1
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Kim A, Lee DY, Sung JJ. Cdk5 inhibition in the SOD1 G93A transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis suppresses neurodegeneration and extends survival. J Neurochem 2024; 168:2908-2925. [PMID: 38934222 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Deregulated cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activity closely correlates with hyperphosphorylated tau, a common pathology found in neurodegenerative diseases. Previous postmortem studies had revealed increased Cdk5 immunoreactivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); hence, we investigated the effects of Cdk5 inhibition on ALS model mice and neurons in this study. For the in vitro study, motor neuron cell lines with wild-type superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) or SOD1G93A and primary neuronal cultures from SOD1G93A transgenic (TG) mice or non-TG mice were compared for the expression of proteins involved in tau pathology, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and neuritic outgrowth by applying Cdk5-small interfering RNA or Cdk5-short hairpin RNA (shRNA). For the in vivo study, SOD1G93A mice and non-TG mice were intrathecally injected with adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-scramble (SCR)-shRNA or AAV9-Cdk5-shRNA at the age of 5 weeks. Weight and motor function were measured three times per week from 60 days of age, longevity was evaluated, and the tissues were collected from 90-day-old or 120-day-old mice. Neurons with SOD1G93A showed increased phosphorylated tau, attenuated neuritic growth, mislocalization of SOD1, and enhanced neuroinflammation and apoptosis, all of which were reversed by Cdk5 inhibition. Weights did not show significant differences among non-TG and SOD1G93A mice with or without Cdk5 silencing. SOD1G93A mice treated with AAV9-Cdk5-shRNA showed significantly delayed disease onset, delayed rotarod failure, and prolonged survival compared with those treated with AAV9-SCR-shRNA. The brain and spinal cord of SOD1G93A mice intrathecally injected with AAV9-Cdk5-shRNA exhibited suppressed tau pathology, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and an increased number of motor neurons compared to those of SOD1G93A mice injected with AAV9-SCR-shRNA. Cdk5 inhibition could be an important mechanism in the development of a new therapeutic strategy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahwon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Sung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Hadi F, Mortaja M, Hadi Z. Calcium (Ca 2+) hemostasis, mitochondria, autophagy, and mitophagy contribute to Alzheimer's disease as early moderators. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4085. [PMID: 38951992 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
This review rigorously investigates the early cerebral changes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which manifest long before clinical symptoms arise. It presents evidence that the dysregulation of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, along with mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant autophagic processes, may drive the disease's progression during its asymptomatic, preclinical stage. Understanding the intricate molecular interplay that unfolds during this critical period offers a window into identifying novel therapeutic targets, thereby advancing the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The review delves into both established and emerging insights into the molecular alterations precipitated by the disruption of Ca2+ balance, setting the stage for cognitive decline and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hadi
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mahsa Mortaja
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Zahra Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Mai Le N, Li J. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 role in Pathophysiology of Neurological diseases. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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4
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Gutiérrez‑Vargas J, Castro‑Álvarez J, Zapata‑Berruecos J, Abdul‑Rahim K, Arteaga‑Noriega A. Neurodegeneration and convergent factors contributing to the deterioration of the cytoskeleton in Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia and multiple sclerosis (Review). Biomed Rep 2022; 16:27. [PMID: 35251614 PMCID: PMC8889542 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is the main intracellular structure that determines the morphology of neurons and maintains their integrity. Therefore, disruption of its structure and function may underlie several neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the current literature on the tau protein, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and neurofilaments as common denominators in pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), cerebral ischemia, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Insights obtained from experimental models using biochemical and immunocytochemical techniques highlight that changes in these proteins may be potentially used as protein targets in clinical settings, which provides novel opportunities for the detection, monitoring and treatment of patients with these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Gutiérrez‑Vargas
- Neuroscience and Aging Group (GISAM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Life Sciences Laboratory, Remington University Corporation, Medellín 050023, Colombia
| | - John Castro‑Álvarez
