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Beggiato S, Ferrara F, Romani A, Cassano T, Trentini A, Valacchi G, Cervellati C, Ferraro L. Signature of paraoxonases in the altered redox homeostasis in Alzheimer's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 388:110839. [PMID: 38142921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase (PON) enzymes (PON1, PON2 and PON3) exert antioxidant properties through arylesterase, lactonase and paraoxonase activities. Increasing findings suggested their potential involvement, particularly PON1 and PON2, in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative pathology characterized by early oxidative stress. Specifically, decreased serum PON1-arylesterase and lactonase activities seem to be associated with an increased brain oxidative damage in early AD, leading to hypothesize that PON activity alterations might be an early event in AD. To address this hypothesis, the levels of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE; i.e. a marker of oxidative stress damage) along with the protein expression and enzymatic activity of PON1 and PON2 have been investigated in the brain and serum of young [Postnatal day (PD)8-10, 20-25 and 60-65] asymptomatic 3xTg-AD female mice, one of the most used transgenic models of AD. At PD 8-10, there were no differences in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) 4-HNE expression levels between 3xTg-AD mice compared to controls (Non-Tg mice). On the other hand, significant increased levels of 4-HNE were detected in PD 20-30 3xTg-AD mice hippocampus, while a significant reduction was observed in 3xTg-AD group at PD 60-65. In the PFC, 4-HNE levels were significantly reduced in 3xTg-AD mice brain at PD 20-30, while no differences in 4-HNE levels were detected at PD 60-65. No significant differences in arylesterase and lactonase activities were observed in the plasma of 3xTg-AD and Non-Tg mice at the different considered ages. Compared to Non-Tg mice, a reduction of brain arylesterase activity was found in 3xTg-AD female at PD 20-30 and PD 60-65, but it was significant only in the younger group. Finally, a similar trend was observed also for PON1 and PON2 protein levels, with both significantly, and solely, decreased in 3xTg-AD mice brain at PD 20-30. Overall, these findings suggest that the altered oxidative stress homeostasis in the 3xTg-AD female mice may be related to an early reduction in activity and expression of PONs enzymes most likely via a reduced brain arylesterases activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy; Psychiatric Department, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Romani
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy; Dept. of Animal Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA; Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy; Psychiatric Department, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore MD, USA.
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Jakubowski H. Proteomic Exploration of Paraoxonase 1 Function in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097764. [PMID: 37175471 PMCID: PMC10178420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) exhibits cardio- and neuro-protective properties, which are thought to be promoted by paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a hydrolytic enzyme associated with an HDL subfraction also enriched with an anticoagulant protein (PROS1) and amyloid beta-transport protein clusterin (CLU, APOJ). Reduced levels of PON1 activity, characterized biochemically by elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone, oxidized lipids, and proteins modified by these metabolites in humans and mice, are associated with pathological abnormalities affecting the cardiovascular system (atherothrombosis) and the central nervous system (cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease). The molecular bases of these abnormalities have been largely unknown. Proteomic and metabolic studies over the past decade have significantly contributed to our understanding of PON1 function and the mechanisms by which PON1 deficiency can lead to disease. Recent studies discussed in this review highlight the involvement of dysregulated proteostasis in the pro-oxidative, pro-atherothrombotic, and pro-amyloidogenic phenotypes associated with low PON1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Khalaf FK, Connolly J, Khatib-Shahidi B, Albehadili A, Tassavvor I, Ranabothu M, Eid N, Dube P, Khouri SJ, Malhotra D, Haller ST, Kennedy DJ. Paraoxonases at the Heart of Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086881. [PMID: 37108044 PMCID: PMC10139148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase enzymes serve as an important physiological redox system that participates in the protection against cellular injury caused by oxidative stress. The PON enzymes family consists of three members (PON-1, PON-2, and PON-3) that share a similar structure and location as a cluster on human chromosome 7. These enzymes exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with well-described roles in preventing cardiovascular disease. Perturbations in PON enzyme levels and their activity have also been linked with the development and progression of many neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The current review summarizes the available evidence on the role of PONs in these diseases and their ability to modify risk factors for neurological disorders. We present the current findings on the role of PONs in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah K Khalaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alkafeel College of Medicine, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Jacob Connolly
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Bella Khatib-Shahidi
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Abdulsahib Albehadili
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
- Department of Computer Engineering Technology, College of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Iman Tassavvor
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Meghana Ranabothu
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Noha Eid
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Prabhatchandra Dube
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Samer J Khouri
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Steven T Haller
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - David J Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Zhu D, Zhu Y, Liu L, He X, Fu S. Metabolomic analysis of vascular cognitive impairment due to hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1109019. [PMID: 37008043 PMCID: PMC10062391 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionScreening for metabolically relevant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) to explore the possible mechanisms of HCC-induced VCI.MethodsBased on metabolomic and gene expression data for HCC and VCI, 14 genes were identified as being associated with changes in HCC metabolites, and 71 genes were associated with changes in VCI metabolites. Multi-omics analysis was used to screen 360 DEGs associated with HCC metabolism and 63 DEGs associated with VCI metabolism.ResultsAccording to the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, 882 HCC-associated DEGs were identified and 343 VCI-associated DEGs were identified. Eight genes were found at the intersection of these two gene sets: NNMT, PHGDH, NR1I2, CYP2J2, PON1, APOC2, CCL2, and SOCS3. The HCC metabolomics prognostic model was constructed and proved to have a good prognostic effect. The HCC metabolomics prognostic model was constructed and proved to have a good prognostic effect. Following principal component analyses (PCA), functional enrichment analyses, immune function analyses, and TMB analyses, these eight DEGs were identified as possibly affecting HCC-induced VCI and the immune microenvironment. As well as gene expression and gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA), a potential drug screen was conducted to investigate the possible mechanisms involved in HCC-induced VCI. The drug screening revealed the potential clinical efficacy of A-443654, A-770041, AP-24534, BI-2536, BMS- 509744, CGP-60474, and CGP-082996.ConclusionHCC-associated metabolic DEGs may influence the development of VCI in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yamei Zhu
- Deptartment of Infectious Diseases, Wuhua Ward, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Dalian Hunter Information Consulting Co. LTD, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoxue He
- Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shizhong Fu
- Deptartment of Infectious Diseases, Wuhua Ward, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Shizhong Fu ;
