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Shi C, Chen SX. Structural and ultrastructural aspects of the skin of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1836-1847. [PMID: 38488309 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The skin color of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is a crucial indicator to determine its economic value. However, the location of pigment cells in the skin structure is uncertain. To determine the pigment cell type in the skin, the vertical order and ultrastructure of pigment cells were examined using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Both dorsal and ventral skins comprise the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Xanthophores, melanophores, and iridophores were observed in the dermis of the dorsal skin, whereas the latter two were in the dermis of the ventral skin. Interestingly, the size of xanthophores in the dorsal skin was significantly smaller than that of xanthophores in the ventral skin; however, the density of dorsal xanthophores was significantly higher than that of ventral xanthophores. The type L-iridophores with large crystalline structures were observed in the uppermost area of the upper pigment layer, which contributed to the strikingly metallic luster shown by the ventral skin. The melanophores were exclusively found in the dorsal skin, offering the purpose of camouflage. Taken together, our results indicated that the pigment cells display different arrangement patterns between dorsal and ventral skin, and the golden color in the ventral skin results from the coexistence of light-reflecting iridophores and light-absorbing xanthophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shi Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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2
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Pavan ME, Movilla F, Pavan EE, Di Salvo F, López NI, Pettinari MJ. Guanine crystal formation by bacteria. BMC Biol 2023; 21:66. [PMID: 37013555 PMCID: PMC10071637 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guanine crystals are organic biogenic crystals found in many organisms. Due to their exceptionally high refractive index, they contribute to structural color and are responsible for the reflective effect in the skin and visual organs in animals such as fish, reptiles, and spiders. Occurrence of these crystals in animals has been known for many years, and they have also been observed in eukaryotic microorganisms, but not in prokaryotes. RESULTS In this work, we report the discovery of extracellular crystals formed by bacteria and reveal that they are composed of guanine monohydrate. This composition differs from that of biogenic guanine crystals found in other organisms, mostly composed of β anhydrous guanine. We demonstrate the formation of these crystals by Aeromonas and other bacteria and investigate the metabolic traits related to their synthesis. In all cases studied, the presence of the bacterial guanine crystals correlates with the absence of guanine deaminase, which could lead to guanine accumulation providing the substrate for crystal formation. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of the hitherto unknown guanine crystal occurrence in prokaryotes extends the range of organisms that produce these crystals to a new domain of life. Bacteria constitute a novel and more accessible model to study the process of guanine crystal formation and assembly. This discovery opens countless chemical and biological questions, including those about the functional and adaptive significance of their production in these microorganisms. It also paves the road for the development of simple and convenient processes to obtain biogenic guanine crystals for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Pavan
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Movilla
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física e INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban E Pavan
- Biomedical Technologies Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Florencia Di Salvo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física e INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy I López
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Julia Pettinari
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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3
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Valette T, Leitwein M, Lascaux JM, Desmarais E, Berrebi P, Guinand B. Redundancy analysis, genome-wide association studies and the pigmentation of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:96-118. [PMID: 36218076 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The association of molecular variants with phenotypic variation is a main issue in biology, often tackled with genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS are challenging, with increasing, but still limited, use in evolutionary biology. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) as a complimentary ordination approach to single- and multitrait GWAS to explore the molecular basis of pigmentation variation in brown trout (Salmo trutta) belonging to wild populations impacted by hatchery fish. Based on 75,684 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers, RDA, single- and multitrait GWAS allowed the extraction of 337 independent colour patterning loci (CPLs) associated with trout pigmentation traits, such as the number of red and black spots on flanks. Collectively, these CPLs (i) mapped onto 35 out of 40 brown trout linkage groups indicating a polygenic genomic architecture of pigmentation, (ii) were found to be associated with 218 candidate genes, including 197 genes formerly mentioned in the literature associated to skin pigmentation, skin patterning, differentiation or structure notably in a close relative, the rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), and (iii) related to functions relevant to pigmentation variation (e.g., calcium- and ion-binding, cell adhesion). Annotated CPLs include genes with well-known pigmentation effects (e.g., PMEL, SLC45A2, SOX10), but also markers associated with genes formerly found expressed in rainbow or brown trout skins. RDA was also shown to be useful to investigate management issues, especially the dynamics of trout pigmentation submitted to several generations of hatchery introgression.
