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Corsetti G, Romano C, Codenotti S, Giugno L, Pasini E, Fanzani A, Scarabelli T, Dioguardi FS. Intake of Special Amino Acids Mixture Leads to Blunted Murine Colon Cancer Growth In Vitro and In Vivo. Cells 2024; 13:1210. [PMID: 39056792 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells require substantial amounts of energy and substrates for their metabolic hyperactivity, enabling the synthesis of new cells at the expense of healthy ones. Preliminary in vitro data suggest that a mix of free essential amino acids (EAA-mix) can promote cancer cell apoptosis by enhancing autophagy. This study aimed to confirm, both in vitro and in vivo, whether EAA intake could influence the development of colon cancer in mice. We investigated changes in cancer proliferation in CT26 cells treated with EAA-mix and in mice fed with EAA-rich modified diets (EAARD) as compared to those on a standard laboratory diet (StD). CT26 cells were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.). After 21 days, tumors were removed and measured. In vitro data corroborated that EAA-mix impairs cancer growth by inducing apoptosis. In vivo data revealed that mice on StD developed significantly larger (s.c.) and more numerous (i.p.) cancers than those on EAARD. EAA administration appears to influence cancer cell survival with notable antiproliferative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corsetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Romano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Codenotti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorena Giugno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Evasio Pasini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Italian Association of Functional Medicine, 20855 Lesmo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fanzani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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2
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Hernan-Godoy M, Rouaux C. From Environment to Gene Expression: Epigenetic Methylations and One-Carbon Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2024; 13:967. [PMID: 38891099 PMCID: PMC11171807 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The etiology of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is complex and considered multifactorial. The majority of ALS cases are sporadic, but familial cases also exist. Estimates of heritability range from 8% to 61%, indicating that additional factors beyond genetics likely contribute to ALS. Numerous environmental factors are considered, which may add up and synergize throughout an individual's lifetime building its unique exposome. One level of integration between genetic and environmental factors is epigenetics, which results in alterations in gene expression without modification of the genome sequence. Methylation reactions, targeting DNA or histones, represent a large proportion of epigenetic regulations and strongly depend on the availability of methyl donors provided by the ubiquitous one-carbon (1C) metabolism. Thus, understanding the interplay between exposome, 1C metabolism, and epigenetic modifications will likely contribute to elucidating the mechanisms underlying altered gene expression related to ALS and to developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Here, we review evidence for 1C metabolism alterations and epigenetic methylation dysregulations in ALS, with a focus on the impairments reported in neural tissues, and discuss these environmentally driven mechanisms as the consequences of cumulative exposome or late environmental hits, but also as the possible result of early developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Rouaux
- Inserm UMR_S 1329, Strasbourg Translational Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Université de Strasbourg, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, 67 000 Strasbourg, France;
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3
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Breton-Larrivée M, Elder E, Legault LM, Langford-Avelar A, MacFarlane AJ, McGraw S. Mitigating the detrimental developmental impact of early fetal alcohol exposure using a maternal methyl donor-enriched diet. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22829. [PMID: 36856720 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201564r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol exposure at any stage of pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a group of life-long conditions characterized by congenital malformations, as well as cognitive, behavioral, and emotional impairments. The teratogenic effects of alcohol have long been publicized; yet fetal alcohol exposure is one of the most common preventable causes of birth defects. Currently, alcohol abstinence during pregnancy is the best and only way to prevent FASD. However, alcohol consumption remains astoundingly prevalent among pregnant women; therefore, additional measures need to be made available to help protect the developing embryo before irreparable damage is done. Maternal nutritional interventions using methyl donors have been investigated as potential preventative measures to mitigate the adverse effects of fetal alcohol exposure. Here, we show that a single acute preimplantation (E2.5; 8-cell stage) fetal alcohol exposure (2 × 2.5 g/kg ethanol with a 2h interval) in mice leads to long-term FASD-like morphological phenotypes (e.g. growth restriction, brain malformations, skeletal delays) in late-gestation embryos (E18.5) and demonstrate that supplementing the maternal diet with a combination of four methyl donor nutrients, folic acid, choline, betaine, and vitamin B12, prior to conception and throughout gestation effectively reduces the incidence and severity of alcohol-induced morphological defects without altering DNA methylation status of imprinting control regions and regulation of associated imprinted genes. This study clearly supports that preimplantation embryos are vulnerable to the teratogenic effects of alcohol, emphasizes the dangers of maternal alcohol consumption during early gestation, and provides a potential proactive maternal nutritional intervention to minimize FASD progression, reinforcing the importance of adequate preconception and prenatal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Breton-Larrivée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Elder
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lisa-Marie Legault
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandra Langford-Avelar
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Amanda J MacFarlane
- Agriculture, Food, and Nutrition Evidence Center, Texas A&M University, Texas, Fort Worth, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Serge McGraw
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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4
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Kuang Y, Feng J, Jiang Y, Jin Q, Wang Q, Zhang C, He Y. Prognostic and immunological role of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 1B1 in human tumors: A pan-cancer analysis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2023; 37:3946320231206966. [PMID: 37847172 PMCID: PMC10586001 DOI: 10.1177/03946320231206966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) 1B1 is associated with a poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and osteosarcoma. Overexpression of ALDH also impairs tumor immunity. However, it is unclear how ALDH1B1 is associated with patient prognosis and immune infiltration in different cancer types. This is an original research based on bioinformatics analysis. In this study, we investigated the expression and prognostic value of ALDH1B1 in pan-cancer specimens using several databases, including GEPIA2 and Kaplan-Meier Plotter. The GEPIA2 and TIMER2 databases were used to explore correlations between ALDH1B1 expression and immune infiltration in cancers, especially head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) and stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). Finally, the expression of ALDH1B1 was validated by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. The expression of ALDH1B1 differed in most cancers compared to normal tissue controls. ALDH1B1 has an important impact on the prognosis different cancer types, and the high expression of ALDH1B1 is inversely associated with survival in patients with HNSC. A significant positive correlation was identified between ALDH1B1 expression in HNSC and immune infiltration. The poor prognosis associated with high expression of ALDH1B1 may be related to the promotion of M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. Furthermore, markers of immune cell infiltration, such as exhausted T cells and regulatory T cells showed different patterns of ALDH1B1-associated immune infiltration. ALDH1B1 can serve as a prognostic biomarker in pan-cancer types and is correlated with immune infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kuang
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Feng
- Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong He
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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Saeed M, Shoaib A, Kandimalla R, Javed S, Almatroudi A, Gupta R, Aqil F. Microbe-based therapies for colorectal cancer: Advantages and limitations. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:652-665. [PMID: 34020027 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading global causes of death in both men and women. Colorectal cancer (CRC) alone accounts for ∼10 % of total new global cases and poses an over 4% lifetime risk of developing cancer. Recent advancements in the field of biotechnology and microbiology concocted novel microbe-based therapies to treat various cancers, including CRC. Microbes have been explored for human use since centuries, especially for the treatment of various ailments. The utility of microbes in cancer therapeutics is widely explored, and various bacteria, fungi, and viruses are currently in use for the development of cancer therapeutics. The human gut hosts about 100 trillion microbes that release their metabolites in active, inactive, or dead conditions. Microbial secondary metabolites, proteins, immunotoxins, and enzymes are used to target cancer cells to induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and death. Various approaches, such as dietary interventions, the use of prebiotics and probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation have been used to modulate the gut microbiota in order to prevent or treat CRC pathogenesis. The present review highlights the role of the gut microbiota in CRC precipitation, the potential mechanisms and use of microorganisms as CRC biomarkers, and strategies to modulate microbiota for the prevention and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ambreen Shoaib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghuram Kandimalla
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesh Gupta
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Farrukh Aqil
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Zhao H, Guo P, Zuo Y, Wang Y, Zhao H, Lan T, Xue M, Zhang H, Liang H. Folic acid intervention changes liver Foxp3 methylation and ameliorates the damage caused by Th17/Treg imbalance after long-term alcohol exposure. Food Funct 2022; 13:5262-5274. [PMID: 35438698 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Folic acid, as a key source of methyl donor in DNA methylation, has been proved to play a beneficial role in inflammation modulation, which is usually impaired in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, the role of folic acid in alcoholic liver inflammation and injury remain elusive. In this study, we sought to uncover the potential protective mechanism by which folic acid ameliorates alcoholic liver injury. 100 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal saline group, folic acid control group (5 mg per kg BW), ethanol model group (56% v/v, 10 mL per kg BW), folic acid + ethanol group, and 5-Aza + ethanol group (0.1 mL per 20 g BW). Liquor (10 mL per kg BW) was orally administered 1 h after the folic acid treatment for 10 consecutive weeks. The results showed that folic acid-inhibited ethanol-induced serum TG, TC, and LDL elevation attenuated hepatic fat accumulation and maintained ALT at a normal level. 10 weeks of ethanol administration simultaneously upregulated the hepatic proportion of Th17 and Treg cells to different extents and broke the homeostasis of liver immunization. Folic acid limited ethanol-induced inflammatory injury by increasing the frequency of hepatic Treg cells. Importantly, this effect may be caused by decreased DNMT3a, which in turn downregulates the methylated levels of CPG2 and CPG3 in the Foxp3 promoter region, changing the abundance of Foxp3 expression and improving the Th17/Treg imbalance. In summary, our findings demonstrated that folic acid supplementation may relieve ethanol-induced Th17/Treg disbalance through altering Foxp3 promoter methylation patterns, suggesting that folic acid may be a feasible preventive strategy for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichao Zhao
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Peiyu Guo
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yuwei Zuo
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Hui Zhao
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Tongtong Lan
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Meilan Xue
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huaqi Zhang
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Hui Liang
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
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7
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Johnson CH, Golla JP, Dioletis E, Singh S, Ishii M, Charkoftaki G, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Molecular Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4404. [PMID: 34503214 PMCID: PMC8431530 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) is complex. Approximately, 10% of individuals with CRC have predisposing germline mutations that lead to familial cancer syndromes, whereas most CRC patients have sporadic cancer resulting from a combination of environmental and genetic risk factors. It has become increasingly clear that chronic alcohol consumption is associated with the development of sporadic CRC; however, the exact mechanisms by which alcohol contributes to colorectal carcinogenesis are largely unknown. Several proposed mechanisms from studies in CRC models suggest that alcohol metabolites and/or enzymes associated with alcohol metabolism alter cellular redox balance, cause DNA damage, and epigenetic dysregulation. In addition, alcohol metabolites can cause a dysbiotic colorectal microbiome and intestinal permeability, resulting in bacterial translocation, inflammation, and immunosuppression. All of these effects can increase the risk of developing CRC. This review aims to outline some of the most significant and recent findings on the mechanisms of alcohol in colorectal carcinogenesis. We examine the effect of alcohol on the generation of reactive oxygen species, the development of genotoxic stress, modulation of one-carbon metabolism, disruption of the microbiome, and immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H. Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
| | - Jaya Prakash Golla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
| | - Evangelos Dioletis
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
| | - Surendra Singh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
| | - Momoko Ishii
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
| | - Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
| | - David C. Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
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Genetic and epigenetic modifications of F1 offspring's sperm cells following in utero and lactational combined exposure to nicotine and ethanol. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12311. [PMID: 34112894 PMCID: PMC8192516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that maternal lifestyle during pregnancy and lactation affects the intrauterine programming of F1 offspring. However, despite the co-use of alcohol and nicotine is a common habit, the effects of exposure to both substances on the reproductive system of F1 male offspring and the underlying mechanisms of developmental programming have not been investigated. The present study aimed to examine pre- and postnatal concurrent exposure to these substances on genetic and epigenetic alterations of sperm cells as well as testis properties of F1 offspring compared with exposure to each substance alone. Pregnant dams in the F0 generation randomly received normal saline, nicotine, ethanol, and combinations throughout full gestation and lactation periods. Sperm cells and testes of F1 male offspring were collected at postnatal day 90 for further experiments. High levels of sperm DNA fragmentation were observed in all exposed offspring. Regarding epigenetic alterations, there was a significant increase in the relative transcript abundance of histone deacetylase 1 and 2 in all exposed sperm cells. Moreover, despite a decrease in the expression level of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 3A, no marked differences were found in the expression levels of DNMT1 and 3B in any of the exposed sperm cells compared to non-exposed ones. Interestingly, combined exposure had less prominent effects relative to exposure to each substance alone. The changes in the testicular and sperm parameters were compatible with genetic and epigenetic alterations. However, MDA level as an oxidative stress indicator increased in all exposed pups, which may be responsible for such outputs. In conclusion, maternal co-exposure to these substances exhibited epigenotoxicity effects on germline cells of F1 male offspring, although these effects were less marked relative to exposure to each substance alone. These counteracting effects may be explained by cross-tolerance and probably less impairment of the antioxidant defense system.