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Sergi D, Zauli E, Tisato V, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Cervellati C. Lipids at the Nexus between Cerebrovascular Disease and Vascular Dementia: The Impact of HDL-Cholesterol and Ceramides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054403. [PMID: 36901834 PMCID: PMC10002119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases and the subsequent brain hypoperfusion are at the basis of vascular dementia. Dyslipidemia, marked by an increase in circulating levels of triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol and a parallel decrease in HDL-cholesterol, in turn, is pivotal in promoting atherosclerosis which represents a common feature of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In this regard, HDL-cholesterol has traditionally been considered as being protective from a cardiovascular and a cerebrovascular prospective. However, emerging evidence suggests that their quality and functionality play a more prominent role than their circulating levels in shaping cardiovascular health and possibly cognitive function. Furthermore, the quality of lipids embedded in circulating lipoproteins represents another key discriminant in modulating cardiovascular disease, with ceramides being proposed as a novel risk factor for atherosclerosis. This review highlights the role of HDL lipoprotein and ceramides in cerebrovascular diseases and the repercussion on vascular dementia. Additionally, the manuscript provides an up-to-date picture of the impact of saturated and omega-3 fatty acids on HDL circulating levels, functionality and ceramide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sergi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Petrič B, Redenšek Trampuž S, Dolžan V, Gregorič Kramberger M, Trošt M, Maraković N, Goličnik M, Bavec A. Investigation of Paraoxonase-1 Genotype and Enzyme-Kinetic Parameters in the Context of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020399. [PMID: 36829958 PMCID: PMC9952446 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), which often progresses to PD dementia. PD patients with and without dementia may differ in certain biochemical parameters, which could thus be used as biomarkers for PD dementia. The enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has previously been investigated as a potential biomarker in the context of other types of dementia. In a cohort of PD patients, we compared a group of 89 patients with cognitive impairment with a group of 118 patients with normal cognition. We determined the kinetic parameters Km and Vmax for PON1 for the reaction with dihydrocoumarin and the genotype of four single nucleotide polymorphisms in PON1. We found that no genotype or kinetic parameter correlated significantly with cognitive impairment in PD patients. However, we observed associations between PON1 rs662 and PON1 Km (p < 10-10), between PON1 rs662 and PON1 Vmax (p = 9.33 × 10-7), and between PON1 rs705379 and PON1 Vmax (p = 2.21 × 10-10). The present study is novel in three main aspects. (1) It is the first study to investigate associations between the PON1 genotype and enzyme kinetics in a large number of subjects. (2) It is the first study to report kinetic parameters of PON1 in a large number of subjects and to use time-concentration progress curves instead of initial velocities to determine Km and Vmax in a clinical context. (3) It is also the first study to calculate enzyme-kinetic parameters in a clinical context with a new algorithm for data point removal from progress curves, dubbed iFIT. Although our results suggest that in the context of PD, there is no clinically useful correlation between cognitive status on the one hand and PON1 genetic and enzyme-kinetic parameters on the other hand, this should not discourage future investigation into PON1's potential associations with other types of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boštjan Petrič
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Redenšek Trampuž
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milica Gregorič Kramberger
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Chair of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maja Trošt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Chair of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Goličnik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aljoša Bavec
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Papagiannis A, Gkolfinopoulou C, Tziomalos K, Dedemadi AG, Polychronopoulos G, Milonas D, Savopoulos C, Hatzitolios AI, Chroni A. HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and phospholipid content are associated with the severity of acute ischemic stroke and predict its outcome. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 540:117229. [PMID: 36657609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Impaired high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function and composition are more strongly related to cardiovascular morbidity than HDL concentration. However, it is unclear whether HDL function and composition predict ischemic stroke severity and outcome. We aimed to evaluate these associations. METHODS We prospectively studied 199 consecutive patients who were admitted with acute ischemic stroke. The severity of stroke was evaluated at admission with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Severe stroke was defined as NIHSS ≥ 5. The outcome was assessed with dependency at discharge (modified Rankin scale 2-5) and in-hospital mortality. Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), phospholipid levels, lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT)-phospholipase activity, paraoxonase-1 (PON1)-arylesterase activity and serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) content of HDL were measured. RESULTS CEC, phospholipid levels and LCAT-phospholipase activity of HDL were lower and SAA1 content of HDL was higher in patients with severe stroke. Patients who were dependent at discharge had lower CEC, PON1-arylesterase activity, phospholipid content and LCAT-phospholipase activity of HDL and higher HDL-SAA1 content. Independent predictors of dependency at discharge were the NIHSS at admission (RR 2.60, 95% CI 1.39-4.87), lipid-lowering treatment (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.01-0.75), HDL-CEC (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.05-0.87) and HDL-associated PON1-arylesterase activity (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91-0.99). In patients who died during hospitalization, phospholipids, LCAT-phospholipase and PON1-arylesterase activities of HDL were lower. CONCLUSIONS Changes in CEC and composition of HDL appear to be associated with the severity and outcome of acute ischemic stroke and could represent biomarkers that may inform risk stratification and management strategies in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas Papagiannis
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Gkolfinopoulou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Anastasia-Georgia Dedemadi
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Polychronopoulos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Milonas
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Savopoulos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolos I Hatzitolios
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angeliki Chroni
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
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Taylor JK, Carpio-Rivera E, Chacón-Araya Y, Grandjean PW, Moncada-Jiménez J. The Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Paraoxonase-1 (PON1): A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:130-143. [PMID: 32940564 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1812493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the acute and chronic effects of exercise on Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) concentration and activity. Methods: A literature search was performed using 16 electronic databases. Effect sizes (ES) were computed and two-tailed α values < .05 and non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were considered statistically significant. Heterogeneity, inconsistency (I2), and small-study effects using the LFK index were examined. Results: Eighteen studies (n = 377 participants) met the criteria for inclusion. The acute effects of exercise on PON1 concentration were trivial and non-significant (ES = -.03, 95%CI = -.39 to .34, p > .05), heterogeneous (p = .05), moderately inconsistent (I2 = 48%), with minor asymmetry (LFK index = 1.34). The chronic effects of exercise on PON1 concentration were also trivial and non-significant (ES = -.04, 95%CI = -.53 to.45, p > .05), homogenous (p = .65), displayed low inconsistency (I2 = 0%), and minor asymmetry (LFK index = -1.14). The acute effects of exercise on PON1 activity were trivial and non-significant (ES = .11, 95%CI = -.02 to.24, p > .05), homogenous (p = .85), showed low inconsistency (I2 = 0%), and no asymmetry (LFK index = .82). The chronic effects of exercise on PON1 activity were trivial and non-significant (ES = .31, 95%CI = -.03 to.65, p > .05), homogenous (p = .17), moderately inconsistent (I2 = 36%), with no asymmetry (LFK index = .60). Conclusion: Acute and chronic exercise training, overall, exerted a trivial effect on PON1 concentration and activity.
