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Understanding the key functions of Myosins in viral infection. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:597-607. [PMID: 35212367 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myosins, a class of actin-based motor proteins existing in almost any organism, are originally considered only involved in driving muscle contraction, reshaping actin cytoskeleton, and anchoring or transporting cargoes, including protein complexes, organelles, vesicles. However, accumulating evidence reveals that myosins also play vital roles in viral infection, depending on viral species and infection stages. This review systemically summarizes the described various myosins, the performed functions, and the involved mechanisms or molecular pathways during viral infection. Meanwhile, the existing issues are also discussed. Additionally, the important technologies or agents, including siRNA, gene editing, and myosin inhibitors, would facilitate dissecting the actions and mechanisms for described and undescribed myosins, which could be adopted to prevent or control viral infection are also characterized.
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Xu Y, Liu S, Zhu L, Dai L, Qian W, Zhang J, Li X, Pan W. Green tea protects against hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in diabetic encephalopathy by inhibiting JNK/MLCK signaling. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:575. [PMID: 34132368 PMCID: PMC8223107 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is a major late complication of diabetes, the pathophysiology of postural instability in DE remains poorly understood. Prior studies have suggested that neuronal apoptosis is closely associated with cognitive function, but the mechanism remains to be elucidated. Green tea, which is a non-fermented tea, contains a number of tea polyphenols, alkaloids, amino acids, polysaccharides and other components. Some studies have found that drinking green tea can reduce the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases and improve cognitive dysfunction. We previously found that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) regulates apoptosis in high glucose-induced hippocampal neurons. In neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, activation of the JNK signaling pathway promotes neuronal apoptosis. However, the relationship between JNK and MLCK remains to be elucidated. Green tea serum was obtained using seropharmacological methods and applied to hippocampal neurons. In addition, a type 1 diabetes rat model was established and green tea extract was administered, and the Morris water maze test, Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, flow cytometry, western blotting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling assays were used to examine the effects of green tea on hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in diabetic rats. The results demonstrated that green tea can protect against hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting the JNK/MLCK pathway and ultimately improves cognitive function in diabetic rats. The present study provided novel insights into the neuroprotective effects of green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Xu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Shengju Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Liying Zhu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Longguang Dai
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Wen Qian
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Jingzhi Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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The Relevance of Amyloid β-Calmodulin Complexation in Neurons and Brain Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094976. [PMID: 34067061 PMCID: PMC8125740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal amyloid β (Aβ) oligomer accumulation precedes the appearance of amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles and is neurotoxic. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-affected brains, intraneuronal Aβ oligomers can derive from Aβ peptide production within the neuron and, also, from vicinal neurons or reactive glial cells. Calcium homeostasis dysregulation and neuronal excitability alterations are widely accepted to play a key role in Aβ neurotoxicity in AD. However, the identification of primary Aβ-target proteins, in which functional impairment initiating cytosolic calcium homeostasis dysregulation and the critical point of no return are still pending issues. The micromolar concentration of calmodulin (CaM) in neurons and its high affinity for neurotoxic Aβ peptides (dissociation constant ≈ 1 nM) highlight a novel function of CaM, i.e., the buffering of free Aβ concentrations in the low nanomolar range. In turn, the concentration of Aβ-CaM complexes within neurons will increase as a function of time after the induction of Aβ production, and free Aβ will rise sharply when accumulated Aβ exceeds all available CaM. Thus, Aβ-CaM complexation could also play a major role in neuronal calcium signaling mediated by calmodulin-binding proteins by Aβ; a point that has been overlooked until now. In this review, we address the implications of Aβ-CaM complexation in the formation of neurotoxic Aβ oligomers, in the alteration of intracellular calcium homeostasis induced by Aβ, and of dysregulation of the calcium-dependent neuronal activity and excitability induced by Aβ.
