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Lachmansingh DA, Lavelle A, Cryan JF, Clarke G. Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Antidepressant Treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37962812 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of depressive disorders, conventional antidepressant therapy has been the mainstay of clinical management, along with well-established nonpharmacological interventions such as various kinds of psychotherapy. Over the last 2 decades, there has been considerable interest in the role of the gastrointestinal system and its microbiota on brain function, behavior, and mental health. Components of what is referred to as the microbiota-gut-brain axis have been uncovered, and further research has elicited functional capabilities such as "gut-brain modules." Some studies have found associations with compositional alterations of gut microbiota in patients with depressive disorders and individuals experiencing symptoms of depression. Regarding the pathogenesis and neurobiology of depression itself, there appears to be a multifactorial contribution, in addition to the theories involving deficits in catecholaminergic and monoamine neurotransmission. Interestingly, there is evidence to suggest that antidepressants may play a role in modulating the gut microbiota, thereby possibly having an impact on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in this manner. The development of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics has led to studies investigating not only their impact on the microbiota but also their therapeutic value in mental health. These psychobiotics have the potential to be used as therapeutic adjuncts in the treatment of depression. Regarding future directions, and in an attempt to further understand the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in depression, more studies such as those involving fecal microbiota transplantation will be required. In addition to recent findings, it is also suggested that more research will have to be undertaken to elicit whether specific strains of gut organisms are linked to depression. In terms of further investigation of the therapeutic potential of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics as adjuncts to antidepressant treatment, we also expect there to be more research targeting specific microorganisms, as well as a strong focus on the effects of specific prebiotic fibers from an individualized (personalized) point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Antoine Lachmansingh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aonghus Lavelle
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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2
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Sivcev S, Kudova E, Zemkova H. Neurosteroids as positive and negative allosteric modulators of ligand-gated ion channels: P2X receptor perspective. Neuropharmacology 2023; 234:109542. [PMID: 37040816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are steroids synthesized de novo in the brain from cholesterol in an independent manner from peripheral steroid sources. The term "neuroactive steroid" includes all steroids independent of their origin, and newly synthesized analogs of neurosteroids that modify neuronal activities. In vivo application of neuroactive steroids induces potent anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic and amnesic effects, mainly through interaction with the γ-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor (GABAAR). However, neuroactive steroids also act as positive or negative allosteric regulators on several ligand-gated channels including N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and ATP-gated purinergic P2X receptors. Seven different P2X subunits (P2X1-7) can assemble to form homotrimeric or heterotrimeric ion channels permeable for monovalent cations and calcium. Among them, P2X2, P2X4, and P2X7 are the most abundant within the brain and can be regulated by neurosteroids. Transmembrane domains are necessary for neurosteroid binding, however, no generic motif of amino acids can accurately predict the neurosteroid binding site for any of the ligand-gated ion channels including P2X. Here, we will review what is currently known about the modulation of rat and human P2X by neuroactive steroids and the possible structural determinants underlying neurosteroid-induced potentiation and inhibition of the P2X2 and P2X4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Sivcev
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Zemkova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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3
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Qiao C, Tang Y, Li Q, Zhu X, Peng X, Zhao R. ATP-gated P2X7 receptor as a potential target for prostate cancer. Hum Cell 2022; 35:1346-1354. [PMID: 35657562 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy of the male genitourinary system and is one of the leading causes of male cancer death. The P2X7 receptor is an important member of purine receptor family. It is a gated ion channel with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the ligand, which exists in a variety of immune tissues and cells and can be involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Studies have shown that the P2X7 receptor is abnormally expressed in prostate cancer, and is related to the level of prostate-specific antigen, P2X7 receptor may be an early biomarker of prostate cancer. The P2X7 receptor is essential in the occurrence and development of prostate cancer. The P2X7 receptor mainly affects the invasion and metastasis of prostate cancer cells through epithelial mesenchymal transition/invasion-related genes and the PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. The P2X7 receptor could be a promising therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Qiao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Yiqing Tang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Peng
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Ronglan Zhao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China.
