 15 minutes before alcohol presentation and were given 4-hour alcohol access (extended DID). HAP mice were given 24-hour free access to 10% (v/v) alcohol and water for 19 days. On day 20, mice were intraperitoneally injected with one of 4 doses of NBQX (0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg; n = 9) 15 minutes before alcohol and water presentation. RESULTS In the first 2 hours of DID, at 30 mg/kg, male, but not female C57BL/6J or HAP, mice drank significantly less alcohol compared with controls and 30 mg/kg NBQX did not alter saccharin intake in the males. Although male HAP mice drank significantly less alcohol than female mice following 10 mg/kg NBQX, neither sex exhibited drinking that differed significantly from controls. NBQX did not reduce locomotor behavior at any dose, sex, or genotype. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that AMPA receptors play a key role in modulating binge-like alcohol consumption without altering saccharin consumption or general locomotion and that this effect is specific to sex and genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith R Bauer
- From the, Department of Psychology, Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Daniel P Garcy
- From the, Department of Psychology, Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stephen L Boehm
- From the, Department of Psychology, Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jamal M, Ito A, Tanaka N, Miki T, Ameno K, Kinoshita H. High Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Inhibit Glutamatergic Transmission in the Hippocampus of Aldh2-Knockout and C57BL/6N Mice: an In Vivo and Ex Vivo Analysis. Neurotox Res 2020; 37:702-713. [PMID: 32062779 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether ethanol (EtOH) and acetaldehyde (AcH) can affect glutamate and its receptors GluN1 and GluA1 in the hippocampus of Aldh2-knockout (Aldh2-KO) and C57BL/6N (wild-type (WT)) mice. To do this, we first examined the effect of local administration of EtOH (100 mM, 200 mM, and 500 mM) and AcH (100 μM, 200 μM, and 500 μM) on extracellular glutamate levels in freely moving mice. Retrodialysis of 200 mM and 500 mM EtOH into the hippocampus of WT and Aldh2-KO mice produced significant decreases in extracellular glutamate levels (p < 0.05). A dose of 500 mM EtOH induced a greater decrease in Aldh2-KO mice (p < 0.05) than in WT mice, indicating the action of AcH. Similarly, perfusion of 200 μM and 500 μM AcH decreased glutamate in Aldh2-KO mice (p < 0.05), but this decrease was not seen in WT mice at any AcH dose. Second, we tested whether the EtOH- and AcH-induced decrease in glutamate was associated with decreases in GluN1 and GluA1 expression, as measured by real-time PCR and Western blot. We found a significant decrease in GluN1 (p < 0.05) and GluA1 (p < 0.05) subunits after a high dose of EtOH (4.0 g/kg) and AcH (200 mg/kg) in WT mice. However, a 2.0 g/kg dose of EtOH did not produce a consistent decrease in GluN1 or GluA1 between messenger RNA and protein. In Aldh2-KO mice, all three doses of EtOH (1.0 g/kg, 2.0 g/kg, and 4.0 g/kg) and AcH (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg) decreased GluN1 expression (p < 0.05), while moderate-to-high doses of EtOH (2.0 g/kg and 4.0 g/kg) and AcH (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) decreased GluA1 expression (p < 0.05). Together, these in vivo and ex vivo data suggest that EtOH and AcH decrease extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus of mice with a concomitant decrease in GluN1 and GluA1 subunits, but these effects require relatively high concentrations and may, therefore, explain the consequences of EtOH intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostofa Jamal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Asuka Ito
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Naoko Tanaka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takanori Miki
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ameno
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinoshita
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effect of α-asarone on ethanol-induced learning and memory impairment in mice and its underlying mechanism. Life Sci 2019; 238:116898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Zeng K, Xie A, Dong X, Jiang J, Hao W, Jiang M, Liu X. GABA-Aα5 Might Be Involved in Learning-Memory Dysfunction in the Offsprings of Chronic Ethanol-Treated Rats via GABA-Aα5 Histone H3K9 Acetylation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1076. [PMID: 31680816 PMCID: PMC6813853 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, numerous studies have been focused on the relationship between GABA-A receptors and alcohol-induced spatial learning and memory deficits. GABA-Aα5, a subunit of GABA-A receptors, is considered to play an important role in alcohol-induced cognitive impairment, however, the mechanism remains obscure. In this study, we found that the expression of GABA-Aα5 increased in rats treated with chronic ethanol via histone H3K9 acetylation. Furthermore, this epigenetic modification could be inherited by the next generations, which eventually exhibit similar spatial learning and memory deficits in the offsprings. In summary, our results suggested that GABA-Aα5 might be involved in chronic ethanol treatment-induced learning-memory dysfunction and for the first time proved that learning-memory dysfunction could be inherited by the offsprings via histone H3K9 acetylation. Hopefully, in the near future, GABA-Aα5 inhibitors would be an effective way to treat alcohol-induced cognition impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zeng
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China.,Applied Psychology, Marx College, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Aimin Xie
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China.,Applied Psychology, Marx College, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Jia Jiang
- Applied Psychology, Marx College, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuebing Liu