- Neuroscience and Aging Group (GISAM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Life Sciences Laboratory, Remington University Corporation, Medellín 050023, Colombia
| | - Jose Zapata‑Berruecos
- INDEC‑CES Research Group, Neurological Institute of Colombia, Medellín 050023, Colombia
| | | | - Anibal Arteaga‑Noriega
- Family and Community Health Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Life Sciences Laboratory, Remington University Corporation, Medellín 050023, Colombia
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5
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Toro-Fernández LF, Zuluaga-Monares JC, Saldarriaga-Cartagena AM, Cardona-Gómez GP, Posada-Duque R. Targeting CDK5 in Astrocytes Promotes Calcium Homeostasis Under Excitotoxic Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:643717. [PMID: 34790098 PMCID: PMC8591049 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.643717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity triggers overactivation of CDK5 and increases calcium influx in neural cells, which promotes dendritic retraction, spine loss, increased mitochondrial calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, and neuronal death. Our previous studies showed that CDK5 knockdown (KD) in astrocytes improves neurovascular integrity and cognitive functions and exerts neuroprotective effects. However, how CDK5-targeted astrocytes affect calcium regulation and whether this phenomenon is associated with changes in neuronal plasticity have not yet been analyzed. In this study, CDK5 KD astrocytes transplanted in CA3 remained at the injection site without proliferation, regulated calcium in the CA1 hippocampal region after excitotoxicity by glutamate in ex vivo hippocampal slices, improving synapsin and PSD95 clustering. These CDK5 KD astrocytes induced astrocyte stellation and neuroprotection after excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in vitro. Also, these effects were supported by CDK5 inhibition (CDK5i) in vitro through intracellular stabilization of calcium levels in astrocytes. Additionally, these cells in cocultures restored calcium homeostasis in neurons, redistributing calcium from somas to dendrites, accompanied by dendrite branching, higher dendritic spines and synapsin-PSD95 clustering. In summary, induction of calcium homeostasis at the CA1 hippocampal area by CDK5 KD astrocytes transplanted in the CA3 area highlights the role of astrocytes as a cell therapy target due to CDK5-KD astrocyte-mediated synaptic clustering, calcium spreading regulation between both areas, and recovery of the intracellular astrocyte-neuron calcium imbalance and plasticity impairment generated by glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Fernanda Toro-Fernández
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Camilo Zuluaga-Monares
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana María Saldarriaga-Cartagena
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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6
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Genipin Attenuates Tau Phosphorylation and Aβ Levels in Cellular Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4134-4144. [PMID: 33948899 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating brain disorder characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Inhibiting Tau protein and amyloid-beta (Aβ) production or removing these molecules is considered potential therapeutic strategies for AD. Genipin is an aglycone and is isolated from the extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit. In this study, the effect and molecular mechanisms of genipin on the inhibition of Tau aggregation and Aβ generation were investigated. The results showed that genipin bound to Tau and protected against heparin-induced Tau fibril formation. Moreover, genipin suppressed Tau phosphorylation probably by downregulating the expression of CDK5 and GSK-3β, and activated mTOR-dependent autophagy via the SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway in Tau-overexpressing cells. In addition, genipin decreased Aβ production by inhibiting BACE1 expression through the PERK/eIF2α signaling pathway in N2a/SweAPP cells. These data indicated that genipin could effectively lead to a significant reduction of phosphorylated Tau level and Aβ generation in vitro, suggesting that genipin might be developed into an effective therapeutic complement or a potential nutraceutical for preventing AD.
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7
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Fan XC, Ma CN, Song JC, Liao ZH, Huang N, Liu X, Ma L. Rac1 Signaling in Amygdala Astrocytes Regulates Fear Memory Acquisition and Retrieval. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:947-958. [PMID: 33909243 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of astrocytes in behavior control is increasingly appreciated, but little is known about the effects of their dynamic activity in regulating learning and memory. In the present study, we constructed AAVs of photoactivatable and photoinactivatable Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) under the mGFAP promoter, which enabled the manipulation of Rac1 activity in astrocytes by optical stimulation in free-moving mice. We found that both up-regulation and down-regulation of astrocytic Rac1 activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) attenuated memory acquisition in a fear conditioning mouse model. Meanwhile, neuronal activation in the BLA induced by memory acquisition was inhibited under both the up- and down-regulation of astrocytic Rac1 activity during training. In terms of the impact on fear memory retrieval, we found both up- and down-regulation of BLA astrocytic Rac1 activity impaired memory retrieval of fear conditioning and memory retrieval-induced neuronal activation. Notably, the effect of astrocytic Rac1 on memory retrieval was reversible. Our results demonstrate that the normal activity of astrocytic Rac1 is necessary for the activation of neurons and memory formation. Both activation and inactivation of astrocytic Rac1 activity in the BLA reduced the excitability of neurons, and thereby impaired fear memory acquisition and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cen Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao-Nan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia-Chen Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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8