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The Variation of Peripheral Inflammatory Markers in Vocal Leukoplakia before and after Recurrence and Canceration. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:7241785. [PMID: 32831972 PMCID: PMC7422067 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7241785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background This retrospective study aims at comparing the variation of peripheral inflammatory markers in recurrent and cancerous vocal fold leukoplakia (VFL) and at exploring the potential connection with pathological outcomes. Methods The patients undergoing carbon dioxide laser surgery with postoperative pathological diagnosis of recurrent vocal fold leukoplakia in the last 5 years were included. The clinical data were collected, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocytes-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) before and after recurrence and canceration were calculated. Related comparison with two-grade pathological classification was made to evaluate their potential connection with postsurgical histopathology and clinical events. Results The data of 193 patients were engaged into research, as 111 in the recurrence group (Group A) and 82 in canceration group (Group B). The NLR, PLR, and MLR were significantly increased in canceration event compared to the first (P = 0.009, 0.004, 0.007, respectively) and penultimate (P = 0.013, 0.041, 0.006, respectively) time when the previous pathologies were leukoplakia. When redividing the Group A according to the two-grade pathological classification, the high-risk groups showed statistically higher NLR and PLR values than low-risk groups in the subgroups with grade changing (P = 0.016, 0.005, 0.007, 0.005, respectively) and subgroups without grade changing (P = 0.020, 0.027, 0.030, 0.029, respectively). Conclusions NLR, PLR, and MLR are reliable biomarkers in the circulation system which show significantly interrelation with the pathological progression of vocal fold leukoplakia. Presurgical evaluation of NLR, PLR, and MLR may have potential values to indicate the following treatment in clinical practice.
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Alcohol consumption and serum metabolite concentrations in young women. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 31:113-126. [PMID: 31828464 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alcohol consumption is an established breast cancer risk factor, though further research is needed to advance our understanding of the mechanism underlying the association. We used global metabolomics profiling to identify serum metabolites and metabolic pathways that could potentially mediate the alcohol-breast cancer association. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of reported alcohol consumption and serum metabolite concentrations was conducted among 211 healthy women 25-29 years old who participated in the Dietary Intervention Study in Children 2006 Follow-Up Study (DISC06). Alcohol-metabolite associations were evaluated using multivariable linear mixed-effects regression. RESULTS Alcohol was significantly (FDR p < 0.05) associated with several serum metabolites after adjustment for diet composition and other potential confounders. The amino acid sarcosine, the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoate, and the steroid 4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol monosulfate were positively associated with alcohol intake, while the gamma-tocopherol metabolite gamma-carboxyethyl hydroxychroman (CEHC) was inversely associated. Positive associations of alcohol with 2-methylcitrate and 4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate were borderline significant (FDR p < 0.10). Metabolite set enrichment analysis identified steroids and the glycine pathway as having more members associated with alcohol consumption than expected by chance. CONCLUSIONS Most of the metabolites associated with alcohol in the current analysis participate in pathways hypothesized to mediate the alcohol-breast cancer association including hormonal, one-carbon metabolism, and oxidative stress pathways, but they could also affect risk via alternative pathways. Independent replication of alcohol-metabolite associations and prospective evaluation of confirmed associations with breast cancer risk are needed.