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China.,Applied Psychology, Marx College, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carton L, Auger F, Kyheng M, Pétrault M, Durieux N, Allorge D, Cottencin O, Jardri R, Bordet R, Rolland B. Dose-dependent metabolite changes after ethanol intoxication in rat prefrontal cortex using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10682. [PMID: 31337845 PMCID: PMC6650461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol disrupts the balance between the excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic) neurotransmission systems. We aimed to assess how acute ethanol intoxication in rats affects the levels of GABA, glutamate and other cerebral metabolites after injection of two different doses of ethanol. One in vivo magnetic resonance spectrum of the prefrontal cortex region was acquired before and six spectra were acquired after intraperitoneal injections of saline or ethanol (1 g/kg or 2 g/kg). Brain kinetics after exposure to ethanol were compared to blood ethanol kinetics. GABA levels significantly decreased after injection of 1 g/kg but not 2 g/kg doses of ethanol. Choline levels, which serve as a marker of alterations in membrane composition, significantly decreased after injection of 2 g/kg but not 1 g/kg doses of ethanol. Acute ethanol intoxication appears to result in specific dose-dependent changes in the GABA level and choline level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Carton
- University Lille, Inserm U1171 'Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders', F-59000, Lille, France. .,CHU Lille, department of Pharmacology, F-59000, Lille, France. .,CHU Lille, Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Department, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Florent Auger
- University Lille, Inserm U1171 'Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders', F-59000, Lille, France.,University Lille, Preclinical Imaging Core Facility, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Maeva Kyheng
- Univ. Lille, EA 2694 - Santé publique : épidémiologie et qualité des soins, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Service de Biostatistiques, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Maud Pétrault
- University Lille, Inserm U1171 'Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders', F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, department of Pharmacology, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Durieux
- University Lille, Preclinical Imaging Core Facility, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Allorge
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59000, Lille, France.,University Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Cottencin
- CHU Lille, Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Department, F-59000, Lille, France.,University Lille, CNRS UMR 9193 SCALab PsyCHIC Team, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Renaud Jardri
- University Lille, CNRS UMR 9193 SCALab PsyCHIC Team, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Psychiatry Department, CURE platform, Fontan Hospital, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- University Lille, Inserm U1171 'Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders', F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, department of Pharmacology, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Rolland
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), Pôle MOPHA, CRNL, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Campos-Ordonez T, Zarate-Lopez D, Ibarra-Castaneda N, Buritica J, Gonzalez-Perez O. Cyclohexane Inhalation Produces Long-Lasting Alterations in the Hippocampal Integrity and Reward-Seeking Behavior in the Adult Mouse. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:435-449. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
19
|
Wang WT, Lee P, Hui D, Michaelis EK, Choi IY. Effects of Ethanol Exposure on the Neurochemical Profile of a Transgenic Mouse Model with Enhanced Glutamate Release Using In Vivo 1H MRS. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:133-146. [PMID: 30334175 PMCID: PMC6497580 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) intake leads to modulation of glutamatergic transmission, which may contribute to ethanol intoxication, tolerance and dependence. To study metabolic responses to the hyper glutamatergic status at synapses during ethanol exposure, we used Glud1 transgenic (tg) mice that over-express the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase in brain neurons and release excess glutamate (Glu) in synapses. We measured neurochemical changes in the hippocampus and striatum of tg and wild-type (wt) mice using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after the animals were fed with diets within which EtOH constituting up to 6.4% of total calories for 24 weeks. In the hippocampus, the EtOH diet led to significant increases in concentrations of EtOH, glutamine (Gln), Glu, phosphocholine (PCho), taurine, and Gln + Glu, when compared with their baseline concentrations. In the striatum, the EtOH diet led to significant increases in concentrations of GABA, Gln, Gln + Glu, and PCho. In general, neurochemical changes were more pronounced in the striatum than the hippocampus in both tg and wt mice. Overall neurochemical changes due to EtOH exposure were very similar in tg and wt mice. This study describes time courses of neurochemical profiles before and during chronic EtOH exposure, which can serve as a reference for future studies investigating ethanol-induced neurochemical changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tung Wang
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Phil Lee
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Dongwei Hui
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Elias K Michaelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - In-Young Choi
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Scott JR, Hassett AL, Schrepf AD, Brummett CM, Harris RE, Clauw DJ, Harte SE. Moderate Alcohol Consumption Is Associated with Reduced Pain and Fibromyalgia Symptoms in Chronic Pain Patients. PAIN MEDICINE 2018; 19:2515-2527. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Ryan Scott
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center
| | - Afton L Hassett
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center
| | - Andrew D Schrepf
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center
| | - Chad M Brummett
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center
| | - Richard E Harris
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel J Clauw
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven E Harte
