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Song C, Li S, Mai Y, Li L, Dai G, Zhou Y, Liang X, Zou OM, Wang Y, Zhou L, Liu J, Zou Y. Dysregulated expression of miR-140 and miR-122 compromised microglial chemotaxis and led to reduced restriction of AD pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:167. [PMID: 38956605 PMCID: PMC11218311 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deposition of amyloid β, which is produced by amyloidogenic cleavage of APP by β- and γ-secretase, is one of the primary hallmarks of AD pathology. APP can also be processed by α- and γ-secretase sequentially, to generate sAPPα, which has been shown to be neuroprotective by promoting neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival, etc. METHODS: The global expression profiles of miRNA in blood plasma samples taken from 11 AD patients as well as from 14 age and sex matched cognitively normal volunteers were analyzed using miRNA-seq. Then, overexpressed miR-140 and miR-122 both in vivo and in vitro, and knock-down of the endogenous expression of miR-140 and miR-122 in vitro. Used a combination of techniques, including molecular biology, immunohistochemistry, to detect the impact of miRNAs on AD pathology. RESULTS In this study, we identified that two miRNAs, miR-140-3p and miR-122-5p, both targeting ADAM10, the main α-secretase in CNS, were upregulated in the blood plasma of AD patients. Overexpression of these two miRNAs in mouse brains induced cognitive decline in wild type C57BL/6J mice as well as exacerbated dyscognition in APP/PS1 mice. Although significant changes in APP and total Aβ were not detected, significantly downregulated ADAM10 and its non-amyloidogenic product, sAPPα, were observed in the mouse brains overexpressing miR-140/miR-122. Immunohistology analysis revealed increased neurite dystrophy that correlated with the reduced microglial chemotaxis in the hippocampi of these mice, independent of the other two ADAM10 substrates (neuronal CX3CL1 and microglial TREM2) that were involved in regulating the microglial immunoactivity. Further in vitro analysis demonstrated that both the reduced neuritic outgrowth of mouse embryonic neuronal cells overexpressing miR-140/miR-122 and the reduced Aβ phagocytosis in microglia cells co-cultured with HT22 cells overexpressing miR-140/miR-122 could be rescued by overexpressing the specific inhibitory sequence of miR-140/miR-122 TuD as well as by addition of sAPPα, rendering these miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that neuroprotective sAPPα was a key player in the neuropathological progression induced by dysregulated expression of miR-140 and miR-122. Targeting these miRNAs might serve as a promising therapeutic strategy in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Shufang Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Yingren Mai
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Linpeng Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Guoku Dai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Xiaosheng Liang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Olivia Meilan Zou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Ya Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China.
| | - Yi Zou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
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Arfaei R, Mikaeili N, Daj F, Boroumand A, Kheyri A, Yaraghi P, Shirzad Z, Keshavarz M, Hassanshahi G, Jafarzadeh A, Shahrokhi VM, Khorramdelazad H. Decoding the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in Alzheimer's disease and innovating therapeutic approaches: Keeping All options open. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112328. [PMID: 38796962 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative disorder, distresses the elderly in large numbers and is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, elevated tau protein levels, and chronic inflammation. The brain's immune system is aided by microglia and astrocytes, which produce chemokines and cytokines. Nevertheless, dysregulated expression can cause hyperinflammation and lead to neurodegeneration. CCL2/CCR2 chemokines are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases exacerbating. Inflicting damage on nerves and central nervous system (CNS) cells is the function of this axis, which recruits and migrates immune cells, including monocytes and macrophages. It has been shown that targeting the CCL2/CCR2 axis may be a therapeutic option for inflammatory diseases. Using the current knowledge about the involvement of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in the immunopathogenesis of AD, this comprehensive review synthesizes existing information. It also explores potential therapeutic options, including modulation of the CCL2/CCR2 axis as a possible strategy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Arfaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Narges Mikaeili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Daj
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Armin Boroumand
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abbas Kheyri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Pegah Yaraghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Shirzad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Keshavarz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Mohammadi Shahrokhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Ceprián N, Martínez de Toda I, Maté I, Garrido A, Gimenez-Llort L, De la Fuente M. Prodromic Inflammatory-Oxidative Stress in Peritoneal Leukocytes of Triple-Transgenic Mice for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6976. [PMID: 39000092 PMCID: PMC11241217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory-oxidative stress is known to be pivotal in the pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the involvement of this stress at the peripheral level in the disease's onset has been scarcely studied. This study investigated the pro-inflammatory profile and oxidative stress parameters in peritoneal leukocytes from female triple-transgenic mice for AD (3xTgAD) and non-transgenic mice (NTg). Peritoneal leukocytes were obtained at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 15 months of age. The concentrations of TNFα, INFγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-10 released in cultures