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4
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Isolation of Chromatophores from Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Skin. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
As new techniques for single-cell analysis are evolving, there is a growing need for streamlined and flexible protocols for single-cell suspension preparation and single-cell isolation. Based on previous research on the model species zebrafish (Danio rerio), a novel protocol for the isolation of chromatophores from brown trout (Salmo trutta) skin was developed and specific gene expression in chromatophore types evaluated with qPCR. This is the first report on a protocol for the isolation of chromatophores from the skin of salmonids. The method is simple and fast (taking about 90 min), requires no special equipment and is in line with the high ethical standards required in animal research, as no animals need to be sacrificed. In addition, skin biopsies can be taken from the same fish at multiple time points, allowing monitoring of chromatophore differentiation and their involvement in the formation of pigmentation patterns. The protocol should be effective for the vast majority of salmonid species due to similarities in skin morphology.
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5
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Genetic and correlative light and electron microscopy evidence for the unique differentiation pathway of erythrophores in brown trout skin. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1015. [PMID: 35046436 PMCID: PMC8770521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on their cell ultrastructure, two types of erythrophores in the spotted skin regions of brown trout (Salmo trutta) were previously described. To test the hypothesis regarding the origin of a new cell type following genome duplication, we analysed the gene and paralogue gene expression patterns of erythrophores in brown trout skin. In addition, the ultrastructure of both erythrophore types was precisely examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlative light microscopy and electron microscopy (CLEM). Ultrastructural differences between the sizes of erythrophore inclusions were confirmed; however, the overlapping inclusion sizes blur the distinction between erythrophore types, which we have instead defined as cell subtypes. Nevertheless, the red spots of brown trout skin with subtype 2 erythrophores, exhibited unique gene expression patterns. Many of the upregulated genes are involved in melanogenesis or xanthophore differentiation. In addition, sox10, related to progenitor cells, was also upregulated in the red spots. The expressions of paralogues derived from two genome duplication events were also analysed. Multiple paralogues were overexpressed in the red spots compared with other skin regions, suggesting that the duplicated gene copies adopted new functions and contributed to the origin of a new cell subtype that is characteristic for red spot. Possible mechanisms regarding erythrophore origin are proposed and discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate pigment cell types in the black and red spots of brown trout skin using the advanced CLEM approach together with gene expression profiling.
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Huang D, Lewis VM, Foster TN, Toomey MB, Corbo JC, Parichy DM. Development and genetics of red coloration in the zebrafish relative Danio albolineatus. eLife 2021; 10:70253. [PMID: 34435950 PMCID: PMC8416024 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal pigment patterns play important roles in behavior and, in many species, red coloration serves as an honest signal of individual quality in mate choice. Among Danio fishes, some species develop erythrophores, pigment cells that contain red ketocarotenoids, whereas other species, like zebrafish (D. rerio) only have yellow xanthophores. Here, we use pearl danio (D. albolineatus) to assess the developmental origin of erythrophores and their mechanisms of differentiation. We show that erythrophores in the fin of D. albolineatus share a common progenitor with xanthophores and maintain plasticity in cell fate even after differentiation. We further identify the predominant ketocarotenoids that confer red coloration to erythrophores and use reverse genetics to pinpoint genes required for the differentiation and maintenance of these cells. Our analyses are a first step toward defining the mechanisms underlying the development of erythrophore-mediated red coloration in Danio and reveal striking parallels with the mechanism of red coloration in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delai Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Victor M Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Tarah N Foster
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, United States
| | - Matthew B Toomey
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, United States.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States
| | - Joseph C Corbo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
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Metabolomic analysis of white, green and purple morphs of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus during body color pigmentation process. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 39:100827. [PMID: 33894529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is an important economic species owing to their high nutritive and medicinal value. Body color is one of the most important traits in the cultivation, which affects taste and market price of holothurian products. Pigmentation is an important stage of sea cucumber growth and development, in addition to achieving rare and beautiful coloration. In this study, UHPLC-QTOF/MS technique was performed to analyze the metabolome of white, green and purple A. japonicus body wall during the pigmentation process. A total of 2633 metabolites were identified. OPLS-DA clearly discriminated the body wall metabolites among the three color morphs. In addition, 13 annotated metabolites that could discriminate white, green and purple A. japonicus were screened out. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis revealed that "biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids" and "fatty acid biosynthesis" were closely related in the different color morphs. Furthermore, we performed comparative analysis of polysaccharide and saponin among white, green and purple A. japonicus. The results showed that the content of polysaccharide and saponin in purple A. japonicus was the highest, while that in white A. japonicus was the lowest. This study will provide valuable information for future studies on sea cucumber and the molecular mechanism underlying pigmentation and color polymorphism, and may contribute to support the culturing of desirable color morphs.