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4
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Maynard JP, Lu J, Vidal I, Hicks J, Mummert L, Ali T, Kempski R, Carter AM, Sosa RY, Peiffer LB, Joshu CE, Lotan TL, De Marzo AM, Sfanos KS. P2X4 purinergic receptors offer a therapeutic target for aggressive prostate cancer. J Pathol 2022; 256:149-163. [PMID: 34652816 PMCID: PMC8738159 DOI: 10.1002/path.5815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men and treatment options for metastatic PCa are limited. There is a critical need to identify new mechanisms that contribute to PCa progression, that distinguish benign from lethal disease, and that have potential for therapeutic targeting. P2X4 belongs to the P2 purinergic receptor family that is commonly upregulated in cancer and is associated with poorer outcomes. We observed P2X4 protein expression primarily in epithelial cells of the prostate, a subset of CD66+ neutrophils, and most CD68+ macrophages. Our analysis of tissue microarrays representing 491 PCa cases demonstrated significantly elevated P2X4 expression in cancer- compared with benign-tissue spots, in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and in PCa with ERG positivity or with PTEN loss. High-level P2X4 expression in benign tissues was likewise associated with the development of metastasis after radical prostatectomy. Treatment with the P2X4-specific agonist cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) increased Transwell migration and invasion of PC3, DU145, and CWR22Rv1 PCa cells. The P2X4 antagonist 5-(3-bromophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzofuro[3,2-e]-1,4-diazepin-2-one (5-BDBD) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in viability of PC3, DU145, LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, TRAMP-C2, Myc-CaP, BMPC1, and BMPC2 cells and decreased DU145 cell migration and invasion. Knockdown of P2X4 attenuated growth, migration, and invasion of PCa cells. Finally, knockdown of P2X4 in Myc-CaP cells resulted in significantly attenuated subcutaneous allograft growth in FVB/NJ mice. Collectively, these data strongly support a role for the P2X4 purinergic receptor in PCa aggressiveness and identify P2X4 as a candidate for therapeutic targeting. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janielle P. Maynard
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Correspondence to: JP Maynard, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 411 N. Caroline Street, Room B302, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Jiayun Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Igor Vidal
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jessica Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Luke Mummert
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tamirat Ali
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ryan Kempski
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ayanna M. Carter
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rebecca Y. Sosa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lauren B. Peiffer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Corinne E. Joshu
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamara L. Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen S. Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Amoafo EB, Entsie P, Albayati S, Dorsam GP, Kunapuli SP, Kilpatrick LE, Liverani E. Sex-related differences in the response of anti-platelet drug therapies targeting purinergic signaling pathways in sepsis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015577. [PMID: 36405709 PMCID: PMC9667743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a complex clinical syndrome resulting from a serious infection, is a major healthcare problem associated with high mortality. Sex-related differences in the immune response to sepsis have been proposed but the mechanism is still unknown. Purinergic signaling is a sex-specific regulatory mechanism in immune cell physiology. Our studies have shown that blocking the ADP-receptor P2Y12 but not P2Y1 receptor was protective in male mice during sepsis, but not female. We now hypothesize that there are sex-related differences in modulating P2Y12 or P2Y1 signaling pathways during sepsis. Male and female wild-type (WT), P2Y12 knock-out (KO), and P2Y1 KO mice underwent sham surgery or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce sepsis. The P2Y12 antagonist ticagrelor or the P2Y1 antagonist MRS2279 were administered intra-peritoneally after surgery to septic male and female mice. Blood, lungs and kidneys were collected 24 hours post-surgery. Sepsis-induced changes in platelet activation, secretion and platelet interaction with immune cells were measured by flow cytometry. Neutrophil infiltration in the lung and kidney was determined by a myeloperoxidase (MPO) colorimetric assay kit. Sepsis-induced platelet activation, secretion and aggregate formation were reduced in male CLP P2Y12 KO and in female CLP P2Y1 KO mice compared with their CLP WT counterpart. Sepsis-induced MPO activity was reduced in male CLP P2Y12 KO and CLP P2Y1 KO female mice. CLP males treated with ticagrelor or MRS2279 showed a decrease in sepsis-induced MPO levels in lung and kidneys, aggregate formation, and platelet activation as compared to untreated male CLP mice. There were no differences in platelet activation, aggregate formation, and neutrophil infiltration in lung and kidney between female CLP mice and female CLP mice treated with ticagrelor or MRS2279. In human T lymphocytes, blocking P2Y1 or P2Y12 alters cell growth and secretion in vitro in a sex-dependent manner, supporting the data obtained in mice. In conclusion, targeting purinergic signaling represents a promising therapy for sepsis but drug targeting purinergic signaling is sex-specific and needs to be investigated to determine sex-related targeted therapies in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Boadi Amoafo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Philomena Entsie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Samara Albayati