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Villar-Vesga J, Henao-Restrepo J, Voshart DC, Aguillon D, Villegas A, Castaño D, Arias-Londoño JD, Zuhorn IS, Ribovski L, Barazzuol L, Cardona-Gómez GP, Posada-Duque R. Differential Profile of Systemic Extracellular Vesicles From Sporadic and Familial Alzheimer's Disease Leads to Neuroglial and Endothelial Cell Degeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:587989. [PMID: 33281599 PMCID: PMC7705379 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.587989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as mediators and biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. Two distinct forms of Alzheimer disease (AD) are known: a late-onset sporadic form (SAD) and an early-onset familial form (FAD). Recently, neurovascular dysfunction and altered systemic immunological components have been linked to AD neurodegeneration. Therefore, we characterized systemic-EVs from postmortem SAD and FAD patients and evaluated their effects on neuroglial and endothelial cells. We found increase CLN-5 spots with vesicular morphology in the abluminal portion of vessels from SAD patients. Both forms of AD were associated with larger and more numerous systemic EVs. Specifically, SAD patients showed an increase in endothelial- and leukocyte-derived EVs containing mitochondria; in contrast, FAD patients showed an increase in platelet-derived EVs. We detected a differential protein composition for SAD- and FAD-EVs associated with the coagulation cascade, inflammation, and lipid-carbohydrate metabolism. Using mono- and cocultures (endothelium-astrocytes-neurons) and human cortical organoids, we showed that AD-EVs induced cytotoxicity. Both forms of AD featured decreased neuronal branches area and astrocytic hyperreactivity, but SAD-EVs led to greater endothelial detrimental effects than FAD-EVs. In addition, FAD- and SAD-EVs affected calcium dynamics in a cortical organoid model. Our findings indicate that the phenotype of systemic AD-EVs is differentially defined by the etiopathology of the disease (SAD or FAD), which results in a differential alteration of the NVU cells implied in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Villar-Vesga
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julián Henao-Restrepo
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daniëlle C Voshart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Section of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - David Aguillon
- Neurobank, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrés Villegas
- Neurobank, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Castaño
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Inge S Zuhorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Laís Ribovski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Section of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gloria P Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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9
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Posada-Duque RA, Cardona-Gómez GP. CDK5 Targeting as a Therapy for Recovering Neurovascular Unit Integrity in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 82:S141-S161. [PMID: 33016916 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is responsible for synchronizing the energetic demand, vasodynamic changes, and neurochemical and electrical function of the brain through a closed and interdependent interaction of cell components conforming to brain tissue. In this review, we will focus on cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) as a molecular pivot, which plays a crucial role in the healthy function of neurons, astrocytes, and the endothelium and is implicated in the cross-talk of cellular adhesion signaling, ion transmission, and cytoskeletal remodeling, thus allowing the individual and interconnected homeostasis of cerebral parenchyma. Then, we discuss how CDK5 overactivation affects the integrity of the NVU in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive impairment; we emphasize how CDK5 is involved in the excitotoxicity spreading of glutamate and Ca2+ imbalance under acute and chronic injury. Additionally, we present pharmacological and gene therapy strategies for producing partial depletion of CDK5 activity on neurons, astrocytes, or endothelium to recover neuroplasticity and neurotransmission, suggesting that the NVU should be the targeted tissue unit in protective strategies. Finally, we conclude that CDK5 could be effective due to its intervention on astrocytes by its end feet on the endothelium and neurons, acting as an intermediary cell between systemic and central communication in the brain. This review provides integrated guidance regarding the pathogenesis of and potential repair strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrés Posada-Duque
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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10
