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Corken AL, Ong V, Kore R, Ghanta SN, Karaduta O, Pathak R, Rose S, Porter C, Jain N. Platelets, inflammation, and purinergic receptors in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2024:S0085-2538(24)00381-8. [PMID: 38821448 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Platelets are anucleated cells that circulate in the bloodstream. Historically, platelets were thought to perform a singular function-stop bleeding via clotting. Although platelets do play a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis, recent studies indicate that platelets also modulate inflammation, and this platelet-induced inflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of various diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Thus, in recent years, our understanding of platelet function has broadened. In this review, we revisit the classic role of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis and describe the newly recognized function of platelets in modulating inflammation. We cover the potential use of purinergic receptor antagonists to prevent platelet-modulated inflammation, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease, and finally, we define key questions that must be addressed to understand how platelet-modulated inflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Corken
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Vincz Ong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Rajshekhar Kore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sai N Ghanta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Oleg Karaduta
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Department of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shannon Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Craig Porter
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nishank Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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2
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Ming LG, Hu DX, Zuo C, Zhang WJ. G protein-coupled P2Y12 receptor is involved in the progression of neuropathic pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114713. [PMID: 37084563 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological mechanism of neuropathic pain is complex, which seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients, and its treatment is also difficult. The role of G protein-coupled P2Y12 receptor in pain has been widely recognized and affirmed. After nerve injury, stimulated cells can release large amounts of nucleotides into the extracellular matrix, act on P2Y12 receptor. Activated P2Y12 receptor activates intracellular signal transduction and is involved in the development of pain. P2Y12 receptor activation can sensitize primary sensory neurons and receive sensory information. By transmitting the integrated information through the dorsal root of the spinal cord to the secondary neurons of the posterior horn of the spinal cord. The integrated information is then transmitted to the higher center through the ascending conduction tract to produce pain. Moreover, activation of P2Y12 receptor can mediate immune cells to release pro-inflammatory factors, increase damage to nerve cells, and aggravate pain. While inhibits the activation of P2Y12 receptor can effectively relieve pain. Therefore, in this article, we described P2Y12 receptor antagonists and their pharmacological properties. In addition, we explored the potential link between P2Y12 receptor and the nervous system, discussed the intrinsic link of P2Y12 receptor and neuropathic pain and as a potential pharmacological target for pain suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Guo Ming
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Dong-Xia Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Cheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China.
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3
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Entsie P, Kang Y, Amoafo EB, Schöneberg T, Liverani E. The Signaling Pathway of the ADP Receptor P2Y 12 in the Immune System: Recent Discoveries and New Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6709. [PMID: 37047682 PMCID: PMC10095349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
P2Y12 is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated upon ADP binding. Considering its well-established role in platelet activation, blocking P2Y12 has been used as a therapeutic strategy for antiplatelet aggregation in cardiovascular disease patients. However, receptor studies have shown that P2Y12 is functionally expressed not only in platelets and the microglia but also in other cells of the immune system, such as in monocytes, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes. As a result, studies were carried out investigating whether therapies targeting P2Y12 could also ameliorate inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, neuroinflammation, cancer, COVID-19, atherosclerosis, and diabetes-associated inflammation in animal models and human subjects. This review reports what is known about the expression of P2Y12 in the cells of the immune system and the effect of P2Y12 activation and/or inhibition in inflammatory conditions. Lastly, we will discuss the major problems and challenges in studying this receptor and provide insights on how they can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philomena Entsie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Ying Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Emmanuel Boadi Amoafo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Liverani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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Chun BJ, Aryal SP, Varughese P, Sun B, Bruno JA, Richards CI, Bachstetter AD, Kekenes-Huskey PM. Purinoreceptors and ectonucleotidases control ATP-induced calcium waveforms and calcium-dependent responses in microglia: Roles of P2 receptors and CD39 in ATP-stimulated microglia. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1037417. [PMID: 36699679 PMCID: PMC9868579 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1037417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its metabolites drive microglia migration and cytokine production by activating P2X- and P2Y- class purinergic receptors. Purinergic receptor activation gives rise to diverse intracellular calcium (Ca2+ signals, or waveforms, that differ in amplitude, duration, and frequency. Whether and how these characteristics of diverse waveforms influence microglia function is not well-established. We developed a computational model trained with data from published primary murine microglia studies. We simulate how purinoreceptors influence Ca2+ signaling and migration, as well as, how purinoreceptor expression modifies these processes. Our simulation confirmed that P2 receptors encode the amplitude and duration of the ATP-induced Ca2+ waveforms. Our simulations also implicate CD39, an ectonucleotidase that rapidly degrades ATP, as a regulator of purinergic receptor-induced Ca2+ responses. Namely, it was necessary to account for CD39 metabolism of ATP to align the model's predicted purinoreceptor responses with published experimental data. In addition, our modeling results indicate that small Ca2+ transients accompany migration, while large and sustained transients are needed for cytokine responses. Lastly, as a proof-of-principal, we predict Ca2+ transients and cell membrane displacements in a BV2 microglia cell line using published P2 receptor mRNA data to illustrate how our computer model may be extrapolated to other microglia subtypes. These findings provide important insights into how differences in purinergic receptor expression influence microglial responses to ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong J. Chun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Byeong J. Chun, ; Peter M. Kekenes-Huskey,
| | - Surya P. Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Peter Varughese
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joshua A. Bruno
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chris I. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Peter M. Kekenes-Huskey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Byeong J. Chun, ; Peter M. Kekenes-Huskey,
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Green TRF, Murphy SM, Ortiz JB, Rowe RK. Age-At-Injury Influences the Glial Response to Traumatic Brain Injury in the Cortex of Male Juvenile Rats. Front Neurol 2022; 12:804139. [PMID: 35111130 PMCID: PMC8802670 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.804139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Few translational studies have examined how age-at-injury affects the glial response to traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that rats injured at post-natal day (PND) 17 would exhibit a greater glial response, that would persist into early adulthood, compared to rats injured at PND35. PND17 and PND35 rats (n = 75) received a mild to moderate midline fluid percussion injury or sham surgery. In three cortical regions [peri-injury, primary somatosensory barrel field (S1BF), perirhinal], we investigated the glial response relative to age-at-injury (PND17 or PND35), time post-injury (2 hours, 1 day, 7 days, 25 days, or 43 days), and post-natal age, such that rats injured at PND17 or PND35 were compared at the same post-natal-age (e.g., PND17 + 25D post-injury = PND42; PND35 + 7D post-injury = PND42). We measured Iba1 positive microglia cells (area, perimeter) and quantified their activation status using skeletal analysis (branch length/cell, mean processes/cell, cell abundance). GFAP expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and pixel analysis. Data were analyzed using Bayesian multivariate multi-level models. Independent of age-at-injury, TBI activated microglia (shorter branches, fewer processes) in the S1BF and perirhinal cortex with more microglia in all regions compared to uninjured shams. TBI-induced microglial activation (shorter branches) was sustained in the S1BF into early adulthood (PND60). Overall, PND17 injured rats had more microglial activation in the perirhinal cortex than PND35 injured rats. Activation was not confounded by age-dependent cell size changes, and microglial cell body sizes were similar between PND17 and PND35 rats. There were no differences in astrocyte GFAP expression. Increased microglial activation in PND17 brain-injured rats suggests that TBI upregulates the glial response at discrete stages of development. Age-at-injury and aging with an injury are translationally important because experiencing a TBI at an early age may trigger an exaggerated glial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha R. F. Green
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Hasan D, Shono A, van Kalken CK, van der Spek PJ, Krenning EP, Kotani T. A novel definition and treatment of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 based on purinergic signalling. Purinergic Signal 2021; 18:13-59. [PMID: 34757513 PMCID: PMC8578920 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinflammation plays an important role in severe and critical COVID-19. Using inconsistent criteria, many researchers define hyperinflammation as a form of very severe inflammation with cytokine storm. Therefore, COVID-19 patients are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs appear to be less efficacious than expected and are sometimes accompanied by serious adverse effects. SARS-CoV-2 promotes cellular ATP release. Increased levels of extracellular ATP activate the purinergic receptors of the immune cells initiating the physiologic pro-inflammatory immune response. Persisting viral infection drives the ATP release even further leading to the activation of the P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs) and a severe yet physiologic inflammation. Disease progression promotes prolonged vigorous activation of the P2X7R causing cell death and uncontrolled ATP release leading to cytokine storm and desensitisation of all other purinergic receptors of the immune cells. This results in immune paralysis with co-infections or secondary infections. We refer to this pathologic condition as hyperinflammation. The readily available and affordable P2X7R antagonist lidocaine can abrogate hyperinflammation and restore the normal immune function. The issue is that the half-maximal effective concentration for P2X7R inhibition of lidocaine is much higher than the maximal tolerable plasma concentration where adverse effects start to develop. To overcome this, we selectively inhibit the P2X7Rs of the immune cells of the lymphatic system inducing clonal expansion of Tregs in local lymph nodes. Subsequently, these Tregs migrate throughout the body exerting anti-inflammatory activities suppressing systemic and (distant) local hyperinflammation. We illustrate this with six critically ill COVID-19 patients treated with lidocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuko Shono