without stimuli and mitogen concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide presence were measured. The concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), lipid peroxidation, and Hsp70 were also analyzed in the peritoneal cells. Our results showed that although there was a lower release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by 3xTgAD mice, this response was uncontrolled and overstimulated, especially at a prodromal stage at 2 months of age. In addition, there were lower concentrations of GSH in leukocytes from 3xTgAD and higher amounts of lipid peroxides at 2 and 4 months, as well as, at 6 months, a lower concentration of Hsp70. In conclusion, 3xTgAD mice show a worse pro-inflammatory response and higher oxidative stress than NTg mice during the prodromal stages, potentially supporting the idea that Alzheimer's disease could be a consequence of peripheral alteration in the leukocyte inflammation-oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Ceprián
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Investigation Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez de Toda
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Investigation Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ianire Maté
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Garrido
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lydia Gimenez-Llort
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Investigation Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Sharma M, Pal P, Gupta SK. The neurotransmitter puzzle of Alzheimer's: Dissecting mechanisms and exploring therapeutic horizons. Brain Res 2024; 1829:148797. [PMID: 38342422 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) represents a complex interplay of neurological pathways and molecular mechanisms, with significant impacts on patients' lives. This review synthesizes the latest developments in AD research, focusing on both the scientific advancements and their clinical implications. We examine the role of microglia in AD, highlighting their contribution to the disease's inflammatory aspects. The cholinergic hypothesis, a cornerstone of AD research, is re-evaluated, including the role of Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in disease progression. This review places particular emphasis on the neurotransmission systems, exploring the therapeutic potential of GABAergic neurotransmitters and the role of NMDA inhibitors in the context of glutamatergic neurotransmission. By analyzing the interactions and implications of neurotransmitter pathways in AD, we aim to shed light on emerging therapeutic strategies. In addition to molecular insights, the review addresses the clinical and personal aspects of AD, underscoring the need for patient-centered approaches in treatment and care. The final section looks at the future directions of AD research and treatment, discussing the integration of scientific innovation with patient care. This review aims to provide a comprehensive update on AD, merging scientific insights with practical considerations, suitable for both specialists and those new to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Pal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sukesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, USA.
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Wei HR, Tang L, Yang XL, Chen CM, Li LX, Mao Y, Wang D, Kang F, Qun S, Zhang Z, Cao P, Jin Y. A microglial activation cascade across cortical regions underlies secondary mechanical hypersensitivity to amputation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113804. [PMID: 38368612 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural mechanisms underlying amputation-related secondary pain are unclear. Using in vivo two-photon imaging, three-dimensional reconstruction, and fiber photometry recording, we show that a microglial activation cascade from the primary somatosensory cortex of forelimb (S1FL) to the primary somatosensory cortex of hindlimb (S1HL) mediates the disinhibition and subsequent hyperexcitation of glutamatergic neurons in the S1HL (S1HLGlu), which then drives secondary mechanical hypersensitivity development in ipsilateral hindpaws of mice with forepaw amputation. Forepaw amputation induces rapid S1FL microglial activation that further activates S1HL microglia via the CCL2-CCR2 signaling pathway. Increased engulfment of GABAergic presynapses by activated microglia stimulates S1HLGlu neuronal activity, ultimately leading to secondary mechanical hypersensitivity of hindpaws. It is widely believed direct neuronal projection drives interactions between distinct brain regions to prime specific behaviors. Our study reveals microglial interactions spanning different subregions of the somatosensory cortex to drive a maladaptive neuronal response underlying secondary mechanical hypersensitivity at non-injured sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Rui Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lan Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xin-Lu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Chang-Mao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Le-Xian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fang Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sen Qun
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine, Institute of Health and Medicine, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Peng Cao
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yan Jin
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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6
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Fu WY, Fu AKY, Ip NY. Neuronal γ-secretase regulates synaptic functions via cholesterol homeostasis. Neuron 2023; 111:3133-3135. [PMID: 37857086 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Essayan-Perez and Südhof1 demonstrate roles for γ-secretase in the regulation of synaptic functions in human neurons. Chronic attenuation of γ-secretase activity increases synapse formation but decreases neurotransmission (i.e., the probability of presynaptic release), likely due to impairment of cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yu Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy K Y Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China.
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