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Quan Q, Qian Y, Li X, Li M. CDK5 Participates in Amyloid-β Production by Regulating PPARγ Phosphorylation in Primary Rat Hippocampal Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:443-460. [PMID: 31403945 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Quan
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yihua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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11
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Joshi V, Subbanna S, Shivakumar M, Basavarajappa BS. CB1R regulates CDK5 signaling and epigenetically controls Rac1 expression contributing to neurobehavioral abnormalities in mice postnatally exposed to ethanol. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:514-525. [PMID: 30143782 PMCID: PMC6333777 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) represent a wide array of defects that arise from ethanol exposure during development. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are limited. In the current report, we aimed to further evaluate the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R)-mediated mechanisms in a postnatal ethanol-exposed animal model. We report that the exposure of postnatal day 7 (P7) mice to ethanol generates p25, a CDK5-activating peptide, in a time- and CB1R-dependent manner in the hippocampus and neocortex brain regions. Pharmacological inhibition of CDK5 activity before ethanol exposure prevented accumulation of cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) and hyperphosphorylated tau (PHF1) (a marker for neurodegeneration) in neonatal mice and reversed cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activation and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) expression. We also found that postnatal ethanol exposure caused a loss of RhoGTPase-related, Rac1, gene expression in a CB1R and CDK5 activity-dependent manner, which persisted to adulthood. Our epigenetic analysis of the Rac1 gene promoter suggested that persistent suppression of Rac1 expression is mediated by enhanced histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), a repressive chromatin state, via G9a recruitment. The inhibition of CDK5/p25 activity before postnatal ethanol exposure rescued CREB activation, Arc, chromatin remodeling and Rac1 expression, spatial memory, and long-term potentiation (LTP) abnormalities in adult mice. Together, these findings propose that the postnatal ethanol-induced CB1R-mediated activation of CDK5 suppresses Arc and Rac1 expression in the mouse brain and is responsible for persistent synaptic plasticity and learning and memory defects in adult mice. This CB1R-mediated activation of CDK5 signaling during active synaptic development may slow down the maturation of synaptic circuits and may cause neurobehavioral defects, as found in this FASD animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Joshi
- 0000 0001 2189 4777grid.250263.0Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA
| | - Shivakumar Subbanna
- 0000 0001 2189 4777grid.250263.0Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA
| | - Madhu Shivakumar
- 0000 0001 2189 4777grid.250263.0Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA
| | - Balapal S. Basavarajappa
- 0000 0001 2189 4777grid.250263.0Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA ,0000 0000 8499 1112grid.413734.6New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA ,0000000419368729grid.21729.3fDepartment of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA ,0000 0001 2109 4251grid.240324.3Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
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12
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[Neurogenesis and gliogenesis modulation in cerebral ischemia by CDK5 RNAi-based therapy]. BIOMEDICA 2018; 38:388-397. [PMID: 30335244 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i4.3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral ischemia is the third cause of death risk in Colombia and the first cause of physical disability worldwide. Different studies on the silencing of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) have shown that reducing its activity is beneficial in ischemic contexts. However, its effect on neural cell production after cerebral ischemia has not been well studied yet. OBJECTIVE To evaluate CDK5 silencing on the production of neurons and astrocytes after a focal cerebral ischemia in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used 40 eight-week-old male Wistar rats. Both sham and ischemia groups were transduced at CA1 hippocampal region with an adeno-associated viral vector using a noninterfering (shSCRmiR) and an interfering sequence for CDK5 (shCDK5miR). We injected 50 mg/kg of bromodeoxyuridine intraperitoneally from hour 24 to day 7 post-ischemia. We assessed the neurological abilities during the next 15 days and we measured the immunoreactivity of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), doublecortin (DCX), NeuN, and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) from day 15 to day 30 post-ischemia. RESULTS Our findings showed that CDK5miR-treated ischemic animals improved their neurological score and presented increased BrdU+ cells 15 days after ischemia, which correlated with higher DCX and lower GFAP fluorescence intensities, and, although mature neurons populations did not change, GFAP immunoreactivity was still significantly reduced at 30 days post-ischemia in comparison with untreated ischemic groups. CONCLUSION CDK5miR therapy generated the neurological recovery of ischemic rats associated with the induction of immature neurons proliferation and the reduction of GFAP reactivity at short and longterm post-ischemia.