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Fang Y, Yang Y, Chen M, He P, Cheng L, Chen J, Wu H. Elevated peripheral inflammatory markers are related with the recurrence and canceration of vocal fold leukoplakia. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 276:2857-2864. [PMID: 31367834 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the predictive value of preoperative peripheral inflammatory markers in patients with vocal fold leukoplakia. METHODS A retrospective study was performed of the patients diagnosed with vocal fold leukoplakia and who accepted carbon dioxide (CO2) laser resection in our center in the last 10 years. We calculated the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) after collecting and analyzing the clinical, histopathological and laboratory data. The potential relation between blood indexes and clinical events as recurrence or canceration was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 589 patients were involved, including 300 cases without recurrence (group A), 198 with recurrence but not canceration (group B) and 91 transformed into squamous cancer (group C). Baseline analysis of NLR, PLR, and MLR showed no difference among the three groups before the first surgery. But all the indexes significantly elevated in groups B (P < 0.001, < 0.001, 0.023, respectively) and C (P = 0.009, 0.004, 0.007, respectively) in the last operation. The receiver-operating curve (ROC) analysis showed NLR as a potential marker of canceration of leukoplakia (AUC = 0.837) and the cutoff value was 2.505. When regrouping with pathological outcomes, severe dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) groups both revealed a higher level of NLR, PLR, and MLR comparing to the no dysplasia, mild dysplasia, and moderate dysplasia groups. NLR, PLR, and MLR in high-risk group (moderate, severe dysplasia and carcinoma) also elevated comparing to low-risk group (no dysplasia, mild dysplasia) (P = 0.039, 0.011, 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The peripheral inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, and MLR are closely connected with the development of vocal fold leukoplakia. NLR may be a potential marker to predict the poor outcomes (recurrence or canceration) of patients in first surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology), Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Fenyang Road Num 83, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology), Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Fenyang Road Num 83, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology), Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Fenyang Road Num 83, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Peijie He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology), Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Fenyang Road Num 83, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology), Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Fenyang Road Num 83, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology), Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Fenyang Road Num 83, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Haitao Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology), Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Fenyang Road Num 83, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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12
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Perrier F, Viallon V, Ambatipudi S, Ghantous A, Cuenin C, Hernandez-Vargas H, Chajès V, Baglietto L, Matejcic M, Moreno-Macias H, Kühn T, Boeing H, Karakatsani A, Kotanidou A, Trichopoulou A, Sieri S, Panico S, Fasanelli F, Dolle M, Onland-Moret C, Sluijs I, Weiderpass E, Quirós JR, Agudo A, Huerta JM, Ardanaz E, Dorronsoro M, Tong TYN, Tsilidis K, Riboli E, Gunter MJ, Herceg Z, Ferrari P, Romieu I. Association of leukocyte DNA methylation changes with dietary folate and alcohol intake in the EPIC study. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:57. [PMID: 30940212 PMCID: PMC6444439 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that folate, an important component of one-carbon metabolism, modulates the epigenome. Alcohol, which can disrupt folate absorption, is also known to affect the epigenome. We investigated the association of dietary folate and alcohol intake on leukocyte DNA methylation levels in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Leukocyte genome-wide DNA methylation profiles on approximately 450,000 CpG sites were acquired with Illumina HumanMethylation 450K BeadChip measured among 450 women control participants of a case-control study on breast cancer nested within the EPIC cohort. After data preprocessing using surrogate variable analysis to reduce systematic variation, associations of DNA methylation with dietary folate and alcohol intake, assessed with dietary questionnaires, were investigated using CpG site-specific linear models. Specific regions of the methylome were explored using differentially methylated region (DMR) analysis and fused lasso (FL) regressions. The DMR analysis combined results from the feature-specific analysis for a specific chromosome and using distances between features as weights whereas FL regression combined two penalties to encourage sparsity of single features and the difference between two consecutive features. Results After correction for multiple testing, intake of dietary folate was not associated with methylation level at any DNA methylation site, while weak associations were observed between alcohol intake and methylation level at CpG sites cg03199996 and cg07382687, with qval = 0.029 and qval = 0.048, respectively. Interestingly, the DMR analysis revealed a total of 24 and 90 regions associated with dietary folate and alcohol, respectively. For alcohol intake, 6 of the 15 most significant DMRs were identified through FL. Conclusions Alcohol intake was associated with methylation levels at two CpG sites. Evidence from DMR and FL analyses indicated that dietary folate and alcohol intake may be associated with genomic regions with tumor suppressor activity such as the GSDMD and HOXA5 genes. These results were in line with the hypothesis that epigenetic mechanisms play a role in the association between folate and alcohol, although further studies are warranted to clarify the importance of these mechanisms in cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-019-0637-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Perrier
- Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 150, cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - V Viallon
- Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 150, cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - S Ambatipudi
- Epigenetics Group, IARC, Lyon, France.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - C Cuenin
- Epigenetics Group, IARC, Lyon, France
| | | | - V Chajès
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, IARC, Lyon, France
| | - L Baglietto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Matejcic
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, IARC, Lyon, France.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - T Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - A Karakatsani
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece.,2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "ATTIKON" University Hospital, Haidari, Greece
| | - A Kotanidou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece.,1st Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - S Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - S Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - F Fasanelli
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, Turin, Italy
| | - M Dolle
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection (pb12), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - C Onland-Moret
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center Research Program Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I Sluijs
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center Research Program Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E Weiderpass
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - J R Quirós
- Public Health Directorate, Asturias, Spain
| | - A Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Huerta
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Ardanaz
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Dorronsoro
- Public Health Direction and Biodonostia Research Institute and CIBERESP, Basque Regional Health Department, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - T Y N Tong