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Davis BC, Bajaj JS. Effects of Alcohol on the Brain in Cirrhosis: Beyond Hepatic Encephalopathy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:660-667. [PMID: 29417604 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances have led to a greater understanding of how alcohol alters the brain, both in acute stages (intoxication and alcohol withdrawal) and in chronic misuse. This review focuses on the current understanding of how alcohol affects the brain in cirrhosis patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Chronic alcohol use is associated with nutritional deficiencies, dementia, cirrhosis, and decompensating events such as HE. Direct toxicity on brain tissue, induction of neuro-inflammation, and alcohol's alterations of the gut microbiome are possible mechanisms for the clinical features of HE associated with alcohol use. Acute management of the alcoholic cirrhosis patient with altered mental status should focus on ruling out other causes, best intensive care, and use of gut-based therapies such as lactulose and rifaximin. Long-term management centers on optimizing treatment of concurrent mood disorders, nutritional support, and medical management of complications associated with cirrhosis. Future studies are needed to clarify mechanisms of brain injury in concomitant alcohol misuse and HE in addition to designing treatment interventions in order to improve outcomes in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Davis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center (BCD, JSB), Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center (BCD, JSB), Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cuzon Carlson VC. GABA and Glutamate Synaptic Coadaptations to Chronic Ethanol in the Striatum. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 248:79-112. [PMID: 29460153 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol (ethanol) is a widely used and abused drug with approximately 90% of adults over the age of 18 consuming alcohol at some point in their lifetime. Alcohol exerts its actions through multiple neurotransmitter systems within the brain, most notably the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. Alcohol's actions on GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission have been suggested to underlie the acute behavioral effects of ethanol. The striatum is the primary input nucleus of the basal ganglia that plays a role in motor and reward systems. The effect of ethanol on GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission within striatal circuitry has been thought to underlie ethanol taking, seeking, withdrawal and relapse. This chapter reviews the effects of ethanol on GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission, highlighting the dynamic changes in striatal circuitry from acute to chronic exposure and withdrawal.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zeng K, Xie A, Zhang X, Zhong B, Liu X, Hao W. Chronic Alcohol Treatment-Induced GABA-Aα5 Histone H3K4 Trimethylation Upregulation Leads to Increased GABA-Aα5 Expression and Susceptibility to Alcohol Addiction in the Offspring of Wistar Rats. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:468. [PMID: 30405449 PMCID: PMC6208097 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-Aα5 is considered to be associated with alcohol-induced memory deficits. However, whether it participates in the formation of alcohol addiction or in the regulation of its susceptibility is unknown. Here, we used a chronic alcohol treatment model to obtain alcohol-addicted Wistar rats. Long-term alcoholism increased the expression of prefrontal cortex GABA-Aα5 by inducing its histone H3K4 trimethylation, and these changes could be hereditary and lead to increased vulnerability to alcohol addiction in offspring. This study indicates the risk of long-term alcoholism in future generations, emphasizes the importance of GABA-Aα5 in the formation of alcohol addiction and the regulation of its susceptibility, and provides new evidence regarding the mechanisms underlying alcohol addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zeng
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aimin Xie
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Baoliang Zhong
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuebing Liu
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hippocampal nicotinic receptors have a modulatory role for ethanol and MDMA interaction in memory retrieval. Brain Res 2017; 1669:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
25
|
Goodwani S, Saternos H, Alasmari F, Sari Y. Metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors as potential targets for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:14-31. [PMID: 28242339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that dysfunctional glutamate neurotransmission is critical in the initiation and development of alcohol and drug dependence. Alcohol consumption induced downregulation of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) as reported in previous studies from our laboratory. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, which acts via interactions with several glutamate receptors. Alcohol consumption interferes with the glutamatergic signal transmission by altering the functions of these receptors. Among the glutamate receptors involved in alcohol-drinking behavior are the metabotropic receptors such as mGluR1/5, mGluR2/3, and mGluR7, as well as the ionotropic receptors, NMDA and AMPA. Preclinical studies using agonists and antagonists implicate these glutamatergic receptors in the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the neurocircuitry involving glutamate transmission in animals exposed to alcohol and further outline the role of metabotropic and ionotropic receptors in the regulation of alcohol-drinking behavior. This review provides ample information about the potential therapeutic role of glutamatergic receptors for the treatment of AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Goodwani
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; The Neurodegeneration Consortium, Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Hannah Saternos
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lipids and Oxidative Stress Associated with Ethanol-Induced Neurological Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1543809. [PMID: 26949445 PMCID: PMC4753689 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1543809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The excessive intake of alcohol is a serious public health problem, especially given the severe damage provoked by chronic or prenatal exposure to alcohol that affects many physiological processes, such as memory, motor function, and cognitive abilities. This damage is related to the ethanol oxidation in the brain. The metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde and then to acetate is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species that accentuate the oxidative state of cells. This metabolism of ethanol can induce the oxidation of the fatty acids in phospholipids, and the bioactive aldehydes produced are known to be associated with neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. As such, here we will review the role of lipids in the neuronal damage induced by ethanol-related oxidative stress and the role that lipids play in the related compensatory or defense mechanisms.