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13
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Borin M, Saraceno C, Catania M, Lorenzetto E, Pontelli V, Paterlini A, Fostinelli S, Avesani A, Di Fede G, Zanusso G, Benussi L, Binetti G, Zorzan S, Ghidoni R, Buffelli M, Bolognin S. Rac1 activation links tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ dysmetabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:61. [PMID: 30005699 PMCID: PMC6045891 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the earliest pathological features characterizing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the loss of dendritic spines. Among the many factors potentially mediating this loss of neuronal connectivity, the contribution of Rho-GTPases is of particular interest. This family of proteins has been known for years as a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton remodeling. More recent insights have indicated how its complex signaling might be triggered also in pathological conditions. Here, we showed that the Rho-GTPase family member Rac1 levels decreased in the frontal cortex of AD patients compared to non-demented controls. Also, Rac1 increased in plasma samples of AD patients with Mini-Mental State Examination < 18 compared to age-matched non demented controls. The use of different constitutively active peptides allowed us to investigate in vitro Rac1 specific signaling. Its activation increased the processing of amyloid precursor protein and induced the translocation of SET from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, resulting in tau hyperphosphorylation at residue pT181. Notably, Rac1 was abnormally activated in the hippocampus of 6-week-old 3xTg-AD mice. However, the total protein levels decreased at 7-months. A rescue strategy based on the intranasal administration of Rac1 active peptide at 6.5 months prevented dendritic spine loss. This data suggests the intriguing possibility of a dual role of Rac1 according to the different stages of the pathology. In an initial stage, Rac1 deregulation might represent a triggering co-factor due to the direct effect on Aβ and tau. However, at a later stage of the pathology, it might represent a potential therapeutic target due to the beneficial effect on spine dynamics.
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14
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Becerra-Calixto A, Posada-Duque R, Cardona-Gómez GP. Recovery of Neurovascular Unit Integrity by CDK5-KD Astrocyte Transplantation in a Global Cerebral Ischemia Model. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8563-8585. [PMID: 29564811 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play metabolic and structural support roles and contribute to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), linking communication between neurons and the endothelium. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) likely exerts a dual effect on the endothelium and astrocytes due to its involvement in migration and angiogenesis; the overactivation of CDK5 is associated with dysfunction in glutamate recapture and hypoxia. Recently, we proposed that CDK5-targeted astrocytes facilitate the recovery of neurological and motor function in transplanted ischemic rats. In the current study, we treated cerebral ischemic rats and endothelial cells exposed to glutamate toxicity with CDK5 knock-down (CDK5-KD) astrocytes to determine the role of CDK5 in neurovascular integrity. We found that the effects of CDK5-KD were sustained for 4 months, preventing neuronal and astrocyte loss, facilitating the recovery of the BBB via the production of BDNF by endogenous astrocytes (GFP-) surrounding vessels in the motor cortex and the corpus callosum of global ischemic rats, and improving neurological performance. These findings were supported by the in vitro findings of increased transendothelial resistance, p120-ctn+ adhesion and reduced intercellular gaps induced by a CDK5 inhibitor (roscovitine) in bEnd.3 cells in a glutamate-toxicity model. Additionally, CDK5-KD astrocytes in co-culture protected the endothelial cell viability, increased BDNF release from astrocytes, increased BDNF immunoreactivity in neighboring astrocytes and endothelial cells and enhanced cell adhesion in a glutamate-toxicity model. Altogether, these findings suggest that a CDK5 reduction in astrocytes protects the endothelium, which promotes BDNF release, endothelial adhesion, and the recovery of neurovascular unit integrity and brain function in ischemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becerra-Calixto
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia. .,Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Calle 62 # 52 - 59; Torre 1, Piso 4, Laboratorio 412, Medellín, Colombia.
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15
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Uddin MS, Stachowiak A, Mamun AA, Tzvetkov NT, Takeda S, Atanasov AG, Bergantin LB, Abdel-Daim MM, Stankiewicz AM. Autophagy and Alzheimer's Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:04. [PMID: 29441009 PMCID: PMC5797541 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of progressive dementia in the elderly. It is characterized by a progressive and irreversible loss of cognitive abilities and formation of senile plaques, composed mainly of amyloid β (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of tau protein, in the hippocampus and cortex of afflicted humans. In brains of AD patients the metabolism of Aβ is dysregulated, which leads to the accumulation and aggregation of Aβ. Metabolism of Aβ and tau proteins is crucially influenced by autophagy. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent, homeostatic process, in which organelles and proteins are degraded and recycled into energy. Thus, dysfunction of autophagy is suggested to lead to the accretion of noxious proteins in the AD brain. In the present review, we describe the process of autophagy and its importance in AD. Additionally, we discuss mechanisms and genes linking autophagy and AD, i.e., the mTOR pathway, neuroinflammation, endocannabinoid system, ATG7, BCL2, BECN1, CDK5, CLU, CTSD, FOXO1, GFAP, ITPR1, MAPT, PSEN1, SNCA, UBQLN1, and UCHL1. We also present pharmacological agents acting via modulation of autophagy that may show promise in AD therapy. This review updates our knowledge on autophagy mechanisms proposing novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anna Stachowiak
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | | | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shinya Takeda