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Doğan K, Şeneş M, Karaca A, Kayalp D, Kan S, Gülçelik NE, Aral Y, Yücel D. HDL subgroups and their paraoxonase-1 activity in the obese, overweight and normal weight subjects. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14969. [PMID: 34626508 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and overweight are significant public health problems because of higher risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). It is very important to determine new predictive markers to identify the CAD risk in obese and overweight. To aim this, we analysed HDL-C subgroups (HDL2-C and HDL3-C) and their paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity in obese, overweight and normal weight subjects. METHOD 71 obese, 40 overweight and 30 healthy subjects as a control group were enrolled the study. Serum lipids levels were determined with enzymatic colorimetric method. Further, PON-1 activities and HDL-C levels were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Non-HDL3-C concentrations were calculated with the subtraction of HDL3-C from total HDL-C. RESULTS The mean serum levels of total HDL-C, HDL3-C, Non-HDL3-C and ApoA1 were higher in control group than obese and overweight groups. There were a statistically significant difference between obese and control group in terms of Lp(a), hsCRP and HOMA index. Higher total PON-1, non-HDL3 PON-1 and HDL3 PON-1 activities were found in the control group compared with obese and overweight groups. Total HDL was weakly negative correlated with the HOMA index, BMI and waist circumference. There was a weak negative correlation between non-HDL3-C and waist circumference. CONCLUSION Altered HDL-subgroups pattern and decreased PON-1 activities may cause increased risk for CVD in obese and overweight individuals. Therefore determination of HDL subgroups and their PON-1 activity may improve risk prediction compared with measuring total HDL-C levels and its PON-1 activity alone. Body weight and insulin resistance appear to have a role in the decreased HDL-C levels and PON-1activity in obese. Further studies should be conducted to shed more light on impacts of these markers in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Doğan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sivas Numune State Hospital, Ministry of Health, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Şeneş
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ministry of Health Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anara Karaca
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ministry of Health Ankara, Turkey
| | - Damla Kayalp
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Yozgat City Hospital, Ministry of Health, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Seyfullah Kan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Neşe Ersöz Gülçelik
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ministry of Health Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Aral
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Doğan Yücel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
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Perła-Kaján J, Włoczkowska O, Zioła-Frankowska A, Frankowski M, Smith AD, de Jager CA, Refsum H, Jakubowski H. Paraoxonase 1, B Vitamins Supplementation, and Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:1211-1229. [PMID: 33935094 PMCID: PMC8293656 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Identification of modifiable risk factors that affect cognitive decline is important for the development of preventive and treatment strategies. Status of paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a high-density lipoprotein-associated enzyme, may play a role in the development of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Objective: We tested a hypothesis that PON1 status predicts cognition in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Individuals with MCI (n = 196, 76.8-years-old, 60% women) participating in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial (VITACOG) were assigned to receive a daily dose of folic acid (0.8 mg), vitamin B12 (0.5 mg) and B6 (20 mg) (n = 95) or placebo (n = 101) for 2 years. Cognition was analyzed by neuropsychological tests. Brain atrophy was quantified in a subset of participants (n = 168) by MRI. PON1 status, including PON1 Q192R genotype, was determined by quantifying enzymatic activity of PON1 using paraoxon and phenyl acetate as substrates. Results: In the placebo group, baseline phenylacetate hydrolase (PhAcase) activity of PON1 (but not paraoxonase activity or PON1 Q192R genotype) was significantly associated with global cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE; Telephone Inventory for Cognitive Status-modified, TICS-m), verbal episodic memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-revised: Total Recall, HVLT-TR; Delayed Recall, HVLT-DR), and attention/processing speed (Trail Making A and Symbol Digits Modalities Test, SDMT) at the end of study. In addition to PhAcase, baseline iron and triglycerides predicted MMSE, baseline fatty acids predicted SDMT, baseline anti-N-Hcy-protein autoantibodies predicted TICS-m, SDMT, Trail Making A, while BDNF V66M genotype predicted HVLT-TR and HVLT-DR scores at the end of study. B-vitamins abrogated associations of PON1 and other variables with cognition. Conclusion: PON1 is a new factor associated with impaired cognition that can be ameliorated by B-vitamins in individuals with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Perła-Kaján
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Olga Włoczkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anetta Zioła-Frankowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Frankowski
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - A David Smith
- OPTIMA, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Celeste A de Jager
- OPTIMA, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
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Robert J, Osto E, von Eckardstein A. The Endothelium Is Both a Target and a Barrier of HDL's Protective Functions. Cells 2021; 10:1041. [PMID: 33924941 PMCID: PMC8146309 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium serves as a barrier between the intravascular and extravascular compartments. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have two kinds of interactions with this barrier. First, bloodborne HDL must pass the endothelium to access extravascular tissues, for example the arterial wall or the brain, to mediate cholesterol efflux from macrophages and other cells or exert other functions. To complete reverse cholesterol transport, HDL must even pass the endothelium a second time to re-enter circulation via the lymphatics. Transendothelial HDL transport is a regulated process involving scavenger receptor SR-BI, endothelial lipase, and ATP binding cassette transporters A1 and G1. Second, HDL helps to maintain the integrity of the endothelial barrier by (i) promoting junction closure as well as (ii) repair by stimulating the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and their progenitor cells, and by preventing (iii) loss of glycocalix, (iv) apoptosis, as well as (v) transmigration of inflammatory cells. Additional vasoprotective functions of HDL include (vi) the induction of nitric oxide (NO) production and (vii) the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These vasoprotective functions are exerted by the interactions of HDL particles with SR-BI as well as specific agonists carried by HDL, notably sphingosine-1-phophate (S1P), with their specific cellular counterparts, e.g., S1P receptors. Various diseases modify the protein and lipid composition and thereby the endothelial functionality of HDL. Thorough understanding of the structure-function relationships underlying the multiple interactions of HDL with endothelial cells is expected to elucidate new targets and strategies for the treatment or prevention of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.R.); (E.O.)
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12
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Valencia C SY, Isaza M CA, Henao B J, Beltrán A L, Loango N, Landázuri P. Arylesterase activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) on HDL 3 and HDL 2: Relationship with Q192R, C-108T, and L55M polymorphisms. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100971. [PMID: 33778169 PMCID: PMC7985468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Controversy exists regarding the role of the subfractions of high-density lipoproteins (HDL2 and HDL3) in cardiovascular disease. The functionality of these particles, and their protective role, is due in part to the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) presence in them. The polymorphisms rs662 (Q192R, A/G), rs854560 (L55 M, T/A), and rs705379 (C-108T) of the PON1 gene have been related to enzyme activity and, with the anti-oxidative capacity of the HDL. The objective was to determine the arylesterase PON1 activity in HDL3 and HDL2 and its relationship with the polymorphisms mentioned, in a young population. Methods The polymorphisms were determined through mini-sequencing (SnaPshot). The HDL subpopulations were separated via ionic precipitation, cholesterol was measured with enzymatic methods, and PON1 activity was measured through spectrophotometry. Results The results show that the PON1 polymorphisms do not influence the cholesterol in the HDL. A variation between 40.02 and 43.9 mg/dL was in all the polymorphisms without significant differences. Additionally, PON1 activity in the HDL3 subfractions was greater (62.83 ± 20 kU/L) than with HDL2 (35.8 ± 20.8 kU/L) in the whole population and in all the polymorphisms (p < 0.001), and it was independent of the polymorphism and differential arylesterase activity in the Q192R polymorphism (QQ > QR > RR). Thus, 115.90 ± 30.7, 88.78 ± 21.3, 65.29 ± 10.2, respectively, for total HDL, with identical behavior for HDL3 and HDL2. Conclusions PON1 polymorphisms do not influence the HDL-c, and the PON activity is greater in the HDL3 than in the HDL2, independent of the polymorphism, but it is necessary to delve into the functionality of these findings in different populations. PON1 polymorphisms do not influence the cholesterol in the HDL subfractions. PON1 arylesterase activity in the HDL3 subfractions was greater than with HDL2. In Q192R, L55 M and C-108T polymorphisms, PON1 activity is always higher in HDL3. This study shows that healthy young people in Colombia have very low HDL cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Y Valencia C
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Program of Nutrition, Universidad Libre, Colombia.,Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Colombia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Quindío, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Isaza M
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Colombia
| | - Julieta Henao B
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Beltrán A
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Colombia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Unidad Central del Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Nelsy Loango
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Quindío, Colombia.,Faculty of Basic Sciences and Technologies, Universidad del Quindío, Colombia
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13
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Paraoxonase-1 and Other HDL Accessory Proteins in Neurological Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030454. [PMID: 33804040 PMCID: PMC8000390 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of neurological diseases continues to increase as they still are the leading cause of disability and the second-leading cause of death worldwide [...].