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Lin X, Tian C, Huang Y, Shi H, Li G. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes Related to Black-Spotted Pattern Formation in Spotted Scat ( Scatophagus argus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030765. [PMID: 33802016 PMCID: PMC8001731 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is a commercially important marine aquaculture and ornamental fish species in China and East Asian countries. There are dozens of black spots on each side of the body, and the caudal fin, which is yellow and black, is appreciated in ornamental fish markets. To explore the genetic mechanisms of its pattern formation, we found 2357 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the transcriptome in the black-spotted skin, non-spotted skin and caudal fin in S. argus. The results will expand our knowledge about the molecular mechanism of important genes and pathways associated with pigment pattern formation and provide a certain theoretical basis for the molecular breeding in S. argus. Abstract Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is an economically important marine aquaculture and ornamental fish species in Asia, especially in southeast China. In this study, skin transcriptomes of S. argus were obtained for three types of skin, including black-spotted skin (A), non-spotted skin (B) and caudal fin (C). A total of nine complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries were obtained by Illumina sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that 1358, 2086 and 487 genes were differentially expressed between A and B, A and C, and B and C, respectively. The results revealed that there were 134 common significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and several key genes related to pigment synthesis and pigmentation, including tyrp1, mitf, pmel, slc7a2, tjp1, hsp70 and mart-1. Of these, some DEGs were associated with pigmentation-related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, such as tyrosine metabolism, melanogenesis, the Wnt signaling pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The results will facilitate understanding the molecular mechanisms of skin pigmentation differentiation in S. argus and provide valuable information for skin coloration, especially the formation of spotted patterns on other marine fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhan Lin
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.L.); (C.T.); (Y.H.); (H.S.)
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Changxu Tian
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.L.); (C.T.); (Y.H.); (H.S.)
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.L.); (C.T.); (Y.H.); (H.S.)
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hongjuan Shi
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.L.); (C.T.); (Y.H.); (H.S.)
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Guangli Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.L.); (C.T.); (Y.H.); (H.S.)
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-759-2383124; Fax: +86-759-2382459
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9
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Deconvoluting Wavelengths Leading to Fluorescent Light Induced Inflammation and Cellular Stress in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sci Rep 2020; 10:3321. [PMID: 32094353 PMCID: PMC7039929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent light (FL) has been shown to induce a cellular immune and inflammatory response that is conserved over 450 MY of evolutionary divergence and among vertebrates having drastically different lifestyles such as Mus musculus, Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes and Xiphophorus maculatus. This surprising finding of an inflammation and immune response to FL not only holds for direct light receiving organs (skin) but is also observed within internal organs (brain and liver). Light responsive genetic circuitry initiated by the IL1B regulator induces a highly conserved acute phase response in each organ assessed for all of biological models surveyed to date; however, the specific light wavelengths triggering this response have yet to be determined so investigation of mechanisms and/or light specific molecule(s) leading to this response are difficult to assess. To understand how specific light wavelengths are received in both external and internal organs, zebrafish were exposed to specific 50 nm light wavebands spanning the visible spectrum from 300–600 nm and the genetic responses to each waveband exposure were assessed. Surprisingly, the induced cellular stress response previously observed following FL exposure is not triggered by the lower “damaging” wavelengths of light (UVB and UVA from 300–400 nm) but instead is maximally induced by higher wavelengths ranging from 450–500 nm in skin to 500–600 nm in both brain and liver).