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Glenn P Dorsam
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laurie E Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Elisabetta Liverani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.,Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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6
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Dolejší E, Chetverikov N, Szánti-Pintér E, Nelic D, Randáková A, Doležal V, El-Fakahany EE, Kudová E, Jakubík J. Neuroactive steroids, WIN-compounds and cholesterol share a common binding site on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114699. [PMID: 34324870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous neurosteroids and their synthetic analogues-neuroactive steroids-have been found to bind to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and allosterically modulate acetylcholine binding and function. Using radioligand binding experiments we investigated their binding mode. We show that neuroactive steroids bind to two binding sites on muscarinic receptors. Their affinity for the high-affinity binding site is about 100 nM. Their affinity for the low-affinity binding site is about 10 µM. The high-affinity binding occurs at the same site as binding of steroid-based WIN-compounds that is different from the common allosteric binding site for alcuronium or gallamine that is located between the second and third extracellular loop of the receptor. This binding site is also different from the allosteric binding site for the structurally related aminosteroid-based myorelaxants pancuronium and rapacuronium. Membrane cholesterol competes with neurosteroids/neuroactive steroids binding to both high- and low-affinity binding site, indicating that both sites are oriented towards the cell membrane..
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dolejší
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Eszter Szánti-Pintér
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Nelic
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Randáková
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Doležal
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Esam E El-Fakahany
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eva Kudová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Jakubík
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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7
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Illes P, Müller CE, Jacobson KA, Grutter T, Nicke A, Fountain SJ, Kennedy C, Schmalzing G, Jarvis MF, Stojilkovic SS, King BF, Di Virgilio F. Update of P2X receptor properties and their pharmacology: IUPHAR Review 30. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:489-514. [PMID: 33125712 PMCID: PMC8199792 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The known seven mammalian receptor subunits (P2X1–7) form cationic channels gated by ATP. Three subunits compose a receptor channel. Each subunit is a polypeptide consisting of two transmembrane regions (TM1 and TM2), intracellular N- and C-termini, and a bulky extracellular loop. Crystallization allowed the identification of the 3D structure and gating cycle of P2X receptors. The agonist-binding pocket is located at the intersection of two neighbouring subunits. In addition to the mammalian P2X receptors, their primitive ligand-gated counterparts with little structural similarity have also been cloned. Selective agonists for P2X receptor subtypes are not available, but medicinal chemistry supplied a range of subtype-selective antagonists, as well as positive and negative allosteric modulators. Knockout mice and selective antagonists helped to identify pathological functions due to defective P2X receptors, such as male infertility (P2X1), hearing loss (P2X2), pain/cough (P2X3), neuropathic pain (P2X4), inflammatory bone loss (P2X5), and faulty immune reactions (P2X7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Illes
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Grutter
- University of Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CAMB UMR 7199, Strasbourg, France
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Günther Schmalzing
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Stanko S Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, The Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian F King
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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8