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14
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Paraoxonase Role in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010011. [PMID: 33374313 PMCID: PMC7824310 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body has biological redox systems capable of preventing or mitigating the damage caused by increased oxidative stress throughout life. One of them are the paraoxonase (PON) enzymes. The PONs genetic cluster is made up of three members (PON1, PON2, PON3) that share a structural homology, located adjacent to chromosome seven. The most studied enzyme is PON1, which is associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL), having paraoxonase, arylesterase and lactonase activities. Due to these characteristics, the enzyme PON1 has been associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we update the knowledge about the association of PON enzymes and their polymorphisms and the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
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15
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Pedrini S, Chatterjee P, Hone E, Martins RN. High‐density lipoprotein‐related cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2020; 159:343-377. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pedrini
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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Increased blood BACE1 activity as a potential common pathogenic factor of vascular dementia and late onset Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14980. [PMID: 32917964 PMCID: PMC7486910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Late onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) is traditionally considered as a separate disease from vascular dementia (VAD). However, growing evidence suggests that β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, that initiates LOAD-related neurodegeneration, is preceded by vascular events. Previous in vitro studies showed that β-secretase 1 (BACE1), the key-enzyme of amyloidogenesis, is upregulated by cerebrovascular insult; moreover, its activity is increased both in brain and serum of LOAD patients. We aimed to investigate whether BACE1 serum activity is altered also in dementias related, or not, to cerebrovascular disease. Thus, we evaluated serum BACE1 activity in a sample of individuals, including patients with LOAD (n. 175), VAD (n. 40), MIXED (LOAD/VAD) dementia (n. 123), other types of dementia (n. 56), and healthy Controls (n. 204). We found that BACE1 was significantly higher not only in LOAD (+ 30%), but also in VAD (+ 35%) and MIXED dementia (+ 22%) (p < 0.001 for all), but not in the other types of dementia (+ 10%). Diagnostic accuracy was 77% for LOAD, 83% for VAD, and 77% for MIXED dementia. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that the increase in peripheral BACE1 activity is a common feature of LOAD and VAD, thus underlying a further pathogenic link between these two forms of dementia.
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17
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Romani A, Trentini A, van der Flier WM, Bellini T, Zuliani G, Cervellati C, Teunissen CE. Arylesterase Activity of Paraoxonase-1 in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050456. [PMID: 32466344 PMCID: PMC7278748 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that circulating Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), which closely interacts with the antioxidant enzyme, could be implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) development. This study aimed to evaluate PON1 changes in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as evidence for its association with AD or VaD. METHODS Serum PON-arylesterase activity was measured in patients with AD, VaD, and CONTROLS distributed in two cohorts: Ferrara cohort (FC: n = 503, age = 74 years) and Amsterdam Dementia cohort (ADC: n = 71, age = 65 years). In the last cohort, CSF PON-arylesterase, CSF β-amyloid1-42, p-tau and t-tau, and imaging biomarkers were also measured. RESULTS AD and VaD patients of FC showed significantly lower levels of serum PON-arylesterase compared to CONTROLS, but this outcome was driven by older subjects (>71 years, p < 0.0001). In the younger ADC, a similar decreasing (but not significant) trend was observed in serum and CSF. Intriguingly, PON-arylesterase per APOA1 correlated with t-tau in AD group (r = -0.485, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION These results suggest that decreased peripheral PON-arylesterase might be a specific feature of older AD/VaD patients. Moreover, we showed that PON-arylesterase/APOA1 is inversely related to neurodegeneration in AD patients, suggesting a prognostic usefulness of this composite parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Romani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.R.); (G.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-053-2455-322
| | - Wiesje M. van der Flier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (W.M.v.d.F.); (C.E.T.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tiziana Bellini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.R.); (G.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.R.); (G.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (W.M.v.d.F.); (C.E.T.)
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Vinciguerra L, Lanza G, Puglisi V, Fisicaro F, Pennisi M, Bella R, Cantone M. Update on the Neurobiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment: From Lab to Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082977. [PMID: 32340195 PMCID: PMC7215552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, there has been a significant growth in the literature exploring the pathophysiology of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). As an "umbrella term" encompassing any degree of vascular-related cognitive decline, VCI is deemed to be the most common cognitive disorder in the elderly, with a significant impact on social and healthcare expenses. Interestingly, some of the molecular, biochemical, and electrophysiological abnormalities detected in VCI seem to correlate with disease process and progression, eventually promoting an adaptive plasticity in some patients and a maladaptive, dysfunctional response in others. However, the exact relationships between vascular lesion, cognition, and neuroplasticity are not completely understood. Recent findings point out also the possibility to identify a panel of markers able to predict cognitive deterioration in the so-called "brain at risk" for vascular or mixed dementia. This will be of pivotal importance when designing trials of disease-modifying drugs or non-pharmacological approaches, including non-invasive neuromodulatory techniques. Taken together, these advances could make VCI a potentially preventable cause of both vascular and degenerative dementia in late life. This review provides a timely update on the recent serological, cerebrospinal fluid, histopathological, imaging, and neurophysiological studies on this "cutting-edge" topic, including the limitations, future perspectives and translational implications in the diagnosis and management of VCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Vinciguerra
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy; (L.V.); (V.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute – IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-3782448
| | - Valentina Puglisi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy; (L.V.); (V.P.)
| | - Francesco Fisicaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Mariagiovanna Cantone
- Department of Neurology, Sant’Elia Hospital, ASP Caltanissetta, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
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19
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Update on the Neurobiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment: From Lab to Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2020. [PMID: 32340195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082977.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, there has been a significant growth in the literature exploring the pathophysiology of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). As an "umbrella term" encompassing any degree of vascular-related cognitive decline, VCI is deemed to be the most common cognitive disorder in the elderly, with a significant impact on social and healthcare expenses. Interestingly, some of the molecular, biochemical, and electrophysiological abnormalities detected in VCI seem to correlate with disease process and progression, eventually promoting an adaptive plasticity in some patients and a maladaptive, dysfunctional response in others. However, the exact relationships between vascular lesion, cognition, and neuroplasticity are not completely understood. Recent findings point out also the possibility to identify a panel of markers able to predict cognitive deterioration in the so-called "brain at risk" for vascular or mixed dementia. This will be of pivotal importance when designing trials of disease-modifying drugs or non-pharmacological approaches, including non-invasive neuromodulatory techniques. Taken together, these advances could make VCI a potentially preventable cause of both vascular and degenerative dementia in late life. This review provides a timely update on the recent serological, cerebrospinal fluid, histopathological, imaging, and neurophysiological studies on this "cutting-edge" topic, including the limitations, future perspectives and translational implications in the diagnosis and management of VCI patients.