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori, Japan
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland.,Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leandro B Bergantin
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmacology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-technology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
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16
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Cdk5 Contributes to Huntington’s Disease Learning and Memory Deficits via Modulation of Brain Region-Specific Substrates. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:6250-6268. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Gutiérrez-Vargas JA, Moreno H, Cardona-Gómez GP. Targeting CDK5 post-stroke provides long-term neuroprotection and rescues synaptic plasticity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2208-2223. [PMID: 27486045 PMCID: PMC5464713 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16662476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive impairment is a major cause of long-term neurological disability. The prevalence of post-stroke cognitive deficits varies between 20% and 80% depending on brain region, country, and diagnostic criteria. The biochemical mechanisms underlying post-stroke cognitive impairment are not known in detail. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is involved in neurodegeneration, and its dysregulation contributes to cognitive disorders and dementia. Here, we administered cyclin-dependent kinase 5-targeting gene therapy to the right hippocampus of ischemic rats after transient right middle cerebral artery occlusion. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 RNA interference prevented the impairment of reversal learning four months after ischemia as well as neuronal loss, tauopathy, and microglial hyperreactivity. Additionally, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 silencing increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus. Furthermore, deficits in hippocampal long-term potentiation produced by excitotoxic stimulation were rescued by pharmacological blockade of cyclin-dependent kinase 5. This recovery was blocked by inhibition of the TRKB receptor. In summary, these findings demonstrate the beneficial impact of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 reduction in preventing long-term post-ischemic neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment as well as the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TRKB in the maintenance of normal synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A Gutiérrez-Vargas
- 1 Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Herman Moreno
- 2 The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Gloria P Cardona-Gómez
- 1 Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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18
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Becerra-Calixto A, Cardona-Gómez GP. The Role of Astrocytes in Neuroprotection after Brain Stroke: Potential in Cell Therapy. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:88. [PMID: 28420961 PMCID: PMC5376556 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are commonly involved in negative responses through their hyperreactivity and glial scar formation in excitotoxic and/or mechanical injuries. But, astrocytes are also specialized glial cells of the nervous system that perform multiple homeostatic functions for the survival and maintenance of the neurovascular unit. Astrocytes have neuroprotective, angiogenic, immunomodulatory, neurogenic, and antioxidant properties and modulate synaptic function. This makes them excellent candidates as a source of neuroprotection and neurorestoration in tissues affected by ischemia/reperfusion, when some of their deregulated genes can be controlled. Therefore, this review analyzes pro-survival responses of astrocytes that would allow their use in cell therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria P. Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia
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19
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Posada-Duque RA, Ramirez O, Härtel S, Inestrosa NC, Bodaleo F, González-Billault C, Kirkwood A, Cardona-Gómez GP. CDK5 downregulation enhances synaptic plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:153-172. [PMID: 27506619 PMCID: PMC11107552 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CDK5 is a serine/threonine kinase that is involved in the normal function of the adult brain and plays a role in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. However, its over-regulation has been associated with Tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive deficits. Our previous studies have demonstrated that CDK5 targeting using shRNA-miR provides neuroprotection and prevents cognitive deficits. Dendritic spine morphogenesis and forms of long-term synaptic plasticity-such as long-term potentiation (LTP)-have been proposed as essential processes of neuroplasticity. However, whether CDK5 participates in these processes remains controversial and depends on the experimental model. Using wild-type mice that received injections of CDK5 shRNA-miR in CA1 showed an increased LTP and recovered the PPF in deficient LTP of APPswe/PS1Δ9 transgenic mice. On mature hippocampal neurons CDK5, shRNA-miR for 12 days induced increased dendritic protrusion morphogenesis, which was dependent on Rac activity. In addition, silencing of CDK5 increased BDNF expression, temporarily increased phosphorylation of CaMKII, ERK, and CREB; and facilitated calcium signaling in neurites. Together, our data suggest that CDK5 downregulation induces synaptic plasticity in mature neurons involving Ca2+ signaling and BDNF/CREB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrés Posada-Duque
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52-59, Torre 1, Piso 4, Laboratorio 412, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Ramirez
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis (SCIAN-Lab), Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine (CIMT), Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis (SCIAN-Lab), Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine (CIMT), Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Bodaleo
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Kirkwood
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52-59, Torre 1, Piso 4, Laboratorio 412, Medellín, Colombia.