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Brejcha J, Bataller JV, Bosáková Z, Geryk J, Havlíková M, Kleisner K, Maršík P, Font E. Body coloration and mechanisms of colour production in Archelosauria: the case of deirocheline turtles. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190319. [PMID: 31417734 PMCID: PMC6689573 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Animal body coloration is a complex trait resulting from the interplay of multiple mechanisms. While many studies address the functions of animal coloration, the mechanisms of colour production still remain unknown in most taxa. Here we compare reflectance spectra, cellular, ultra- and nano-structure of colour-producing elements, and pigment types in two freshwater turtles with contrasting courtship behaviour, Trachemys scripta and Pseudemys concinna. The two species differ in the distribution of pigment cell-types and in pigment diversity. We found xanthophores, melanocytes, abundant iridophores and dermal collagen fibres in stripes of both species. The yellow chin and forelimb stripes of both P. concinna and T. scripta contain xanthophores and iridophores, but the post-orbital regions of the two species differ in cell-type distribution. The yellow post-orbital region of P. concinna contains both xanthophores and iridophores, while T. scripta has only xanthophores in the yellow-red postorbital/zygomatic regions. Moreover, in both species, the xanthophores colouring the yellow-red skin contain carotenoids, pterins and riboflavin, but T. scripta has a higher diversity of pigments than P. concinna. Trachemys s. elegans is sexually dichromatic. Differences in the distribution of pigment cell types across body regions in the two species may be related to visual signalling but do not match predictions based on courtship position. Our results demonstrate that archelosaurs share some colour production mechanisms with amphibians and lepidosaurs (i.e. vertical layering/stacking of different pigment cell types and interplay of carotenoids and pterins), but also employ novel mechanisms (i.e. nano-organization of dermal collagen) shared with mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Brejcha
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, National Museum, Václavské nám. 68, Prague 1, 110 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic
| | - José Vicente Bataller
- Centro de Conservación de Especies Dulceacuícolas de la Comunidad Valenciana. VAERSA-Generalitat Valenciana, El Palmar, València, 46012, Spain
| | - Zuzana Bosáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Geryk
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Havlíková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kleisner
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Maršík
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Enrique Font
- Ethology Lab, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez 2, Paterna, València, 46980, Spain
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11
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Saunders LM, Mishra AK, Aman AJ, Lewis VM, Toomey MB, Packer JS, Qiu X, McFaline-Figueroa JL, Corbo JC, Trapnell C, Parichy DM. Thyroid hormone regulates distinct paths to maturation in pigment cell lineages. eLife 2019; 8:e45181. [PMID: 31140974 PMCID: PMC6588384 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates diverse developmental events and can drive disparate cellular outcomes. In zebrafish, TH has opposite effects on neural crest derived pigment cells of the adult stripe pattern, limiting melanophore population expansion, yet increasing yellow/orange xanthophore numbers. To learn how TH elicits seemingly opposite responses in cells having a common embryological origin, we analyzed individual transcriptomes from thousands of neural crest-derived cells, reconstructed developmental trajectories, identified pigment cell-lineage specific responses to TH, and assessed roles for TH receptors. We show that TH promotes maturation of both cell types but in distinct ways. In melanophores, TH drives terminal differentiation, limiting final cell numbers. In xanthophores, TH promotes accumulation of orange carotenoids, making the cells visible. TH receptors act primarily to repress these programs when TH is limiting. Our findings show how a single endocrine factor integrates very different cellular activities during the generation of adult form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Saunders
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Abhishek K Mishra
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Andrew J Aman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Victor M Lewis
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Matthew B Toomey
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Jonathan S Packer
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Xiaojie Qiu
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Joseph C Corbo
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
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12
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Djurdjevič I, Furmanek T, Miyazawa S, Sušnik Bajec S. Comparative transcriptome analysis of trout skin pigment cells. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:359. [PMID: 31072301 PMCID: PMC6509846 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enormous variability in skin colour and patterning is a characteristic of teleost fish, including Salmonidae fishes, which present themselves as a suitable model for studying mechanisms of pigment patterning. In order to screen for candidate genes potentially involved in the specific skin pigment pattern in marble trout (labyrinthine skin pattern) and brown trout (spotted skin pattern), we conducted comparative transcriptome analysis between differently pigmented dermis sections of the adult skin of the two species. RESULTS Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) possibly associated with skin pigment pattern were identified. The expression profile of 27 DEGs was further tested with quantitative real-time PCR on a larger number of samples. Expression of a subset of ten of these genes was analysed in hybrid (marble x brown) trout individuals and compared with the complexity of their skin pigment pattern. A correlation between the phenotype and the expression profile assessed for hybrid individuals was detected for four (gja5, clcn2, cdkn1a and tjp1) of the ten candidate genes tested. The potential role of these genes in skin pigment pattern maintenance is discussed. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the maintenance of different pigment patterns in trout is dependent upon specific communication-involving gap junctions, tight junctions and ion channels-between chromatophores present in differentially pigmented skin regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Djurdjevič
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | | | - Seita Miyazawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Simona Sušnik Bajec
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia
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13
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Patel DM, Bhide K, Bhide M, Iversen MH, Brinchmann MF. Proteomic and structural differences in lumpfish skin among the dorsal, caudal and ventral regions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6990. [PMID: 31061513 PMCID: PMC6502863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish skin is a vital organ that serves a multitude of functions including mechanical protection, homeostasis, osmoregulation and protection against diseases. The expression of skin proteins changes under different physiological conditions. However, little is known about differences in protein expression among various body sites in naïve fish. The objectives of this work is to study potential differences in protein and gene expression among dorsal, caudal and ventral regions of lumpfish skin employing 2D gel based proteomics and real-time PCR and to assess structural differences between these regions by using Alcian blue and Periodic acid Schiff stained skin sections. The proteins collagen alfa-1, collagen alfa-2, heat shock cognate 71 kDa, histone H4, parvalbumin, natterin-2, 40S ribosomal protein S12, topoisomerase A and topoisomerase B were differentially expressed among the three regions. mRNA expression of apoa1, hspa8 and hist1h2b showed significant differences between regions. Skin photomicrographs showed differences in epidermal thickness and goblet cell counts. The ventral region showed relatively high protein expression, goblet cell count and epidermal thickness compared to dorsal and caudal regions. Overall, this study provides an important benchmark for comparative analysis of skin proteins and structure between different parts of the lumpfish body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti M Patel
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.,Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, 73, 04181, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, 73, 04181, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, 73, 04181, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin H Iversen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Monica F Brinchmann
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.
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14
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Salis P, Lorin T, Lewis V, Rey C, Marcionetti A, Escande ML, Roux N, Besseau L, Salamin N, Sémon M, Parichy D, Volff JN, Laudet V. Developmental and comparative transcriptomic identification of iridophore contribution to white barring in clownfish. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:391-402. [PMID: 30633441 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Actinopterygian fishes harbor at least eight distinct pigment cell types, leading to a fascinating diversity of colors. Among this diversity, the cellular origin of the white color appears to be linked to several pigment cell types such as iridophores or leucophores. We used the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris, which has a color pattern consisting of white bars over a darker body, to characterize the pigment cells that underlie the white hue. We observe by electron microscopy that cells in white bars are similar to iridophores. In addition, the transcriptomic signature of clownfish white bars exhibits similarities with that of zebrafish iridophores. We further show by pharmacological treatments that these cells are necessary for the white color. Among the top differentially expressed genes in white skin, we identified several genes (fhl2a, fhl2b, saiyan, gpnmb, and apoD1a) and show that three of them are expressed in iridophores. Finally, we show by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis that these genes are critical for iridophore development in zebrafish. Our analyses provide clues to the genomic underpinning of color diversity and allow identification of new iridophore genes in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Salis
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Thibault Lorin
- IGFL, ENS de Lyon, UMR 5242 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Victor Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Carine Rey
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, LBMC, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.,LBBE, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anna Marcionetti
- Department of Computational Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Line Escande
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Natacha Roux
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Laurence Besseau
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Computational Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Sémon