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20
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Bogolepova A. The role of oxidative stress in the development of vascular cognitive disorders. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:133-139. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Castellazzi M, Patergnani S, Donadio M, Giorgi C, Bonora M, Bosi C, Brombo G, Pugliatti M, Seripa D, Zuliani G, Pinton P. Autophagy and mitophagy biomarkers are reduced in sera of patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20009. [PMID: 31882960 PMCID: PMC6934625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a neurocognitive disorder characterized by a progressive memory loss and impairment in cognitive and functional abilities. Autophagy and mitophagy are two important cellular processes by which the damaged intracellular components are degraded by lysosomes. To investigate the contribution of autophagy and mitophagy in degenerative diseases, we investigated the serum levels of specific autophagic markers (ATG5 protein) and mitophagic markers (Parkin protein) in a population of older patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two hundred elderly (≥65 years) outpatients were included in the study: 40 (20 F and 20 M) with mild-moderate late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD); 40 (20 F and 20 M) affected by vascular dementia (VAD); 40 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI); 40 (20 F and 20 M) with "mixed" dementia (MD); 40 subjects without signs of cognitive impairment were included as sex-matched controls. Our data indicated that, in serum samples, ATG5 and Parkin were both elevated in controls, and that VAD compared with AD, MCI and MD (all p < 0.01). Patients affected by AD, MD, and MCI showed significantly reduced circulating levels of both ATG5 and Parkin compared to healthy controls and VAD individuals, reflecting a significant down-regulation of autophagy and mitophagy pathways in these groups of patients. The measurement of serum levels of ATG5 and Parkin may represent an easily accessible diagnostic tool for the early monitoring of patients with cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Castellazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, section of Neurological, Psychiatric and Psychological sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis and Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Mariapina Donadio
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, section of Neurological, Psychiatric and Psychological sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristina Bosi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gloria Brombo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maura Pugliatti
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, section of Neurological, Psychiatric and Psychological sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis and Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Gerontology and Geriatric Research Laboratory, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. .,Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy.
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Crosstalk Between Adipokines and Paraoxonase 1: A New Potential Axis Linking Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8080287. [PMID: 31390816 PMCID: PMC6719214 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated protein that endows its carrier with (lipo-)lactonase-dependent antioxidative features. Low levels of PON1 activity have been observed in association with obesity, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Considering the well-recognized atheroprotective role of PON1, exogenous/endogenous factors that might modulate its levels/activity are raising great interest. Since adipokines represent a molecular link between obesity and CVD, we here explored the possible impact of these substances on PON1 activity/expression. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, hepatocyte growth factor, resistin, leptin, and adiponectin were measured along with arylesterase, paraoxonase, and lactonase activities of PON1 in 107 postmenopausal women. Moreover, the direct effect of resistin on PON1 expression was evaluated in vitro. Multivariate analysis revealed that only resistin was significantly and inversely correlated with PON1-lactonase activities (r = −0.346, p < 0.001) regardless of confounding factors such as age or HDL-cholesterol. It is worth noting that no statistical link was found between adipokine and arylesterase or paraoxonase, the two promiscuous activities of PON1. Notably, resistin down-regulated PON1 expression occurred in hepatocellular carcinoma cultures. Our study suggests that resistin might be a negative modulator of PON1 expression and anti-oxidative activity.
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Trentini A, Bellini T, Bonaccorsi G, Cavicchio C, Hanau S, Passaro A, Cervellati C. Sex difference: an important issue to consider in epidemiological and clinical studies dealing with serum paraoxonase-1. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019. [PMID: 31138960 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sex on serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activities and on its relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors such as overall and central obesity. Arylesterase and lactonase activities of PON1 were assessed in 374 women and 92 men. Both arylesterase and lactonase activities were significantly higher in women compared to men (p<0.001), irrespectively of confounders such as high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, age, smoking and body mass index or waist circumference. Sex also strongly influenced the interplay between PON1 and both fat measures, with only the arylesterase showing a significant and independent inverse correlation with the former parameter (r = -0.248, p<0.001) and the risk of overall obesity (odds ratio: 0.559, 95% confidence interval: 0.340-0.919) in women, but not in men; conversely, neither of the two activities remained associated with waist circumference in men or women after full adjustment. Noteworthy, the association between arylesterase and BMI in the female subsample was significant among women younger than forty-five years (r = -0.453, p<0.001, R 2 = 0.207). In conclusion, our study suggests that sex might chiefly influence PON1 activity and its contribution to cardiovascular disease risk. Further studies are needed to confirm and clarify our preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bellini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.,University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gloria Bonaccorsi
- University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Menopause and Osteoporosis Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Cavicchio
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Hanau
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory Section, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Paraoxonase-1 activities in individuals with different HDL circulating levels: Implication in reverse cholesterol transport and early vascular damage. Atherosclerosis 2019; 285:64-70. [PMID: 31029939 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epidemiological data showing that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease have led to the idea that cholesterol contained in this lipoprotein may be protective. Against, recent evidence suggests that the athero-protection from HDLs may result from other functions, unrelated to the carried cholesterol. HDL accessory proteins, such as paraoxonase 1 (PON1), have been suggested to endows HDL with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and to contribute to the athero-protective function of the lipoprotein. We aimed to evaluate whether extreme fluctuation in HDL-C levels correlates with PON1 activity. METHODS Levels of PON1-related arylesterase and lactonase were assessed in subjects with primary hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HAL, HDL-C>90th percentile), hypoalphalipoproteinemia (HA, HDL-C<10th percentile) and controls. Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) through several pathways and other metabolic parameters and markers of vascular disease were also determined. RESULTS Despite the marked change in HDL-C and Apoliprotein A1 (APO A1) (p < 0.001 for all comparisons), arylesterase and lactonase were only slightly increased in HAL compared with HA subjects (p < 0.05), but not vs. controls. This change in PON1 activities was no longer significant after adjustment for either HDL-C or APO A1. Both enzymatic activities were positively associated only with aqueous diffusion CEC (r = 0.318, p < 0.05 and r = 0.355, p < 0.05, respectively) and negatively with the presence of plaques (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We showed that extreme high/low HDL-C levels are not associated with equal increase/decrease in PON1 activities. This enzyme appears to contribute to the HDL role in reverse cholesterol transport and anti-atherosclerosis processes. Further investigation is required to corroborate our findings.