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - E Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M J Gunter
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, IARC, Lyon, France
| | - Z Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, IARC, Lyon, France
| | - P Ferrari
- Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 150, cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
| | - I Romieu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, IARC, Lyon, France
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13
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Perrier F, Novoloaca A, Ambatipudi S, Baglietto L, Ghantous A, Perduca V, Barrdahl M, Harlid S, Ong KK, Cardona A, Polidoro S, Nøst TH, Overvad K, Omichessan H, Dollé M, Bamia C, Huerta JM, Vineis P, Herceg Z, Romieu I, Ferrari P. Identifying and correcting epigenetics measurements for systematic sources of variation. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:38. [PMID: 29588806 PMCID: PMC5863487 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methylation measures quantified by microarray techniques can be affected by systematic variation due to the technical processing of samples, which may compromise the accuracy of the measurement process and contribute to bias the estimate of the association under investigation. The quantification of the contribution of the systematic source of variation is challenging in datasets characterized by hundreds of thousands of features. In this study, we introduce a method previously developed for the analysis of metabolomics data to evaluate the performance of existing normalizing techniques to correct for unwanted variation. Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450K was used to acquire methylation levels in over 421,000 CpG sites for 902 study participants of a case-control study on breast cancer nested within the EPIC cohort. The principal component partial R-square (PC-PR2) analysis was used to identify and quantify the variability attributable to potential systematic sources of variation. Three correcting techniques, namely ComBat, surrogate variables analysis (SVA) and a linear regression model to compute residuals were applied. The impact of each correcting method on the association between smoking status and DNA methylation levels was evaluated, and results were compared with findings from a large meta-analysis. Results A sizeable proportion of systematic variability due to variables expressing ‘batch’ and ‘sample position’ within ‘chip’ was identified, with values of the partial R2 statistics equal to 9.5 and 11.4% of total variation, respectively. After application of ComBat or the residuals’ methods, the contribution was 1.3 and 0.2%, respectively. The SVA technique resulted in a reduced variability due to ‘batch’ (1.3%) and ‘sample position’ (0.6%), and in a diminished variability attributable to ‘chip’ within a batch (0.9%). After ComBat or the residuals’ corrections, a larger number of significant sites (k = 600 and k = 427, respectively) were associated to smoking status than the SVA correction (k = 96). Conclusions The three correction methods removed systematic variation in DNA methylation data, as assessed by the PC-PR2, which lent itself as a useful tool to explore variability in large dimension data. SVA produced more conservative findings than ComBat in the association between smoking and DNA methylation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0471-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Perrier
- 1Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | | | | | - Laura Baglietto
- 3Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Perduca
- 4MAP5 - UMR CNRS 8145, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Myrto Barrdahl
- 5Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Harlid
- 6Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ken K Ong
- 7MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexia Cardona
- 7MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silvia Polidoro
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Torino, Italy
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- 9Department of Community Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kim Overvad
- 10Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,11Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hanane Omichessan
- 12CESP, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. de médecine - UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,13Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Martijn Dollé
- 14Centre for Health Protection (pb12), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Christina Bamia
- 15Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece.,16WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - José Marìa Huerta
- 17Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,18CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Vineis
- 19MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Pietro Ferrari
- 1Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France
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14
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15
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Abstract
Chronic, heavy alcohol consumption is associated with serious negative health effects, including the development of several cancer types. One of the pathways affected by alcohol toxicity is the one-carbon metabolism. The alcohol-induced impairment of this metabolic pathway results in epigenetic changes associated with cancer development. These epigenetic changes are induced by folate deficiency and by products of the ethanol metabolism. The changes induced by long-term heavy ethanol consumption result in elevations of homocysteine and S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH) and reductions in S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and antioxidant glutathione (GSH) levels, leading to abnormal promoter gene hypermethylation, global hypomethylation, and metabolic insufficiency of antioxidant defense mechanisms. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the ethanol metabolism induce alterations in DNA methylation patterns that play a critical role in cancer development. Specific epigenetic changes in esophageal, hepatic, and colorectal cancers have been detected in blood samples and proposed to be used clinically as epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of these cancers. Also, genetic variants of genes involved in one-carbon metabolism and ethanol metabolism were found to modulate the relationship between alcohol-induced epigenetic changes and cancer risk. Furthermore, alcohol metabolism products have been associated with an increase in NADH levels, which lead to histone modifications and changes in gene expression that in turn influence cancer susceptibility. Chronic excessive use of alcohol also affects selected members of the family of microRNAs, and as miRNAs could act as epigenetic regulators, this may play an important role in carcinogenesis. In conclusion, targeting alcohol-induced epigenetic changes in several cancer types could make available clinical tools for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of these cancers, with an important role in precision medicine.
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16
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Bonfili L, Cecarini V, Cuccioloni M, Angeletti M, Flati V, Corsetti G, Pasini E, Dioguardi FS, Eleuteri AM. Essential amino acid mixtures drive cancer cells to apoptosis through proteasome inhibition and autophagy activation. FEBS J 2017; 284:1726-1737. [PMID: 28391610 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells require both energy and material to survive and duplicate in a competitive environment. Nutrients, such as amino acids (AAs), are not only a caloric source, but can also modulate cell metabolism and modify hormone homeostasis. Our hypothesis is that the environmental messages provided by AAs rule the dynamics of cancer cell life or death, and the alteration of the balance between essential amino acids (EAAs) and non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) (lower and higher than 50%, respectively) present in nutrients may represent a key instrument to alter environment-dependent messages, thus mastering cancer cells destiny. In this study, two AA mixtures, one exclusively consisting of EAAs and the other consisting of 85% EAAs and 15% NEAAs, were tested to explore their effects on the viability of both normal and cancer cell lines and to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved. Both mixtures exerted a cell-dependent anti-proliferative, cytotoxic effect involving the inhibition of proteasome activity and the consequent activation of autophagy and apoptosis. These results, besides further validating the notion of the peculiar interdependence and extensive crosstalk between the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, indicate that variation in the ratio of EAAs and NEAAs can deeply influence cancer cell survival. Consequently, customization of dietary ratios among EAAs and NEAAs by specific AA mixtures may represent a promising anticancer strategy able to selectively induce death of cancer cells through the induction of apoptosis via both UPS inhibition and autophagy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bonfili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - Valentina Cecarini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Angeletti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsetti