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
| | | | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toru Kotani
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides have widespread functions in responding to physiological stress. The "purinome" encompasses 4 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for adenosine, 8 GPCRs activated by nucleotides, 7 adenosine 5'-triphosphate-gated P2X ion channels, as well as the associated enzymes and transporters that regulate native agonist levels. Purinergic signaling modulators, such as receptor agonists and antagonists, have potential for treating chronic pain. Adenosine and its analogues potently suppress nociception in preclinical models by activating A1 and/or A3 adenosine receptors (ARs), but safely harnessing this pathway to clinically treat pain has not been achieved. Both A2AAR agonists and antagonists are efficacious in pain models. Highly selective A3AR agonists offer a novel approach to treat chronic pain. We have explored the structure activity relationship of nucleoside derivatives at this subtype using a computational structure-based approach. Novel A3AR agonists for pain control containing a bicyclic ring system (bicyclo [3.1.0] hexane) in place of ribose were designed and screened using an in vivo phenotypic model, which reflected both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. High specificity (>10,000-fold selective for A3AR) was achieved with the aid of receptor homology models based on related GPCR structures. These A3AR agonists are well tolerated in vivo and highly efficacious in models of chronic neuropathic pain. Furthermore, signaling molecules acting at P2X3, P2X4, P2X7, and P2Y12Rs play critical roles in maladaptive pain neuroplasticity, and their antagonists reduce chronic or inflammatory pain, and, therefore, purine receptor modulation is a promising approach for future pain therapeutics. Structurally novel antagonists for these nucleotide receptors were discovered recently.
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Lin SS, Tang Y, Illes P, Verkhratsky A. The Safeguarding Microglia: Central Role for P2Y 12 Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:627760. [PMID: 33519493 PMCID: PMC7840491 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.627760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Lin
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- International Collaborative Center on Big Science Plan for Purine Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- International Collaborative Center on Big Science Plan for Purine Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Peter Illes
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- International Collaborative Center on Big Science Plan for Purine Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- International Collaborative Center on Big Science Plan for Purine Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Rachwalak M, Rozniewska M, Golebiewska J, Jakubowski T, Sobkowski M, Romanowska J. A practical synthesis of nucleoside 5′-diphosphates from nucleoside 5′- H-phosphonate monoesters. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1814817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rachwalak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Golebiewska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jakubowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michal Sobkowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Romanowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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10
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Das R, Chinnathambi S. Actin-mediated Microglial Chemotaxis via G-Protein Coupled Purinergic Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 448:325-336. [PMID: 32941933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease mainly associated with aging, oxidative stress and genetic mutations. There are two pathological proteins involved in AD; Amyloid-β peptide and microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT). The β- and γ-secretase enzyme cleaves the Amyloid precursor protein, which results in the formation of extracellular plaques in brain. While, Tau undergoes hyperphosphorylation and other post-translational modifications (PTMs), which eventually generates Tau oligomers, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in neurons. Moreover, the brain-resident glia and infiltrated macrophages elevate the level of CNS inflammation, which trigger the oxidative damage of neuronal circuits by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nitric oxide (NO). Microglia is the primary immune cell in the CNS, which is continuously surveilling the neuronal synapses and pathogen invasion. Microglia in the resting state is called 'Ramified', which possess long surveilling extensions with a small cell body. But, upon activation, microglia retracts the cellular extensions and transform into round migratory cells, called as 'Amoeboid' state. Activated microglia undergoes actin remodeling by forming lamellipodia and filopodia, which directs the migratory axis while podosomes formed are involved in extracellular matrix degradation for invasion. Protein-aggregates in malfunctioning synapses and in CNS milieu can be detected by microglia, which results in its activation and migration. Subsequently, the phagocytosis of synapses leads to the inflammatory burst and memory loss. The extracellular nucleotides released from damaged neurons and the cytokine-chemokine gradients allow the neighboring microglia and macrophages to migrate-infiltrate at the site of neuronal-damage. The ionotropic (P2XR) and metabotropic (P2YR) purinergic receptor recognize extracellular ATP/ADP, which propagates through the intracellular calcium signaling, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and inflammation. The P2Y receptors give 'find me' or 'eat me' signals to microglia to either migrate or phagocytose cellular debris. Further, the actin cytoskeleton helps microglia to mediate directed chemotaxis and neuronal repair during neurodegeneration. Hence, we aim to emphasize the connection between purinergic signaling and actin-driven mechanical movements of microglia for migration and inflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India.