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Evaluation of Paraoxonase, Arylesterase, and Homocysteine Thiolactonase Activities in Patients with Diabetes and Incipient Diabetes Nephropathy. J Med Biochem 2019; 38:481-488. [PMID: 31496913 PMCID: PMC6708292 DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2019-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to examine the relationship among the changes in activities of paraoxonase (PON), arylesterase (ARE) and homocysteine thiolactonase (HTLase) enzyme having antioxidant properties and the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), one of the most common complications of diabetes. Methods Normoalbuminuric type-2 diabetic patients (Group II, n=100), microalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients (Group III, n=100) and the control group (Group I, n=100) were included in the study. The age and gender of the patient groups matched with the age and gender of the control group. HTLase, PON and ARE enzyme activities were measured by the spectrophotometric method using a g-thiobutyrinolactone, paraoxon, and phenylacetate substrates respectively. In this study, an autoanalyzer application was developed in order to measure HTLase enzyme activity for the first time. Results Serum HTLase, ARE and PON activities of Group III and Group II were significantly low compared to HTLase, ARE and PON results of Group I (p<0.05). Conclusions Based on our results, PON, ARE and HTLase enzyme activities were found to be decreased due to the increase in the degree of DN.
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Trentini A, Bellini T, Bonaccorsi G, Cavicchio C, Hanau S, Passaro A, Cervellati C. Sex difference: an important issue to consider in epidemiological and clinical studies dealing with serum paraoxonase-1. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 64:250-256. [PMID: 31138960 PMCID: PMC6529704 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sex on serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activities and on its relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors such as overall and central obesity. Arylesterase and lactonase activities of PON1 were assessed in 374 women and 92 men. Both arylesterase and lactonase activities were significantly higher in women compared to men (p<0.001), irrespectively of confounders such as high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, age, smoking and body mass index or waist circumference. Sex also strongly influenced the interplay between PON1 and both fat measures, with only the arylesterase showing a significant and independent inverse correlation with the former parameter (r = −0.248, p<0.001) and the risk of overall obesity (odds ratio: 0.559, 95% confidence interval: 0.340–0.919) in women, but not in men; conversely, neither of the two activities remained associated with waist circumference in men or women after full adjustment. Noteworthy, the association between arylesterase and BMI in the female subsample was significant among women younger than forty-five years (r = −0.453, p<0.001, R2 = 0.207). In conclusion, our study suggests that sex might chiefly influence PON1 activity and its contribution to cardiovascular disease risk. Further studies are needed to confirm and clarify our preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bellini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.,University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gloria Bonaccorsi
- University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Menopause and Osteoporosis Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Cavicchio
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Hanau
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory Section, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Distribution of Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and Lipoprotein Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) across Lipoprotein Subclasses in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1752940. [PMID: 30524650 PMCID: PMC6247389 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1752940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) may exert an important protective role by preventing the oxidative transformation of high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL, respectively). The activity of both enzymes is influenced by lipidome and proteome of the lipoprotein carriers. T2DM typically presents significant changes in the molecular composition of the lipoprotein subclasses. Thus, it becomes relevant to understand the interaction of PON1 and Lp-PLA2 with the subspecies of HDL, LDL, and other lipoproteins in T2DM. Serum levels of PON1-arylesterase and PON1-lactonase and Lp-PLA2 activities and lipoprotein subclasses were measured in 202 nondiabetic subjects (controls) and 92 T2DM outpatients. Arylesterase, but not lactonase or Lp-PLA2 activities, was inversely associated with TD2M after adjusting for potential confounding factors such as age, sex, smoking, body mass index, hypertension, and lipoprotein subclasses (odds ratio = 3.389, 95% confidence interval 1.069–14.756). Marked difference between controls and T2DM subjects emerged from the analyses of the associations of the three enzyme activities and lipoprotein subclasses. Arylesterase was independently related with large HDL-C and small intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol (IDL-C) in controls while, along with lactonase, it was related with small low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL-C, all IDL-C subspecies, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) in T2DM (p < 0.05 for all). Concerning Lp-PLA2, there were significant relationships with small LDL-C, large IDL-C, and VLDL-C only among T2DM subjects. Our study showed that T2DM subjects have lower levels of PON1-arylesterase compared to controls and that T2DM occurrence may coincide with a shift of PON1 and Lp-PLA2 towards the more proatherogenic lipoprotein subclasses. The possibility of a link between the two observed phenomena requires further investigations.
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Cervellati C, Valacchi G, Tisato V, Zuliani G, Marsillach J. Evaluating the link between Paraoxonase-1 levels and Alzheimer's disease development. Minerva Med 2018; 110:238-250. [PMID: 30334443 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.18.05875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
At present, the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, remains far to be fully deciphered. In the recent years, also the centrality of amyloid-β peptide in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disease has been questioned and other hypotheses have been advanced. Notably, a common denominator of many of these theoretical models is represented by oxidative stress, which is widely proposed to play a role in the disease initiation and/or progression. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme that endows its carrier with multiple biological functions, including the ability to contrast oxidative damage to lipid components of lipoproteins and cells and protect from toxicity of specific organophosphorus pesticides. The peculiar multi-functionality nature of PON1 might be the key for explaining the vast epidemiological data showing a close association between low serum PON1 activity and risk of several diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, in particular AD. In this review, we discuss the possible link between PON1 with AD pathogenesis and we hypothesize eventual mechanistic pathways that could account from epidemiological observations. We also highlight the methodological issue limitation in PON1 studies that still impede to give a definitive and certain picture of its effective biological impact on human health including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy -
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Animal Sciences, NC Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.,Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Judit Marsillach
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Testing a Combination of Markers of Systemic Redox Status as a Possible Tool for the Diagnosis of Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:2576026. [PMID: 30271507 PMCID: PMC6151249 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2576026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Blood-based parameters reflecting systemic abnormalities associated with typical brain physiopathological hallmarks could be a satisfactory answer to the need of less costly/intrusive and widely available biomarkers for late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Cumulating evidence from ourselves and others suggests that systemic oxidative stress (OxS) is precociously associated with LOAD. On this basis, we aimed to identify a combination of markers of redox status that could aid the diagnosis of LOAD. Methods We reexamined and crossed previous data on 9 serum markers of OxS obtained in a cohort including n = 84 controls and n = 90 LOAD patients by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results A multimarker panel was identified that included significantly increased (hydroperoxides and uric acid) and decreased (thiols, residual antioxidant power, and arylesterase activity) markers. The multivariate model yielded an area under receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.808 for the discrimination between controls and LOAD patients, with specificity and sensitivity of 64% and 79%, respectively. Conclusions This study identified a panel of serum markers that distinguish individuals with LOAD from cognitively healthy control subjects. Replication studies on a larger independent cohort are required to confirm and extend our data.
