Longevity and subject-reported satisfaction after minimally invasive jawline contouring

Analysis of Sexual Dimorphic Features of the Jawline and Chin in White Celebrity Faces

BACKGROUND

The jawline greatly influences facial shape and contributes to facial dimorphism. Analysis of lower facial shape and sexual dimorphic differences in contemporary attractive white faces can advance the goals of lower facial aesthetics and facial gender-affirming surgery (FGAS).

METHODS

Full-face, front-view photos of 47 white female and 21 white male celebrities were included from a list generated using GQ magazine's Highest Paid Models issue, People Magazine's Beautiful issue (1991-2022), and celebrities featured on lifestyle websites. Facial landmarks were detected through a facial analysis program using Vision framework and MATLAB. After converting pixel distances to absolute distances, lower face measurements were compared between males and females.

RESULTS

The mean lower facial height was 6.08 cm in females and 7.00 cm in males (P value<0.001). The mean bigonial width was 11.21 cm in females and 12.30 cm in males (P value<0.001). The ratio of facial height to lower facial height was 2.98 in females and 2.76 in males (P value<0.001), signifying that symmetry in facial thirds is more prevalent in attractive female faces, while a longer lower face is more common in attractive male faces. The greatest differences in female and male facial contours were at gonial angles and chin.

CONCLUSIONS

Analysis of contemporary white celebrity faces demonstrated significantly wider and longer lower facial measurements in males. The overall contour of the female lower face was more tapered at the gonial angles and chin compared to males. These results are important when planning lower facial rejuvenation or FGAS, as lower face size and proportions influence perceived gender and attractiveness.

Validated 5 - Point Photonumeric Scales for the Assessment of Hand Atrophy

OBJECTIVE

Quantifying the degree of dorsal hand atrophy is a challenging endeavor but often necessary, in both the clinical and the research setting. The aim of this investigation was to create and consecutively validate a 5 - point photonumeric scale for assessment of dorsal hand atrophy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A medical team created a novel 5 - point photonumeric scale. 12 international raters were involved in the digital validation, while 5 raters performed a live validation.

RESULTS

For the digital validation of the Croma Hand Atrophy Assessment Scale a total of 72 subjects (58 females, 14 males) with a mean age of 43.0 ± 14.4 years [18 - 73 years] were assessed. For the live validation, 88 subjects (73 females, 15 males) with a mean age of 45.0 ± 14.1 years [20 - 73 years] were rated. The results revealed almost perfect intra - rater (ICC: 0.90 [95% CI: 0.88 - 0.92]) and inter - rater agreements (ICC : 0.85 [95% CI: 0.81 - 0.89] and 0.86 [95% CI:0.82 - 0.89]) in the digital validation and substantial intra - rater (ICC: 0.79 [95% CI: 0.75 - 0.82]) and inter - rater agreements (ICC: 0.75 [95% CI: 0.68 - 0.81] and ICC: 0.67 [95% CI: 0.54 - 0.77]) in the live validation.

CONCLUSION

The created scale to assess dorsal hand atrophy have been shown to provide substantial to almost perfect agreement in the digital and live validation cycles and reached comparable intra - rater and inter - rater agreement to already published and validated scales. It is expected that the created scale will help physicians and researchers in the assessment of hand atrophy in the clinical and research setting in the future.

Validated 5-point photonumeric scales for the assessment of the jowls and chin

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this investigation was to create and to examine the reproducibility and validity of 5-point photonumeric assessment scales that allow objective assessment of chin retrusion and jawline sagging using a digital and a live validation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Two new 5-point photonumeric scales created to assess chin projection and jawline sagging were validated by 12 experts in a digital validation and by 5 experts in a live validation setting. Intra-rater agreement and inter-rater agreement were assessed.

RESULTS

For the digital validation, an almost perfect intra-rater (Kappa: 0.89 [95% CI: 0.86-0.91]) and almost perfect inter-rater agreement in both sessions (Kappa: 0.80 [95% CI: 0.74-0.86] and 0.80 [95% CI: 0.74-0.86]) was achieved for the Croma Chin Projection Assessment Scale, while intra-rater agreement (Kappa: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.85-0.91]) was almost perfect for the Croma Jawline Sagging Assessment Scale and inter-rater agreement being substantial in the first session (Kappa: 0.76 [95% CI: 0.71-0.81]) and almost perfect in the second session (Kappa: 0.81 [95%CI: 0.76-0.85]). For the live validation, intra-rater agreement was almost perfect for the Croma Chin Projection Assessment Scale (Kappa: 0.82 [95%CI: 0.74-0.90]) and the Croma Jawline Sagging Assessment Scale (Kappa: 0.83 [95%CI: 0.77-0.89]), while inter-rater agreement was substantial in both sessions for both scales.

CONCLUSION

The created chin and jawline photonumeric grading scales are valid and reliable tools for assessing chin projection and jawline sagging. The scales will be of value for standardized chin evaluation and quantifying outcomes in clinical research and daily practice.