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Calmodulin Bidirectionally Regulates Evoked and Spontaneous Neurotransmitter Release at Retinal Ribbon Synapses. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0257-20.2020. [PMID: 33293457 PMCID: PMC7808332 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0257-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, a role for the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin (CaM) in Ca2+-dependent presynaptic modulation of synaptic transmission has been recognized. Here, we investigated the influence of CaM on evoked and spontaneous neurotransmission at rod bipolar (RB) cell→AII amacrine cell synapses in the mouse retina. Our work was motivated by the observations that expression of CaM in RB axon terminals is extremely high and that [Ca2+] in RB terminals normally rises sufficiently to saturate endogenous buffers, making tonic CaM activation likely. Taking advantage of a model in which RBs can be stimulated by expressed channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) to avoid dialysis of the presynaptic terminal, we found that inhibition of CaM dramatically decreased evoked release by inhibition of presynaptic Ca channels while at the same time potentiating both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent spontaneous release. Remarkably, inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), but not other CaM-dependent targets, mimicked the effects of CaM inhibition on evoked and spontaneous release. Importantly, initial antagonism of CaM occluded the effect of subsequent inhibition of MLCK on spontaneous release. We conclude that CaM, by acting through MLCK, bidirectionally regulates evoked and spontaneous release at retinal ribbon synapses.
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Kim SM, Cho SY, Kim MW, Roh SR, Shin HS, Suh YH, Geum D, Lee MA. Genome-Wide Analysis Identifies NURR1-Controlled Network of New Synapse Formation and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Neural Stem Cells. Mol Cells 2020; 43:551-571. [PMID: 32522891 PMCID: PMC7332357 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr1) protein has been identified as an obligatory transcription factor in midbrain dopaminergic neurogenesis, but the global set of human NURR1 target genes remains unexplored. Here, we identified direct gene targets of NURR1 by analyzing genome-wide differential expression of NURR1 together with NURR1 consensus sites in three human neural stem cell (hNSC) lines. Microarray data were validated by quantitative PCR in hNSCs and mouse embryonic brains and through comparison to published human data, including genome-wide association study hits and the BioGPS gene expression atlas. Our analysis identified ~40 NURR1 direct target genes, many of them involved in essential protein modules such as synapse formation, neuronal cell migration during brain development, and cell cycle progression and DNA replication. Specifically, expression of genes related to synapse formation and neuronal cell migration correlated tightly with NURR1 expression, whereas cell cycle progression correlated negatively with it, precisely recapitulating midbrain dopaminergic development. Overall, this systematic examination of NURR1-controlled regulatory networks provides important insights into this protein's biological functions in dopamine-based neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Min Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 6499, Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Min Woong Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 6499, Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Seung Ryul Roh
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 6499, Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hee Sun Shin
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 6499, Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Young Ho Suh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Dongho Geum
- Department of Medical Science, Korea University Medical School, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Myung Ae Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 6499, Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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Protein Kinase C and Calmodulin Serve As Calcium Sensors for Calcium-Stimulated Endocytosis at Synapses. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9478-9490. [PMID: 31628181 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0182-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium influx triggers and facilitates endocytosis, which recycles vesicles and thus sustains synaptic transmission. Despite decades of studies, the underlying calcium sensor remained not well understood. Here, we examined two calcium binding proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) and calmodulin. Whether PKC is involved in endocytosis was unclear; whether calmodulin acts as a calcium sensor for endocytosis was neither clear, although calmodulin involvement in endocytosis had been suggested. We generated PKC (α or β-isoform) and calmodulin (calmodulin 2 gene) knock-out mice of either sex and measured endocytosis with capacitance measurements, pHluorin imaging and electron microscopy. We found that these knock-outs inhibited slow (∼10-30 s) and rapid (<∼3 s) endocytosis at large calyx-type calyces, and inhibited slow endocytosis and bulk endocytosis (forming large endosome-like structures) at small conventional hippocampal synapses, suggesting the involvement of PKC and calmodulin in three most common forms of endocytosis-the slow, rapid and bulk endocytosis. Inhibition of slow endocytosis in PKC or calmodulin 2 knock-out hippocampal synapses was rescued by overexpressing wild-type PKC or calmodulin, but not calcium-binding-deficient PKC or calmodulin mutant, respectively, suggesting that calcium stimulates endocytosis by binding with its calcium sensor PKC and calmodulin. PKC and calmodulin 2 knock-out inhibited calcium-dependent vesicle mobilization to the readily releasable pool, suggesting that PKC and calmodulin may mediate calcium-dependent facilitation of vesicle mobilization. These findings shed light on the molecular signaling link among calcium, endocytosis and vesicle mobilization that are crucial in maintaining synaptic transmission and neuronal network activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Vesicle fusion releases neurotransmitters to mediate synaptic transmission. To sustain synaptic transmission, fused vesicles must be retrieved via endocytosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that calcium influx triggers synaptic vesicle endocytosis. However, how calcium triggers endocytosis is not well understood. Using genetic tools together with capacitance measurements, optical imaging and electron microscopy, we identified two calcium sensors, including protein kinase C (α and β isoforms) and calmodulin, for the most commonly observed forms of endocytosis: slow, rapid, and bulk. We also found that these two proteins are involved in calcium-dependent vesicle mobilization to the readily releasable pool. These results provide the molecular signaling link among calcium, endocytosis, and vesicle mobilization that are essential in sustaining synaptic transmission and neuronal network activity.