- Human Anatomy and Physiopathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Evasio Pasini
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS Lumezzane, Lumezzane, Italy
| | - Francesco S Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, State University of Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
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17
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Yoon YS, Jung S, Zhang X, Ogino S, Giovannucci EL, Cho E. Vitamin B2 intake and colorectal cancer risk; results from the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study cohort. Int J Cancer 2017; 139:996-1008. [PMID: 27081929 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B2 serves as a cofactor to enhance one-carbon metabolism, maintain mucous membranes, and has been implicated in lowering colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, few prospective studies have examined the association between vitamin B2 intake and CRC. In this study, we estimated the associations between vitamin B2 intake and CRC risk using the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) cohorts. Vitamin B2 intake was measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire every 4 years. Among 100,033 women in the NHS and 44,007 men in the HPFS we documented a total of 3,037 incident CRC cases (2,093 women and 944 men) during 24-26 years of follow-up until 2010. Intakes of total (from food and supplements), dietary (from food only), and supplemental vitamin B2 were inversely related to CRC risk in age-adjusted analysis in NHS. However, the association was attenuated and no longer statistically significant in multivariate analysis (p-trend ≥0.08). The pooled multivariate relative risks (95% confidence interval) comparing individuals in the extreme quintiles of intakes were 0.93 (0.81-1.06) for total vitamin B2, 0.89 (0.61-1.28) for dietary vitamin B2 and 0.94 (0.81-1.08) for supplemental vitamin B2. These associations of total vitamin B2 intake were similar for risk of CRC with varying lag-time periods (0-4, 4-8, 8-12 or 12-16 years), for risk of CRC subtypes by tumor location, and across strata of intake of folate or alcohol. Our prospective data do not support a beneficial role of vitamin B2 intake in lowering incidence of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Sook Yoon
- Departments of Nutrition and Departments of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Seungyoun Jung
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Departments of Nutrition and Departments of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Departments of Nutrition and Departments of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI.,Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
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18
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Barger SW. Gene regulation and genetics in neurochemistry, past to future. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:24-57. [PMID: 27747882 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ask any neuroscientist to name the most profound discoveries in the field in the past 60 years, and at or near the top of the list will be a phenomenon or technique related to genes and their expression. Indeed, our understanding of genetics and gene regulation has ushered in whole new systems of knowledge and new empirical approaches, many of which could not have even been imagined prior to the molecular biology boon of recent decades. Neurochemistry, in the classic sense, intersects with these concepts in the manifestation of neuropeptides, obviously dependent upon the central dogma (the established rules by which DNA sequence is eventually converted into protein primary structure) not only for their conformation but also for their levels and locales of expression. But, expanding these considerations to non-peptide neurotransmitters illustrates how gene regulatory events impact neurochemistry in a much broader sense, extending beyond the neurochemicals that translate electrical signals into chemical ones in the synapse, to also include every aspect of neural development, structure, function, and pathology. From the beginning, the mutability - yet relative stability - of genes and their expression patterns were recognized as potential substrates for some of the most intriguing phenomena in neurobiology - those instances of plasticity required for learning and memory. Near-heretical speculation was offered in the idea that perhaps the very sequence of the genome was altered to encode memories. A fascinating component of the intervening progress includes evidence that the central dogma is not nearly as rigid and consistent as we once thought. And this mutability extends to the potential to manipulate that code for both experimental and clinical purposes. Astonishing progress has been made in the molecular biology of neurochemistry during the 60 years since this journal debuted. Many of the gains in conceptual understanding have been driven by methodological progress, from automated high-throughput sequencing instruments to recombinant-DNA vectors that can convey color-coded genetic modifications in the chromosomes of live adult animals. This review covers the highlights of these advances, both theoretical and technological, along with a brief window into the promising science ahead. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. .,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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19
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Linask KK, Han M. Acute alcohol exposure during mouse gastrulation alters lipid metabolism in placental and heart development: Folate prevention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 106:749-60. [PMID: 27296863 PMCID: PMC5094567 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Embryonic acute exposure to ethanol (EtOH), lithium, and homocysteine (HCy) induces cardiac defects at the time of exposure; folic acid (FA) supplementation protects normal cardiogenesis (Han et al., 2009, 2012; Serrano et al., 2010). Our hypothesis is that EtOH exposure and FA protection relate to lipid and FA metabolism during mouse cardiogenesis and placentation. Methods On the morning of conception, pregnant C57BL/6J mice were placed on either of two FA‐containing diets: a 3.3 mg health maintenance diet or a high FA diet of 10.5 mg/kg. Mice were injected a binge level of EtOH, HCy, or saline on embryonic day (E) 6.75, targeting gastrulation. On E15.5, cardiac and umbilical blood flow were examined by ultrasound. Embryonic cardiac tissues were processed for gene expression of lipid and FA metabolism; the placenta and heart tissues for neutral lipid droplets, or for medium chain acyl‐dehydrogenase (MCAD) protein. Results EtOH exposure altered lipid‐related gene expression on E7.5 in comparison to control or FA‐supplemented groups and remained altered on E15.5 similarly to changes with HCy, signifying FA deficiency. In comparison to control tissues, the lipid‐related acyl CoA dehydrogenase medium length chain gene and its protein MCAD were altered with EtOH exposure, as were neutral lipid droplet localization in the heart and placenta. Conclusion EtOH altered gene expression associated with lipid and folate metabolism, as well as neutral lipids, in the E15.5 abnormally functioning heart and placenta. In comparison to controls, the high FA diet protected the embryo and placenta from these effects allowing normal development. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:749–760, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersti K Linask
- Department of Pediatrics, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa and St. Petersburg, Florida.