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Piyasirananda W, Beekman A, Ganesan A, Bidula S, Stokes L. Insights into the Structure-Activity Relationship of Glycosides as Positive Allosteric Modulators Acting on P2X7 Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 99:163-174. [PMID: 33334897 PMCID: PMC7816042 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 is an important ligand-gated ion channel expressed in multiple immune cell populations. This study aimed to investigate the chemical requirements of triterpenoid glycosides within a new binding pocket to characterize the structure-activity relationship. A set of glycosides were screened for positive modulator activity at human P2X7 using a YO-PRO-1 dye uptake assay in HEK-293 cells stably expressing the wild-type human P2X7 variant (HEK-hP2X7 cells). The highest positive modulator activity was with ginsenoside–compound K (CK), containing a monosaccharide (glucose) attached at carbon-20. Ginsenoside-20(S)-Rg3, containing a disaccharide group (glucose-glucose) at carbon-3, displayed positive modulator activity with a reduced EC50 for ATP and increased maximal response at human P2X7. The epimer 20(R)-Rg3 was inactive. A similar stereo-specific pattern was observed for 20(S)-Rh2. Ginsenoside-F1, highly similar to ginsenoside-CK but containing a single additional hydroxyl group, was also inactive at P2X7. Computational docking suggests hydrophobic residues in the pocket are involved in steric discrimination between triterpenoids, whereas the position and identity of the carbohydrate group are important for positive modulator activity at human P2X7. Ginsenosides containing monosaccharide attachments perform better than di- or trisaccharide glycosides. Additional modifications to the triterpenoid scaffold at carbon-6 are not tolerated. Gypenosides from plant sources other than Panax ginseng (gypenoside XVII, gypenoside XLIX, stevenleaf) can also act as positive allosteric modulators of P2X7. We also investigated the effect of positive allosteric modulators on endogenous P2X7 in THP-1 monocytes and confirmed our findings in a calcium response assay. A cell viability assay showed potentiation of ATP-induced cell death with ginsenoside-CK in THP-1 and HEK-hP2X7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waraporn Piyasirananda
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Beekman
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - A Ganesan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Bidula
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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9
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Sivcev S, Slavikova B, Ivetic M, Knezu M, Kudova E, Zemkova H. Lithocholic acid inhibits P2X2 and potentiates P2X4 receptor channel gating. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 202:105725. [PMID: 32652201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The family of ATP-gated purinergic P2X receptors comprises seven bunits (P2X1-7) that are unevenly distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as other organs. Endogenous modulators of P2X receptors are phospholipids, steroids and neurosteroids. Here, we analyzed whether bile acids, which are natural products derived from cholesterol, affect P2X receptor activity. We examined the effects of primary and secondary bile acids and newly synthesized derivatives of lithocholic acid on agonist-induced responses in HEK293T cells expressing rat P2X2, P2X4 and P2X7 receptors. Electrophysiology revealed that low micromolar concentrations of lithocholic acid and its structural analog 4-dafachronic acid strongly inhibit ATP-stimulated P2X2 but potentiate P2X4 responses, whereas primary bile acids and other secondary bile acids exhibit no or reduced effects only at higher concentrations. Agonist-stimulated P2X7 responses are significantly potentiated by lithocholic acid at moderate concentrations. Structural modifications of lithocholic acid at positions C-3, C-5 or C-17 abolish both inhibitory and potentiation effects to varying degrees, and the 3α-hydroxy group contributes to the ability of the molecule to switch between potentiation and inhibition. Lithocholic acid allosterically modulates P2X2 and P2X4 receptor sensitivity to ATP, reduces the rate of P2X4 receptor desensitization and antagonizes the effect of ivermectin on P2X4 receptor deactivation. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the upper halve of P2X4 transmembrane domain-1 revealed that residues Phe48, Val43 and Tyr42 are important for potentiating effect of lithocholic acid, indicating that modulatory sites for lithocholic acid and ivermectin partly overlap. Lithocholic acid also inhibits ATP-evoked currents in pituitary gonadotrophs expressing native P2X2, and potentiates ATP currents in nonidentified pituitary cells expressing P2X4 receptors. These results indicate that lithocholic acid is a bioactive steroid that may help to further unveil the importance of the P2X2, and P2X4 receptors in many physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Sivcev
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Slavikova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milorad Ivetic
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Knezu
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Zemkova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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10