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11
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Maas SLN, Abels ER, Van De Haar LL, Zhang X, Morsett L, Sil S, Guedes J, Sen P, Prabhakar S, Hickman SE, Lai CP, Ting DT, Breakefield XO, Broekman MLD, El Khoury J. Glioblastoma hijacks microglial gene expression to support tumor growth. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:120. [PMID: 32299465 PMCID: PMC7164149 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastomas are the most common and lethal primary brain tumors. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, survey their environment and respond to pathogens, toxins, and tumors. Glioblastoma cells communicate with microglia, in part by releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs). Despite the presence of large numbers of microglia in glioblastoma, the tumors continue to grow, and these neuroimmune cells appear incapable of keeping the tumor in check. To understand this process, we analyzed gene expression in microglia interacting with glioblastoma cells. METHODS We used RNASeq of isolated microglia to analyze the expression patterns of genes involved in key microglial functions in mice with glioblastoma. We focused on microglia that had taken up tumor-derived EVs and therefore were within and immediately adjacent to the tumor. RESULTS We show that these microglia have downregulated expression of genes involved in sensing tumor cells and tumor-derived danger signals, as well as genes used for tumor killing. In contrast, expression of genes involved in facilitating tumor spread was upregulated. These changes appear to be in part EV-mediated, since intracranial injection of EVs in normal mice led to similar transcriptional changes in microglia. We observed a similar microglial transcriptomic signature when we analyzed datasets from human patients with glioblastoma. CONCLUSION Our data define a microgliaGlioblastoma specific phenotype, whereby glioblastomas have hijacked gene expression in the neuroimmune system to favor avoiding tumor sensing, suppressing the immune response, clearing a path for invasion, and enhancing tumor propagation. For further exploration, we developed an interactive online tool at http://www.glioma-microglia.com with all expression data and additional functional and pathway information for each gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren L N Maas
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik R Abels
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Lieke L Van De Haar
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Liza Morsett
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Srinjoy Sil
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Joana Guedes
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pritha Sen
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Shilpa Prabhakar
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Suzanne E Hickman
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Charles P Lai
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences/Academia Sinica, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David T Ting
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Marike L D Broekman
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, 2512 VA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
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12
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ADP secreted by dying melanoma cells mediates chemotaxis and chemokine secretion of macrophages via the purinergic receptor P2Y12. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:760. [PMID: 31591378 PMCID: PMC6779894 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma immunotherapy is still not satisfactory due to immunosuppressive cell populations within the tumor stroma. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) can help to restore an anti-tumor immunity. Previously, we could show that classical TAM markers expressed in vivo need a 7 day M-CSF/dexamethasone/IL-4 (MDI) stimulation for their induction in peripheral blood monocytes (pBM) in vitro. To identify possible novel therapeutic targets on TAM, gene expression analysis of MDI-treated pBM was performed. This identified up-regulation of the purinergic G-protein coupled receptor P2Y12, the therapeutic target of the clinically approved anti-thrombotic drugs cangrelor, clopidogrel, ticagrelor, and prasugrel. We generated a peptide antibody and validated its specificity using transgenic P2Y12+ U937 cells. With the help of this antibody, P2Y12 expression was confirmed on CD68+ CD163+ TAM of melanoma in situ. Functional analysis revealed that treatment of transgenic P2Y12+ U937 cells with the receptor agonist 2-MeSADP induced ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation and increased the secretion of the chemokines CXCL2, CXCL7, and CXCL8. These effects could be abolished with the P2Y12 antagonist PSB0739 or with Akt and ERK inhibitors. In addition, P2Y12+ macrophages migrated towards the ADP-rich culture medium of puromycin-treated dying B16F1 melanoma cells. Cangrelor treatment blocked migration. Taken together, our results indicate that P2Y12 is an important chemotaxis receptor, which triggers migration of macrophages towards nucleotide-rich, necrotic tumor areas, and modulates the inflammatory environment upon ADP binding.