| | - Mingda Han
- Department of Pediatrics, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa and St. Petersburg, Florida
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20
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Timms JA, Relton CL, Rankin J, Strathdee G, McKay JA. DNA methylation as a potential mediator of environmental risks in the development of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Epigenomics 2016; 8:519-36. [PMID: 27035209 PMCID: PMC4928498 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2015-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
5-year survival rate for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has risen to approximately 90%, yet the causal disease pathway is still poorly understood. Evidence suggests multiple 'hits' are required for disease progression; an initial genetic abnormality followed by additional secondary 'hits'. It is plausible that environmental influences may trigger these secondary hits, and with the peak incidence of diagnosis between 2 and 5 years of age, early life exposures are likely to be key. DNA methylation can be modified by many environmental exposures and is dramatically altered in cancers, including childhood ALL. Here we explore the potential that DNA methylation may be involved in the causal pathway toward disease by acting as a mediator between established environmental factors and childhood ALL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Timms
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Judith Rankin
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Gordon Strathdee
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Jill A McKay
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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21
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Nilsen FM, Parrott BB, Bowden JA, Kassim BL, Somerville SE, Bryan TA, Bryan CE, Lange TR, Delaney JP, Brunell AM, Long SE, Guillette LJ. Global DNA methylation loss associated with mercury contamination and aging in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:389-97. [PMID: 26748003 PMCID: PMC4972023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is a widespread environmental contaminant with exposures eliciting a well-documented catalog of adverse effects. Yet, knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms by which mercury exposures are translated into biological effects remains incomplete. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that is sensitive to environmental cues, and alterations in DNA methylation at the global level are associated with a variety of diseases. Using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based (LC-MS/MS) approach, global DNA methylation levels were measured in red blood cells of 144 wild American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from 6 sites with variable levels of mercury contamination across Florida's north-south axis. Variation in mercury concentrations measured in whole blood was highly associated with location, allowing the comparison of global DNA methylation levels across different "treatments" of mercury. Global DNA methylation in alligators across all locations was weakly associated with increased mercury exposure. However, a much more robust relationship was observed in those animals sampled from locations more highly contaminated with mercury. Also, similar to other vertebrates, global DNA methylation appears to decline with age in alligators. The relationship between age-associated loss of global DNA methylation and varying mercury exposures was examined to reveal a potential interaction. These findings demonstrate that global DNA methylation levels are associated with mercury exposure, and give insights into interactions between contaminants, aging, and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Nilsen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Environmental Chemical Sciences Group, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; Medical University of South Carolina, Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States.
| | - Benjamin B Parrott
- Medical University of South Carolina, Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States; Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Environmental Chemical Sciences Group, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Brittany L Kassim
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Environmental Chemical Sciences Group, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Stephen E Somerville
- Medical University of South Carolina, Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States; Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Teresa A Bryan
- Medical University of South Carolina, Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States; Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Colleen E Bryan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Environmental Chemical Sciences Group, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Ted R Lange
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 601 W. Woodward Ave, Eustis, FL 32726, United States
| | - J Patrick Delaney
- Deseret Ranches- 13754 Deseret Lane, St. Cloud, Florida 34773-9381, United States
| | - Arnold M Brunell
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 601 W. Woodward Ave, Eustis, FL 32726, United States
| | - Stephen E Long
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Environmental Chemical Sciences Group, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Medical University of South Carolina, Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States; Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
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22
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Hara J, Shankle WR, Barrentine LW, Curole MV. Novel Therapy of Hyperhomocysteinemia in Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, and Other Dementing Disorders. J Nutr Health Aging 2016; 20:825-834. [PMID: 27709231 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies have produced conflicting results assessing hyperhomocysteinemia (HYH) treatment with B vitamins in patients with normal cognition, Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD). This study examined the effect of HYH management with L-methylfolate (LMF), methylcobalamin (MeCbl; B12), and N-acetyl-cysteine (CFLN: Cerefolin®/Cerefolin-NAC®) on cognitive decline. DESIGN Prospective, case-control study of subjects followed longitudinally. SETTING Outpatient clinic for cognitive disorders. PARTICIPANTS 116 ADRD patients (34 with HYH, 82 with No-HYH) met inclusion and exclusion criteria to participate. No study participant took B vitamins. INTERVENTION HYH patients received CFLN, and No-HYH patients did not. MEASUREMENTS Cognitive outcome measures included MCI Screen (memory), CERAD Drawings (constructional praxis), Ishihara Number Naming (object recognition), Trails A and B (executive function), and F-A-S test (verbal fluency). Dependent or predictor measures included demographics, functional severity, CFLN and no CFLN treatment duration, ADRD diagnosis, memantine and cholinesterase inhibitor treatment. Linear mixed effects models with covariate adjustment were used to evaluate rate of change on cognitive outcomes. RESULTS The duration of CFLN treatment, compared to an equivalent duration without CFLN treatment, significantly slowed decline in learning and memory, constructional praxis, and visual-spatial executive function (Trails B). CFLN treatment slowed cognitive decline significantly more for patients with milder baseline severity. CFLN treatment effect increased as baseline functional severity decreased. The analytical model showed that treatment duration must exceed some minimum period of at least one year to slow the rate of cognitive decline. CONCLUSION After covariate adjustment, HYH+CFLN significantly slowed cognitive decline compared to No-HYH+No-CFLN. Longer CFLN treatment duration, milder baseline severity, and magnitude of homocysteine reduction from baseline were all significant predictors. There are a number of factors that could account for disagreement with other clinical trials of B vitamin treatment of HYH. Moreover, CFLN is chemically distinct from commonly used B vitamins as both LMF and MeCbl are the fully reduced and bioactive functional forms; CLFN also contains the glutathione precursor, N-acetyl-cysteine. The findings of other B vitamin trials of HYH can, therefore, only partly account for treatment effects of CFLN. These findings warrant further evaluation with a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hara
- Junko Hara, Ph.D. Shankle Clinic, 3900 W Coast Hwy, Ste 310, Newport Beach, CA 92663, Phone: +1-949-478-8858 ex222, Fax: +1-949-242-2465,
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23
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Drinking beyond a lifetime: New and emerging insights into paternal alcohol exposure on subsequent generations. Alcohol 2015; 49:461-70. [PMID: 25887183 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-use disorder (AUD) is prevalent and associated with substantial socioeconomic costs. While heritability estimates of AUD are ∼50%, identifying specific gene variants associated with risk for AUD has proven challenging despite considerable investment. Emerging research into heritability of complex diseases has implicated transmission of epigenetic variants in the development of behavioral phenotypes, including drug preference and drug-induced behavior. Several recent rodent studies have specifically focused on paternal transmission of epigenetic variants, which is especially relevant because sires are not present for offspring rearing and changes to offspring phenotype are assumed to result from modifications to the sperm epigenome. While considerable interest in paternal transmission of epigenetic variants has emerged recently, paternal alcohol exposures have been studied for 30+ years with interesting behavioral and physiologic effects noted on offspring. However, only recently, with improvements in technology to identify epigenetic modifications in germ cells, has it been possible to identify mechanisms by which paternal ethanol exposure alters offspring behavior. This review presents an overview of epigenetic inheritance in the context of paternal ethanol exposure and suggests future studies to identify specific effects of paternal ethanol exposure on offspring behavior and response to ethanol.