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Neiva R, Caulino-Rocha A, Ferreirinha F, Lobo MG, Correia-de-Sá P. Non-genomic Actions of Methylprednisolone Differentially Influence GABA and Glutamate Release From Isolated Nerve Terminals of the Rat Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:146. [PMID: 32848604 PMCID: PMC7419606 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroids exert a dual role in eukaryotic cells through their action via (1) intracellular receptors (slow genomic responses), or (2) membrane-bound receptors (fast non-genomic responses). Highly vulnerable regions of the brain, like the hippocampus, express high amounts of corticosteroid receptors, yet their actions on ionic currents and neurotransmitters release are still undefined. Here, we investigated the effect of methylprednisolone (MP) on GABA and glutamate (Glu) release from isolated nerve terminals of the rat hippocampus. MP favored both spontaneous and depolarization-evoked [14C]Glu release from rat hippocampal nerve terminals, without affecting [3H]GABA outflow. Facilitation of [14C]Glu release by MP is mediated by a Na+-dependent Ca2+-independent non-genomic mechanism relying on the activation of membrane-bound glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors sensitive to their antagonists mifepristone and spironolactone, respectively. The involvement of Na+-dependent high-affinity EAAT transport reversal was inferred by blockage of MP-induced [14C]Glu release by DL-TBOA. Depolarization-evoked [3H]GABA release in the presence of MP was partially attenuated by the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist A-438079, but this compound did not affect the release of [14C]Glu. Data indicate that MP differentially affects GABA and glutamate release from rat hippocampal nerve terminals via fast non-genomic mechanisms putatively involving the activation of membrane-bound corticosteroid receptors. Facilitation of Glu release strengthen previous assumptions that MP may act as a cognitive enhancer in rats, while crosstalk with ATP-sensitive P2X7 receptors may promote a therapeutically desirable GABAergic inhibitory control during paroxysmal epileptic crisis that might be particularly relevant when extracellular Ca2+ levels decrease below the threshold required for transmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Neiva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia - Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Caulino-Rocha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia - Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreirinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia - Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Graça Lobo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia - Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia - Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
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Resolving the Ionotropic P2X4 Receptor Mystery Points Towards a New Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145005. [PMID: 32679900 PMCID: PMC7404342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a primordial versatile autacoid that changes its role from an intracellular energy saver to a signaling molecule once released to the extracellular milieu. Extracellular ATP and its adenosine metabolite are the main activators of the P2 and P1 purinoceptor families, respectively. Mounting evidence suggests that the ionotropic P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) plays pivotal roles in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, yet further therapeutic advances have been hampered by the lack of selective P2X4R agonists. In this review, we provide the state of the art of the P2X4R activity in the cardiovascular system. We also discuss the role of P2X4R activation in kidney and lungs vis a vis their interplay to control cardiovascular functions and dysfunctions, including putative adverse effects emerging from P2X4R activation. Gathering this information may prompt further development of selective P2X4R agonists and its translation to the clinical practice.
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12
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Stokes L, Bidula S, Bibič L, Allum E. To Inhibit or Enhance? Is There a Benefit to Positive Allosteric Modulation of P2X Receptors? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:627. [PMID: 32477120 PMCID: PMC7235284 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of ligand-gated ion channels known as P2X receptors were discovered several decades ago. Since the cloning of the seven P2X receptors (P2X1-P2X7), a huge research effort has elucidated their roles in regulating a range of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Transgenic animals have been influential in understanding which P2X receptors could be new therapeutic targets for disease. Furthermore, understanding how inherited mutations can increase susceptibility to disorders and diseases has advanced this knowledge base. There has been an emphasis on the discovery and development of pharmacological tools to help dissect the individual roles of P2X receptors and the pharmaceutical industry has been involved in pushing forward clinical development of several lead compounds. During the discovery phase, a number of positive allosteric modulators have been described for P2X receptors and these have been useful in assigning physiological roles to receptors. This review will consider the major physiological roles of P2X1-P2X7 and discuss whether enhancement of P2X receptor activity would offer any therapeutic benefit. We will review what is known about identified compounds acting as positive allosteric modulators and the recent identification of drug binding pockets for such modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Bidula
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lučka Bibič
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Allum
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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