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Zhu L, Li C, Du G, Pan M, Liu G, Pan W, Li X. High glucose upregulates myosin light chain kinase to induce microfilament cytoskeleton rearrangement in hippocampal neurons. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:216-222. [PMID: 29749555 PMCID: PMC6059672 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia leads to myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) upregulation and induces neuronal damage. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of neuronal damage in hyperglycemia has not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, hippocampal neuronal cells were cultured and treated with a high glucose concentration (45 mmol/l). The results demonstrated that high glucose induced shrinking of the synapses, nuclear shape irregularity and microfilament damage. Filamentous actin (F‑actin) filaments were rearranged, cell apoptosis rate was increased and the protein expression of MLCK and phosphorylated (p)‑MLC was upregulated. The MLCK inhibitor ML‑7 largely reversed the alterations in the microfilament cytoskeleton, inhibited F‑actin depolymerization, reduced apoptosis and downregulated MLCK and p‑MLC protein expression. Overall, these results indicated that high glucose upregulated MLCK to promote F‑actin depolymerization, which induced microfilament cytoskeleton rearrangement in hippocampal neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Guiqin Du
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Meixiu Pan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Guoqi Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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Real-Hohn A, Provance DW, Gonçalves RB, Denani CB, de Oliveira AC, Salerno VP, Oliveira Gomes AM. Impairing the function of MLCK, myosin Va or myosin Vb disrupts Rhinovirus B14 replication. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17153. [PMID: 29215055 PMCID: PMC5719429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Together, the three human rhinovirus (RV) species are the most frequent cause of the common cold. Because of their high similarity with other viral species of the genus Enterovirus, within the large family Picornaviridae, studies on RV infectious activities often offer a less pathogenic model for more aggressive enteroviruses, e.g. poliovirus or EV71. Picornaviruses enter via receptor mediated endocytosis and replicate in the cytosol. Most of them depend on functional F-actin, Rab proteins, and probably motor proteins. To assess the latter, we evaluated the role of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and two myosin V isoforms (Va and Vb) in RV-B14 infection. We report that ML-9, a very specific MLCK inhibitor, dramatically reduced RV-B14 entry. We also demonstrate that RV-B14 infection in cells expressing dominant-negative forms of myosin Va and Vb was impaired after virus entry. Using immunofluorescent localization and immunoprecipitation, we show that myosin Va co-localized with RV-B14 exclusively after viral entry (15 min post infection) and that myosin Vb was present in the clusters of newly synthesized RNA in infected cells. These clusters, observed at 180 min post infection, are reminiscent of replication sites. Taken together, these results identify myosin light chain kinase, myosin Va and myosin Vb as new players in RV-B14 infection that participate directly or indirectly in different stages of the viral cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Real-Hohn
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Biociências da Atividade Física, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal Rio do Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - D William Provance
- Center for Technological Development in Health, National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Braga Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caio Bidueira Denani
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cheble de Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Verônica P Salerno
- Departamento de Biociências da Atividade Física, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal Rio do Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andre Marco Oliveira Gomes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Bertone NI, Groisman AI, Mazzone GL, Cano R, Tabares L, Uchitel OD. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide shifts synaptic vesicle recycling to a fast mode at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Synapse 2017; 71. [PMID: 28873252 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Acetazolamide (AZ), a molecule frequently used to treat different neurological syndromes, is an inhibitor of the carbonic anhydrase (CA), an enzyme that regulates pH inside and outside cells. We combined fluorescent FM styryl dyes and electrophysiological techniques at ex vivo levator auris longus neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) from mice to investigate the modulation of synaptic transmission and vesicle recycling by AZ. Transmitter release was minimally affected by AZ, as evidenced by evoked and spontaneous end-plate potential measurements. However, optical evaluation with FM-styryl dyes of vesicle exocytosis elicited by 50 Hz stimuli showed a strong reduction in fluorescence loss in AZ treated NMJ, an effect that was abolished by bathing the NMJ in Hepes. The remaining dye was quenched by bromophenol, a small molecule capable of diffusing inside vesicles. Furthermore, in transgenic mice expressing Synaptophysin-pHluorin (SypHy), the fluorescence responses of motor nerve terminals to a 50 Hz train of stimuli was decrease to a 50% of controls in the presence of AZ. Immunohistochemistry experiments to evaluate the state of the Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), an enzyme involved in vesicle recycling, demonstrated that MLCK phosphorylation was much stronger in the presence than AZ than in its absence in 50 Hz stimulated NMJs. We postulate that AZ, via cytosol acidification and activation of MLCK, shifts synaptic vesicle recycling to a fast (kiss-and-run) mode, which changes synaptic performance. These changes may contribute to the therapeutic action reported in many neurological syndromes like ataxia, epilepsy, and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ivan Bertone
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) and Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Ayelén Ivana Groisman
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) and Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Graciela Lujan Mazzone
- Laboratorios de Investigación aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN)-Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raquel Cano
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville 41009, Spain
| | - Lucia Tabares
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville 41009, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Daniel Uchitel
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) and Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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Xie Z, Long J, Liu J, Chai Z, Kang X, Wang C. Molecular Mechanisms for the Coupling of Endocytosis to Exocytosis in Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:47. [PMID: 28348516 PMCID: PMC5346583 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal communication and brain function mainly depend on the fundamental biological events of neurotransmission, including the exocytosis of presynaptic vesicles (SVs) for neurotransmitter release and the subsequent endocytosis for SV retrieval. Neurotransmitters are released through the Ca2+- and SNARE-dependent fusion of SVs with the presynaptic plasma membrane. Following exocytosis, endocytosis occurs immediately to retrieve SV membrane and fusion machinery for local recycling and thus maintain the homeostasis of synaptic structure and sustained neurotransmission. Apart from the general endocytic machinery, recent studies have also revealed the involvement of SNARE proteins (synaptobrevin, SNAP25 and syntaxin), synaptophysin, Ca2+/calmodulin, and members of the synaptotagmin protein family (Syt1, Syt4, Syt7 and Syt11) in the balance and tight coupling of exo-endocytosis in neurons. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress in understanding how these neuron-specific adaptors coordinate to ensure precise and efficient endocytosis during neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenli Xie
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China; Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China; Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China; Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Zuying Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xinjiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng UniversityLiaocheng, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou, China
| | - Changhe Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China; Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
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Khapchaev AY, Shirinsky VP. Myosin Light Chain Kinase MYLK1: Anatomy, Interactions, Functions, and Regulation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1676-1697. [PMID: 28260490 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791613006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses and summarizes the results of molecular and cellular investigations of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK, MYLK1), the key regulator of cell motility. The structure and regulation of a complex mylk1 gene and the domain organization of its products is presented. The interactions of the mylk1 gene protein products with other proteins and posttranslational modifications of the mylk1 gene protein products are reviewed, which altogether might determine the role and place of MLCK in physiological and pathological reactions of cells and entire organisms. Translational potential of MLCK as a drug target is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Khapchaev
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
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