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20
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Cardona-Gómez GP, Lopera F. Dementia, Preclinical Studies in Neurodegeneration and its Potential for Translational Medicine in South America. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:304. [PMID: 28066230 PMCID: PMC5167748 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Latin-American people with dementia will increase to an astounding 368% in 2050, higher than USA and Europe. In addition, to sporadic dementia type like Alzheimer, and vascular dementia (VaD) progression after Cerebrovascular disease is also found. These incidences are increased in Colombia by specific populations affected with pure Neurodegenerative and VaDs like Autosomical Dominant familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Cerebral Autosomal-Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). In spite of the enormous human effort with and economical effort and investment costs, neither sporadic nor genetic kinds of dementia progression have been prevented or blocked yet. Currently, there exist several animal models that partially solve the understanding of the neurodegenerative etiopathogenesis and its treatment. However, when the potential therapies are translated to humans, those do not work or present a limited action. Main difficulties are the diverse comorbility associated to the cause and/or several affected brain regions, reducing the efficacy of some therapies which are limited to a tissue-specific action or modulating a kind of neurotransmission. Global investigation suggests that a general prevention could be achieved with the improvement in the quality of lifestyle, including healthy diet, physical and mental activity, and avoiding mechanical or chemical pro-inflammatory events in an early stage in the most of non-communicable diseases. In this review article, we present some molecular targets and preclinical studies in animal models to propose strategies that could be useful in a future translation to prevent or block neurodegeneration: one is gene therapy; silencing pathogenic genes in critical brain areas where excitotoxicity arise and spread. Another is to take advantage of the natural source and its wide biodiversity of natural products that are capable of identifying, by the blocking and prevention of neurodegeneration. On the other side, the casuistic of pure dementias in the Latin-American region gives an exceptional opportunity to understand the pathogenesis in these human populations. Further, this is in support of the basic and clinical researchers working on an interaction for a better understanding and medical care of mixed dementias, which have more complex factors than pure ones. However, to promote the translation of any therapeutical alternative is necessary to clarify the normative and the protocols for developing clinical trials with original candidates or work upon strategies proposed from South-American countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of Antioquia Medellin, Colombia
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Clinical Neuroscience Area, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of Antioquia Medellin, Colombia
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21
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Becerra-Calixto A, Cardona-Gómez GP. Neuroprotection Induced by Transplanted CDK5 Knockdown Astrocytes in Global Cerebral Ischemic Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6681-6696. [PMID: 27744570 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a cerebrovascular episode that generates a high incidence of death and physical and mental disabilities worldwide. Excitotoxicity, release of free radicals, and exacerbated immune response cause serious complications in motor and cognitive areas during both short and long time frames post-ischemia. CDK5 is a kinase that is widely involved in the functions of neurons and astrocytes, and its over-activation is implicated in neurodegenerative processes. In this study, we evaluated the brain parenchymal response to the transplantation of CDK5-knockdown astrocytes into the somatosensory cortex after ischemia in rats. Male Wistar rats were subjected to the two-vessel occlusion (2VO) model of global cerebral ischemia and immediately transplanted with shCDK5miR- or shSCRmiR-transduced astrocytes or with untransduced astrocytes (Control). Our findings showed that animals transplanted with shCDK5miR astrocytes recovered motor and neurological performance better than with those transplanted with WT or shSCRmiR astrocytes. Cell transplantation produced an overall prevention of neuronal loss, and CDK5-knockdown astrocytes significantly increased the immunoreactivity (IR) of endogenous GFAP in branches surrounding blood vessels, accompanied by the upregulation of PECAM-1 IR in the walls of vessels in the motor and somatosensory regions and by an increase in Ki67 IR in the subventricular zone (SVZ), partially associated with the production of BDNF. Together, our data suggest that transplantation of shCDK5miR astrocytes protects the neurovascular unit in ischemic rats, allowing the motor and neurological function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becerra-Calixto
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
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22