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24
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Liyanage VRB, Jarmasz JS, Murugeshan N, Del Bigio MR, Rastegar M, Davie JR. DNA modifications: function and applications in normal and disease States. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:670-723. [PMID: 25340699 PMCID: PMC4280507 DOI: 10.3390/biology3040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to a variety of processes that have heritable effects on gene expression programs without changes in DNA sequence. Key players in epigenetic control are chemical modifications to DNA, histone, and non-histone chromosomal proteins, which establish a complex regulatory network that controls genome function. Methylation of DNA at the fifth position of cytosine in CpG dinucleotides (5-methylcytosine, 5mC), which is carried out by DNA methyltransferases, is commonly associated with gene silencing. However, high resolution mapping of DNA methylation has revealed that 5mC is enriched in exonic nucleosomes and at intron-exon junctions, suggesting a role of DNA methylation in the relationship between elongation and RNA splicing. Recent studies have increased our knowledge of another modification of DNA, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), which is a product of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins converting 5mC to 5hmC. In this review, we will highlight current studies on the role of 5mC and 5hmC in regulating gene expression (using some aspects of brain development as examples). Further the roles of these modifications in detection of pathological states (type 2 diabetes, Rett syndrome, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and teratogen exposure) will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichithra R B Liyanage
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Jessica S Jarmasz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Nanditha Murugeshan
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - James R Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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25
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Wilde JJ, Petersen JR, Niswander L. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental contributions to neural tube closure. Annu Rev Genet 2014; 48:583-611. [PMID: 25292356 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120213-092208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the embryonic brain and spinal cord begins as the neural plate bends to form the neural folds, which meet and adhere to close the neural tube. The neural ectoderm and surrounding tissues also coordinate proliferation, differentiation, and patterning. This highly orchestrated process is susceptible to disruption, leading to neural tube defects (NTDs), a common birth defect. Here, we highlight genetic and epigenetic contributions to neural tube closure. We describe an online database we created as a resource for researchers, geneticists, and clinicians. Neural tube closure is sensitive to environmental influences, and we discuss disruptive causes, preventative measures, and possible mechanisms. New technologies will move beyond candidate genes in small cohort studies toward unbiased discoveries in sporadic NTD cases. This will uncover the genetic complexity of NTDs and critical gene-gene interactions. Animal models can reveal the causative nature of genetic variants, the genetic interrelationships, and the mechanisms underlying environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Wilde
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045;
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26
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Kanherkar RR, Bhatia-Dey N, Csoka AB. Epigenetics across the human lifespan. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:49. [PMID: 25364756 PMCID: PMC4207041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics has the potential to explain various biological phenomena that have heretofore defied complete explication. This review describes the various types of endogenous human developmental milestones such as birth, puberty, and menopause, as well as the diverse exogenous environmental factors that influence human health, in a chronological epigenetic context. We describe the entire course of human life from periconception to death and chronologically note all of the potential internal timepoints and external factors that influence the human epigenome. Ultimately, the environment presents these various factors to the individual that influence the epigenome, and the unique epigenetic and genetic profile of each individual also modulates the specific response to these factors. During the course of human life, we are exposed to an environment that abounds with a potent and dynamic milieu capable of triggering chemical changes that activate or silence genes. There is constant interaction between the external and internal environments that is required for normal development and health maintenance as well as for influencing disease load and resistance. For example, exposure to pharmaceutical and toxic chemicals, diet, stress, exercise, and other environmental factors are capable of eliciting positive or negative epigenetic modifications with lasting effects on development, metabolism and health. These can impact the body so profoundly as to permanently alter the epigenetic profile of an individual. We also present a comprehensive new hypothesis of how these diverse environmental factors cause both direct and indirect epigenetic changes and how this knowledge can ultimately be used to improve personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya R Kanherkar
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University Washington, DC, USA
| | - Naina Bhatia-Dey
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University Washington, DC, USA
| | - Antonei B Csoka
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University Washington, DC, USA
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Fowler AK, Thompson J, Chen L, Dagda M, Dertien J, Dossou KSS, Moaddel R, Bergeson SE, Kruman II. Differential sensitivity of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus to alcohol-induced toxicity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106945. [PMID: 25188266 PMCID: PMC4154772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a brain region responsible for executive functions including working memory, impulse control and decision making. The loss of these functions may ultimately lead to addiction. Using histological analysis combined with stereological technique, we demonstrated that the PFC is more vulnerable to chronic alcohol-induced oxidative stress and neuronal cell death than the hippocampus. This increased vulnerability is evidenced by elevated oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and enhanced expression of apoptotic markers in PFC neurons. We also found that one-carbon metabolism (OCM) impairment plays a significant role in alcohol toxicity to the PFC seen from the difference in the effects of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on DNA repair and from exaggeration of the damaging effects upon additional OCM impairment in mice deficient in a key OCM enzyme, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Given that damage to the PFC leads to loss of executive function and addiction, our study may shed light on the mechanism of alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Kate Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lixia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marisela Dagda
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Janet Dertien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katina Sylvestre S. Dossou
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Bergeson
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Inna I. Kruman
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
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