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TRAIL and Ceruloplasmin Inverse Correlation as a Representative Crosstalk between Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9629537. [PMID: 30147446 PMCID: PMC6083483 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9629537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective “Oxinflammation” is a recently coined term that defines the deleterious crosstalk between inflammatory and redox systemic processes, which underlie several diseases. Oxinflammation could be latently responsible for the predisposition of certain healthy individuals to disease development. The oxinflammatory pathway has been recently suggested to play a crucial role in regulating the activity of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a TNF superfamily member that can mediate multiple signals in physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, we investigated the associations between TRAIL and key players of vascular redox homeostasis. Methods We measured circulating TRAIL levels relative to praoxonas-1, lipoprotein phospholipase-A2, and ceruloplasmin levels in a cohort of healthy subjects (n = 209). Results Multivariate analysis revealed that ceruloplasmin levels were significantly inversely associated with TRAIL levels (r = −0.431, p < 0.001). The observed association retained statistical significance after adjustment for additional confounding factors. After stratification for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, the inverse association between TRAIL and ceruloplasmin levels remained strong and significant (r = −0.508, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.260) only in the presence of inflammation, confirming the role of inflammation as emerged in in vitro experiments where recombinant TRAIL decreased ceruloplasmin expression levels in TNF-treated PBMC cultures. Conclusion The results indicated that in an inflammatory milieu, TRAIL downregulates ceruloplasmin expression, highlighting a signaling axis involving TRAIL and ceruloplasmin that are linked via inflammation and providing important insights with potential clinical implications.
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Valacchi G, Virgili F, Cervellati C, Pecorelli A. OxInflammation: From Subclinical Condition to Pathological Biomarker. Front Physiol 2018; 9:858. [PMID: 30038581 PMCID: PMC6046448 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex systemic response evolved to cope with cellular injury, either due to infectious agents or, in general, with sporadic events challenging tissue integrity and function. Researchers involved in different fields have the tendency to look at the inflammatory response with different angles, according to their specific interest. Established its complexity, one of the most evident features of the inflammatory response is the generation of a pro-oxidative environment due to the production of high fluxes of pro-oxidant species. This production begins locally, close to the sites of tissue damage or infection, but eventually becomes a chronic challenge for the organism, if the inflammatory response is not properly controlled. In this review, we focus on this specific aspect of chronic, low-level sub-clinical inflammatory response. We propose the term "OxInflammation" as a novel operative term describing a permanent pro-oxidative feature that interact, in a positive feed-back manner, to a not yet clinically detectable inflammatory process, leading in a long run (chronically) to a systemic/local damage, as a consequence of the cross talk between inflammatory, and oxidative stress mediators. Therefore, it could be useful to analyze inflammatory markers in pathologies where there is an alteration of the redox homeostasis, although an inflammatory status is not clinically evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Virgili
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Food and Nutrition Research Centre (C.R.E.A.-AN), Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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Cervellati C, Trentini A, Bosi C, Valacchi G, Morieri ML, Zurlo A, Brombo G, Passaro A, Zuliani G. Low-grade systemic inflammation is associated with functional disability in elderly people affected by dementia. GeroScience 2018; 40:61-69. [PMID: 29428983 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-018-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The decline in basic and instrumental activities of daily living (BADLs and IADLs, respectively) is a well-established clinical hallmark of dementia. Growing evidence has shown that systemic subclinical inflammation may be related to functional impairment. We evaluated the possible association between low-grade systemic inflammation and functional disability in older individuals affected by dementia. We explored the association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and BADLs/IADLs in older individuals affected by late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD; n 110), "mixed" dementia (n 135), or mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n 258), and compared them with 75 normal Controls. Independent of age, gender, comorbidity, and other potential confounders, higher hs-CRP was significantly associated with poorer BADLs (loss ≥ 1 function) in people with LOAD (odds ratio [OR] 3.14, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-7.33) and mixed dementia (OR 2.48, 95%CI 1.12-5.55), but not in those with MCI (OR 1.38, 95%CI 0.83-2.45) or Controls (OR 2.98, 95%CI 0.54-10.10). No association emerged between hs-CRP and IADLs in any of the sub-group. Our data suggest that systemic low-grade inflammation may contribute to functional disability in older patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Cristina Bosi
- Geriatrics Operative Unit, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Animal Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, NC State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Mario Luca Morieri
- Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Amedeo Zurlo
- Geriatrics Operative Unit, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gloria Brombo
- Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
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Lactonase Activity and Lipoprotein-Phospholipase A 2 as Possible Novel Serum Biomarkers for the Differential Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Rett Syndrome: Results from a Pilot Study. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5694058. [PMID: 29317982 PMCID: PMC5727786 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5694058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are not merely expression of brain dysfunction but also reflect the perturbation of physiological/metabolic homeostasis. Accordingly, both disorders appear to be associated with increased vulnerability to toxicants produced by redox imbalance, inflammation, and pollution, and impairment of systemic-detoxifying agents could play a role in the exacerbation of these detrimental processes. To check this hypothesis, the activities of two mechanistically related blood-based enzymes, paraoxonase-1 (arylesterase, paraoxonase, and lactonase), and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) were measured in the serum of 79 ASD and 95 RTT patients, and 77 controls. Lactonase and Lp-PLA2 showed a similar trend characterized by significantly lower levels of both activities in ASD compared to controls and RTT (p < 0.001 for all pairwise comparisons). Noteworthy, receiving operator curve (ROC) analysis revealed that lactonase and, mostly, Lp-PLA2 were able to discriminate between ASD and controls (lactonase: area under curve, AUC = 0.660; Lp-PLA2, AUC = 0.780), and, considering only females, between ASD and RTT (lactonase, AUC = 0.714; Lp-PLA2, AUC = 0.881). These results suggest that lactonase and, especially, Lp-PLA2 activities might represent novel candidate biomarkers for ASD.