Collapse
|
27
|
Bagga P, Chugani AN, Patel AB. Neuroprotective effects of caffeine in MPTP model of Parkinson's disease: A 13 C NMR study. Neurochem Int 2016; 92:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
28
|
Kubik LL, Philbert MA. The role of astrocyte mitochondria in differential regional susceptibility to environmental neurotoxicants: tools for understanding neurodegeneration. Toxicol Sci 2015; 144:7-16. [PMID: 25740792 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been a significant expansion in our understanding of the role of astrocytes in neuroprotection, including spatial buffering of extracellular ions, secretion of metabolic coenzymes, and synaptic regulation. Astrocytic neuroprotective functions require energy, and therefore require a network of functional mitochondria. Disturbances to astrocytic mitochondrial homeostasis and their ability to produce ATP can negatively impact neural function. Perturbations in astrocyte mitochondrial function may accrue as the result of physiological aging processes or as a consequence of neurotoxicant exposure. Hydrophobic environmental neurotoxicants, such as 1,3-dinitrobenzene and α-chlorohydrin, cause regionally specific spongiform lesions mimicking energy deprivation syndromes. Astrocyte involvement includes mitochondrial damage that either precedes or is accompanied by neuronal damage. Similarly, environmental neurotoxicants that are implicated in the etiology of age-related neurodegenerative conditions cause regionally specific damage in the brain. Based on the regioselective nature of age-related neurodegenerative lesions, chemically induced models of regioselective lesions targeting astrocyte mitochondria can provide insight into age-related susceptibilities in astrocyte mitochondria. Most of the available research to date focuses on neuronal damage in cases of age-related neurodegeneration; however, there is a body of evidence that supports a central mechanistic role for astrocyte mitochondria in the expression of neural injury. Regional susceptibility to neuronal damage induced by aging by exposure to neurotoxicants may be a reflection of highly variable regional energy requirements. This review identifies region-specific vulnerabilities in astrocyte mitochondria in examples of exposure to neurotoxicants and in age-related neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Kubik
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Martin A Philbert
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Characterization of cerebral glutamine uptake from blood in the mouse brain: implications for metabolic modeling of 13C NMR data. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1666-72. [PMID: 25074745 PMCID: PMC4269725 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
(13)C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies of rodent and human brain using [1-(13)C]/[1,6-(13)C2]glucose as labeled substrate have consistently found a lower enrichment (∼25% to 30%) of glutamine-C4 compared with glutamate-C4 at isotopic steady state. The source of this isotope dilution has not been established experimentally but may potentially arise either from blood/brain exchange of glutamine or from metabolism of unlabeled substrates in astrocytes, where glutamine synthesis occurs. In this study, the contribution of the former was evaluated ex vivo using (1)H-[(13)C]-NMR spectroscopy together with intravenous infusion of [U-(13)C5]glutamine for 3, 15, 30, and 60 minutes in mice. (13)C labeling of brain glutamine was found to be saturated at plasma glutamine levels >1.0 mmol/L. Fitting a blood-astrocyte-neuron metabolic model to the (13)C enrichment time courses of glutamate and glutamine yielded the value of glutamine influx, VGln(in), 0.036±0.002 μmol/g per minute for plasma glutamine of 1.8 mmol/L. For physiologic plasma glutamine level (∼0.6 mmol/L), VGln(in) would be ∼0.010 μmol/g per minute, which corresponds to ∼6% of the glutamine synthesis rate and rises to ∼11% for saturating blood glutamine concentrations. Thus, glutamine influx from blood contributes at most ∼20% to the dilution of astroglial glutamine-C4 consistently seen in metabolic studies using [1-(13)C]glucose.
Collapse
|