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, LBMC, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - David Parichy
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jean-Nicolas Volff
- IGFL, ENS de Lyon, UMR 5242 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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15
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Parolini M, Iacobuzio R, Bassano B, Pennati R, Saino N. Melanin-Based Skin Coloration Predicts Antioxidant Capacity in the Brown Trout (Salmo trutta). Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 91:1026-1035. [PMID: 30084732 DOI: 10.1086/699522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In many vertebrate species, individuals exhibit large variation in the degree of melanin-based coloration on their body. Dark and pale individuals differ in diverse physiological and behavioral traits, suggesting that melanic coloration may reveal individual quality. However, research into the relationships between physiological and skin traits, in terms of melanin-based skin coloration, in wild fish is scant. Our correlative study aimed at investigating the relationships between physiology and melanin-based coloration of the skin of free-living brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758). We scrutinized the relationships between body condition (body mass and Fulton's K condition factor), oxidative status (plasma total antioxidant capacity and amount of pro-oxidant molecules), and the degree of melanin-based skin coloration assessed by digital photography and image analysis. We found heavier fish to be, on average, darker colored than paler conspecifics. Moreover, a significant covariation between plasma total antioxidant capacity and melanic coloration was noted. Our findings suggest that the melanin-based coloration of brown trout serves as a signal to communicate a better antioxidant defense to conspecifics.
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16
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Xing L, Sun L, Liu S, Li X, Zhang L, Yang H. De Novo assembly and comparative transcriptome analyses of purple and green morphs of Apostichopus japonicus during body wall pigmentation process. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 28:151-161. [PMID: 30241009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pigmentation processes provide a traceable and relevant trait for understanding key issues in evolutionary biology such as adaptation, speciation and the maintenance of balanced polymorphisms. The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, which has nutritive and medical properties, is considered the most valuable commercial species in many parts of Asia. Compared with the green morph, the purple morph is rare and has great appeal to consumers. However, little is currently known about the molecular mechanism of body color formation in A. japonicus, even in echinoderm. Here, we employ illumina sequencing to examine expression patterns of the gene network underlying body wall development in purple and green morphs of A. japonicus. Overall, the number of down-regulated genes in the green morph was significantly more than in the purple morph during the pigmentation stage. We observed dynamic expression patterns of a large number of pigment, regulation and growth genes from the "Melanogenesis", "Melanoma", "Wnt signaling pathway", "Notch signaling pathway", "epithelium development", "epidermal growth factor receptor binding","growth factor activity" and "growth", including contrasting expression patterns of these genes in green and purple morph. This study provides comprehensive lists of differentially expressed genes during body wall development in the green and purple morphs, revealing potential candidate genes that may be involved in regulating body color formation and polymorphism. These data will provide valuable information for future genetic studies on sea cucumbers elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying pigmentation, and may support the culture of desirable color morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Shilin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoni Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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17
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Morphological Characters and Transcriptome Profiles Associated with Black Skin and Red Skin in Crimson Snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus). Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26991-7004. [PMID: 26569232 PMCID: PMC4661863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, morphology observation and illumina sequencing were performed on two different coloration skins of crimson snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus), the black zone and the red zone. Three types of chromatophores, melanophores, iridophores and xanthophores, were organized in the skins. The main differences between the two colorations were in the amount and distribution of the three chromatophores. After comparing the two transcriptomes, 9200 unigenes with significantly different expressions (ratio change ≥ 2 and q-value ≤ 0.05) were found, of which 5972 were up-regulated in black skin and 3228 were up-regulated in red skin. Through the function annotation, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of the differentially transcribed genes, we excavated a number of uncharacterized candidate pigment genes as well as found the conserved genes affecting pigmentation in crimson snapper. The patterns of expression of 14 pigment genes were confirmed by the Quantitative real-time PCR analysis between the two color skins. Overall, this study shows a global survey of the morphological characters and transcriptome analysis of the different coloration skins in crimson snapper, and provides valuable cellular and genetic information to uncover the mechanism of the formation of pigment patterns in snappers.
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