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Younger D, Murugan M, Rama Rao KV, Wu LJ, Chandra N. Microglia Receptors in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:5202-5228. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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von Kügelgen I. Structure, Pharmacology and Roles in Physiology of the P2Y 12 Receptor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1051:123-138. [PMID: 28921447 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. The platelet ADP-receptor which has been denominated P2Y12 receptor is an important target in pharmacotherapy. The receptor couples to Gαi2 mediating an inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation and additional downstream events including the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and Rap1b proteins. The nucleoside analogue ticagrelor and active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel block P2Y12 receptors and, thereby, inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation. These drugs are used for the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular events such as acute coronary syndromes or stroke. The recently published three-dimensional crystal structures of the human P2Y12 receptor in complex with agonists and antagonists will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic agents with reduced adverse effects. P2Y12 receptors are also expressed on vascular smooth muscle cells and may be involved in the pathophysiology of atherogenesis. P2Y12 receptors on microglial cells operate as sensors for adenine nucleotides released during brain injury. A recent study indicated the involvement of microglial P2Y12 receptors in the activity-dependent neuronal plasticity. Interestingly, there is evidence for changes in P2Y12 receptor expression in CNS pathologies including Alzheimer's diseases and multiple sclerosis. P2Y12 receptors may also be involved in systemic immune modulating responses and the susceptibility to develop bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany.
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Hasan D, Blankman P, Nieman GF. Purinergic signalling links mechanical breath profile and alveolar mechanics with the pro-inflammatory innate immune response causing ventilation-induced lung injury. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:363-386. [PMID: 28547381 PMCID: PMC5563293 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe pulmonary infection or vigorous cyclic deformation of the alveolar epithelial type I (AT I) cells by mechanical ventilation leads to massive extracellular ATP release. High levels of extracellular ATP saturate the ATP hydrolysis enzymes CD39 and CD73 resulting in persistent high ATP levels despite the conversion to adenosine. Above a certain level, extracellular ATP molecules act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activate the pro-inflammatory response of the innate immunity through purinergic receptors on the surface of the immune cells. This results in lung tissue inflammation, capillary leakage, interstitial and alveolar oedema and lung injury reducing the production of surfactant by the damaged AT II cells and deactivating the surfactant function by the concomitant extravasated serum proteins through capillary leakage followed by a substantial increase in alveolar surface tension and alveolar collapse. The resulting inhomogeneous ventilation of the lungs is an important mechanism in the development of ventilation-induced lung injury. The high levels of extracellular ATP and the upregulation of ecto-enzymes and soluble enzymes that hydrolyse ATP to adenosine (CD39 and CD73) increase the extracellular adenosine levels that inhibit the innate and adaptive immune responses rendering the host susceptible to infection by invading microorganisms. Moreover, high levels of extracellular adenosine increase the expression, the production and the activation of pro-fibrotic proteins (such as TGF-β, α-SMA, etc.) followed by the establishment of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djo Hasan
- Department of Adult ICU, University Hospital Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230 3015 CE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Paul Blankman
- Department of Adult ICU, University Hospital Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230 3015 CE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gary F Nieman
- Department of Surgery, Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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