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Cervellati C, Bonaccorsi G, Trentini A, Valacchi G, Sanz JM, Squerzanti M, Spagnolo M, Massari L, Crivellari I, Greco P, Parladori R, Passaro A, Ricci G. Paraoxonase, arylesterase and lactonase activities of paraoxonase-1 (PON1) in obese and severely obese women. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2017; 78:18-24. [PMID: 29168398 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2017.1405274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is independently associated with disturbances in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, oxidative stress, and is a well-established independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Human paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a pleotropic high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties that have been suggested to contribute to the athero-protective function of the lipoprotein. The aim of this study was to investigate whether obesity is associated with PON1 activity and whether this association is influenced by oxidative stress, inflammation and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration. The promiscuous activities, arylesterase and paraoxonase, and the putative physiological activity, lactonase, of PON1 were assessed in the serum of 214 obese and severely obese, 101 overweight and 129 normal-weight women. Levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), hydroperoxides (by-products of lipid oxidative damage) and lipid profiles were also evaluated. Arylesterase activity was the only activity that significantly differed across the groups (ANOVA, p < .01), with the greatest decrease observed in individuals with body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m2 compared to controls (p < .001). This activity was also inversely, although weakly (r = -0.160, p < .001) correlated with the BMI, and the association was independent of age and levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, but not of HDL-C concentration. In conclusion, our results suggest that the apparent obesity-associated decrement of PON1 activity might simply reflect the decrease in concentration of its plasmatic carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervellati
- a Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Gloria Bonaccorsi
- b Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Menopause and Osteoporosis Centre , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy.,c Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- a Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- d Department Life Sciences and Biotechnology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy.,e Department of Animal Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus , NC State University , Kannapolis , NC , USA
| | - Juana M Sanz
- f Department of Medical Science, Section of Internal Medicine, Gerontology and Geriatrics , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Monica Squerzanti
- a Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Manuela Spagnolo
- a Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Leo Massari
- b Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Menopause and Osteoporosis Centre , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Ilaria Crivellari
- a Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Pantaleo Greco
- b Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Menopause and Osteoporosis Centre , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy.,c Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Roberta Parladori
- g Department of Medical Sciences, Postgraduate School of Digestive Diseases , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- f Department of Medical Science, Section of Internal Medicine, Gerontology and Geriatrics , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Giorgio Ricci
- g Department of Medical Sciences, Postgraduate School of Digestive Diseases , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
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Boyce G, Button E, Soo S, Wellington C. The pleiotropic vasoprotective functions of high density lipoproteins (HDL). J Biomed Res 2017; 32:164. [PMID: 28550271 PMCID: PMC6265396 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic functions of circulating high density lipoprotein (HDL) on peripheral vascular health are well established. HDL plays a pivotal role in reverse cholesterol transport and is also known to suppress inflammation, endothelial activation and apoptosis in peripheral vessels. Although not expressed in the central nervous system, HDL has nevertheless emerged as a potential resilience factor for dementia in multiple epidemiological studies. Animal model data specifically support a role for HDL in attenuating the accumulation of β-amyloid within cerebral vessels concomitant with reduced neuroinflammation and improved cognitive performance. As the vascular contributions to dementia are increasingly appreciated, this review seeks to summarize recent literature focused on the vasoprotective properties of HDL that may extend to cerebral vessels, discuss potential roles of HDL in dementia relative to brain-derived lipoproteins, identify gaps in current knowledge, and highlight new opportunities for research and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilaine Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Emily Button
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sonja Soo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cheryl Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Pecorelli A, Cervellati C, Hayek J, Valacchi G. OxInflammation in Rett syndrome. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:246-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abdel-Salam OME, Youness ER, Khadrawy YA, Sleem AA. Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and paraoxonase 1 activities in rats treated with cannabis, tramadol or both. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:1089-1094. [PMID: 27890370 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Cannabis sativa resin and/or tramadol, two commonly drugs of abuse on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities as a possible cholinergic biomarkers of neurotoxicity induced by these agents. METHODS Rats were treated with cannabis resin (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) (equivalent to the active constituent Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol), tramadol (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) or tramadol (10 mg/kg) combined with cannabis resin (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) subcutaneously daily for 6 weeks. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities were measured in brain and serum. We also measured the activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON1) in serum of rats treated with these agents. RESULTS (i) AChE activity in brain increased after 10-20 mg/kg cannabis resin (by 16.3-36.5%). AChE activity in brain did not change after treatment with 5-20 mg/kg tramadol. The administration of both cannabis resin (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) and tramadol (10 mg/kg) resulted in decreased brain AChE activity by 14.1%, 12.9% and 13.6%, respectively; (ii) BChE activity in serum was markedly and dose-dependently inhibited by cannabis resin (by 60.9-76.9%). BChE activity also decreased by 17.6-36.5% by 10-20 mg/kg tramadol and by 57.2-63.9% by the cannabis resin/tramadol combined treatment; (iii) Cannabis resin at doses of 20 mg/kg increased serum PON1 activity by 25.7%. In contrast, tramadol given at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in serum PON1 activity by 19%, 36.7%, and 46.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, treatment with cannabis resin plus tramadol resulted in 40.2%, 35.8%, 30.7% inhibition of PON1 activity compared to the saline group. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that cannabis resin exerts different effects on AChE and BChE activities which could contribute to the memory problems and the decline in cognitive function in chronic users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman R Youness
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Amany A Sleem
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Decreased arylesterase activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) might be a common denominator of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:356-363. [PMID: 27312742 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-bound paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is mechanistically related to oxidative stress, inflammation and atherosclerosis and this multirole nature positions the enzyme as potential pathogenic player and candidate biomarker for many diseases. Our previous work suggests that decline in serum PON-1 activities, i.e. arylesterase and paraoxonase, might be associated with the occurrence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) or vascular dementia (VAD). The present study aimed to: (1) expand our previous findings in a larger and different population, including patients with LOAD-VAD mixed dementia (MD); (2) explore a possible association between PON-1 and multiple sclerosis (MS); (3) evaluate if cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of PON-1 activities might be useful biomarkers for MS. We found that serum arylesterase, but not paraoxonase, levels of PON-1 were significantly lower in patients affected by MCI (n=232), VAD (n=65), LOAD (n=175), MD (n=88) as well as those with MS (n=104) as compared to healthy controls. Notably, the most pronounced decline in this activity was shown by MD (-18%, p<0.01) and MS (-23%, p<0.001), while the lowest changes were detected in the MCI group (11%, p<0.05). Only arylesterase was detectable in the CSF of MS patients and the levels were not significantly different from those detected in the other two neurological control groups. Overall our data suggest that a depressed arylesterase activity could be a common denominator of different neurological diseases which, independently of their peculiar ethiopathogenesis and pathophysiology, appear to be all characterized by an altered systemic redox balance.
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Association between alcohol consumption and serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities: a cross-sectional study within the Bavarian population. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:730-6. [PMID: 26769660 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515004985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High alcohol consumption is an important risk factor for chronic disease and liver degeneration. Paraoxonase (PON1) and arylesterase (AE) are functions of the enzyme paraoxonase, which is synthesised by the liver. Paraoxonase circulates in plasma bound to HDL and hydrolyses lipid peroxides, protecting lipoproteins against oxidative modification. It has been shown that excessive alcohol consumption leads to a reduction of serum PON1 and AE activities; however, studies investigating the association with low and moderate alcohol consumption are scarce. We investigated the cross-sectional association between alcohol consumption and serum activities of PON1 and AE using data from the population-based Bavarian Food Consumption Survey II survey. PON1 and AE activities were quantified in serum samples of 566 male and female study participants (aged 18-80 years), and dietary intake including alcohol consumption was estimated from three 24-h dietary recalls. The association between alcohol consumption and PON1 and AE activities was analysed using linear regression, adjusted for age, sex and socio-economic status. There was no strong association between alcohol consumption and enzymatic activities of PON1 and AE in the Bavarian population. PON1 activity was seen to be lowest in non-drinkers (0 g/d) and highest in people who consumed 15·1-30 g of alcohol/d. AE activity increased across alcohol consumption categories, with a mean maximum difference of 14 U/ml (P for linear trend 0·04). These associations were attenuated after adjustment for blood concentrations of HDL. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that alcohol consumption is related to important alterations in PON1 and AE activities.
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