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Uribe-Arias A, Posada-Duque RA, González-Billault C, Villegas A, Lopera F, Cardona-Gómez GP. p120-catenin is necessary for neuroprotection induced by CDK5 silencing in models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 138:624-39. [PMID: 27273428 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) plays important roles in synaptic function. Its unregulated over-activation has been, however, associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Our previous studies revealed that CDK5 silencing ameliorates tauopathy and spatial memory impairment in the 3xTgAD mouse model. However, how CDK5 targeting affects synaptic adhesion proteins, such as those involved in the cadherin/catenin system, during learning and memory processes is not completely understood. In this study, we detected reduced expression of p120 catenin (p120 ctn), N-cadherin, and β-catenin in the brain of human Alzheimer's disease patients, in addition to a reduced PSD95 and GluN2B protein levels in a 3xTgAD mouse model. Such decrease in synaptic proteins was recovered by CDK5 silencing in mice leading to a better learning and memory performance. Additionally, CDK5 inhibition or knockout increased p120 ctn levels. Moreover, in a glutamate-induced excitotoxicity model, CDK5 silencing-induced neuroprotection depended on p120 ctn. Together, those findings suggest that p120 ctn plays an important role in the neuronal dysfunction of Alzheimer's disease models and contributes to CDK5 silencing-induced neuroprotection and improvement of memory function. p120ctn is part of the synaptic adhesion molecular complex N-cadh/p120ctn/B-ctn/PSD95, and it has a pivotal role in cell adhesion stabilization and dendritic spine modulation. Our data show that synaptic adhesion complex is affected in AD human brains and in AD models. This complex is recovered by the silencing of CDK5, preventing memory dysfunction in an AD mice model and contributing to the neuroprotection in a depend-mode of p120ctn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Uribe-Arias
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Christian González-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Villegas
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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23
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CDK5 knockdown prevents hippocampal degeneration and cognitive dysfunction produced by cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1937-49. [PMID: 26104286 PMCID: PMC4671113 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is a cerebrovascular accident and it is the most common cause of physical disabilities around the globe. Patients may present with repeated ictuses, experiencing mental consequences, such as depression and cognitive disorders. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a kinase that is involved in neurotransmission and plasticity, but its dysregulation contributes to cognitive disorders and dementia. Gene therapy targeting CDK5 was administered to the right hippocampus of ischemic rats during transient cerebral middle artery occlusion. Physiologic parameters (blood pressure, pH, pO2, and pCO2) were measured. The CDK5 downregulation resulted in neurologic and motor improvement during the first week after ischemia. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 RNA interference (RNAi) prevented dysfunctions in learning, memory, and reversal learning at 1 month after ischemia. These observations were supported by the prevention of neuronal loss, the reduction of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunoreactivity, and a decrease in astroglial and microglia hyperreactivities and tauopathy. Additionally, CDK5 silencing led to an increase in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), its Tropomyosin Receptor kinase B (TRKB) receptor, and activation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which are important targets in neuronal plasticity. Together, our findings suggest that gene therapy based on CDK5 silencing prevents cerebral ischemia-induced neurodegeneration and motor and cognitive deficits.
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24
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Posada-Duque RA, Palacio-Castañeda V, Cardona-Gómez GP. CDK5 knockdown in astrocytes provide neuroprotection as a trophic source via Rac1. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 68:151-66. [PMID: 26160434 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes perform metabolic and structural support functions in the brain and contribute to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes influence neuronal survival and prevent gliotoxicity by capturing glutamate (Glu), reactive oxygen species, and nutrients. During these processes, astrocytic morphological changes are supported by actin cytoskeleton remodeling and require the involvement of Rho GTPases, such as Rac1. The protein cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) may have a dual effect on astrocytes because it has been shown to be involved in migration, senescence, and the dysfunction of glutamate recapture; however, its role in astrocytes remains unclear. Treating a possible deregulation of CDK5 with RNAi is a strategy that has been proposed as a therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Models of glutamate gliotoxicity in the C6 astroglioma cell line, primary cultures of astrocytes, and co-cultures with neurons were used to analyze the effects of CDK5 RNAi in astrocytes and the role of Rac1 in neuronal viability. In C6 cells and primary astrocytes, CDK5 RNAi prevented the cell death generated by glutamate-induced gliotoxicity, and this finding was corroborated by pharmacological inhibition with roscovitine. This effect was associated with the appearance of lamellipodia, protrusions, increased cell area, stellation, Rac1 activation, BDNF release, and astrocytic protection in neurons that were exposed to glutamate excitotoxicity. Interestingly, Rac1 inhibition in astrocytes blocked BDNF upregulation and the astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection. Actin cytoskeleton remodeling and stellation may be a functional phenotype for BDNF release that promotes neuroprotection. In summary, our findings suggest that CDK5- knockdown in astrocytes acts as a trophic source for neuronal protection in a Rac1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrés Posada-Duque
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Valentina Palacio-Castañeda
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
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