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Gómez-de Castro C, Santos-Juanes R, Nuñez-Gómez B, Fernández-Vega I, Vivanco B, Fernández-Velasco A, Reyes-García S, Carrero-Martín J, García-Pedrero JM, Rodrigo JP, González-Vela MDC, Santos-Juanes J, Galache C. Low-Level Expression of p-S6 Is Associated with Nodal Metastasis in Patients with Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4304. [PMID: 38673889 PMCID: PMC11049968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer. The incidence of metastasis for cSCC is estimated to be around 1.2-5%. Ribosomal protein S6 (p-S6) and the p21 protein (p21) are two proteins that play central roles in other cancers. These proteins may be equally important in cSCC, and together, these could constitute a good candidate for metastasis risk assessment of these patients. We investigate the relationship of p-S6 and p21 expression with the impact on the prognosis of head and neck cSCC (cSCCHN). p-S6 and p21 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 116 patients with cSCCHN and associations sought with clinical characteristics. Kaplan-Meier estimators and Cox proportional hazard regression models were also used. The expression of p-S6 was significantly inversely associated with tumor thickness, tumor size, desmoplastic growth, pathological stage, perineural invasion and tumor buds. p21 expression was significantly inversely correlated with >6 mm tumor thickness, desmoplastic growth, and perineural invasion. p-S6-negative expression significantly predicted an increased risk of nodal metastasis (HR = 2.63, 95% CI 1.51-4.54; p < 0.001). p21 expression was not found to be a significant risk factor for nodal metastasis. These findings demonstrate that p-S6-negative expression is an independent predictor of nodal metastasis. The immunohistochemical expression of p-S6 might aid in better risk stratification and management of patients with cSCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Gómez-de Castro
- Grider, Grupo de Investigación en Dermatología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.G.-d.C.); (B.V.); (A.F.-V.); (C.G.)
- Dermatology Division, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.R.-G.); (J.C.-M.)
| | - Raquel Santos-Juanes
- Dermatology Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.S.-J.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Borja Nuñez-Gómez
- Dermatology Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.S.-J.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Iván Fernández-Vega
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Biobank of the Principality of Asturias (BioPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Department of Pathology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Blanca Vivanco
- Grider, Grupo de Investigación en Dermatología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.G.-d.C.); (B.V.); (A.F.-V.); (C.G.)
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Biobank of the Principality of Asturias (BioPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Department of Pathology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Adela Fernández-Velasco
- Grider, Grupo de Investigación en Dermatología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.G.-d.C.); (B.V.); (A.F.-V.); (C.G.)
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Biobank of the Principality of Asturias (BioPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Department of Pathology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sebastián Reyes-García
- Dermatology Division, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.R.-G.); (J.C.-M.)
| | - Jimena Carrero-Martín
- Dermatology Division, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.R.-G.); (J.C.-M.)
| | - Juana M. García-Pedrero
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (J.M.G.-P.); (J.P.R.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan P. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (J.M.G.-P.); (J.P.R.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Santos-Juanes
- Grider, Grupo de Investigación en Dermatología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.G.-d.C.); (B.V.); (A.F.-V.); (C.G.)
- Dermatology Division, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.R.-G.); (J.C.-M.)
- Dermatology Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.S.-J.); (B.N.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (J.M.G.-P.); (J.P.R.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Galache
- Grider, Grupo de Investigación en Dermatología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.G.-d.C.); (B.V.); (A.F.-V.); (C.G.)
- Dermatology Division, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.R.-G.); (J.C.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (J.M.G.-P.); (J.P.R.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Almeida LO, Silva LC, Emerick C, Amorim Dos Santos J, Castilho RM, Squarize CH. Head and neck cancer stem cell maintenance relies on mTOR signaling, specifically involving the mechanistic target of rapamycin complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2). Arch Oral Biol 2024; 157:105840. [PMID: 37939517 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging evidence suggests that the modest response of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to treatment is associated with cancer stem cells (CSC). However, the signaling pathways that play a role in HNSCC CSC maintenance and therapy response are not well-understood. In this study, we investigate the response of CSCs to phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) modulation and its potential dependency on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. DESIGN PTEN deficiency was stably induced using short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Downregulation of RPTOR/mTORC1 and RICTOR/mTORC2 was achieved using small interfering RNA (siRNA). CSCs were evaluated through tumorsphere formation and were classified into various subtypes: parasphere, merosphere, and holosphere. We investigated the effect of rapamycin on CSC properties in both control and PTEN-deficient HNSCC cells. RESULTS PTEN deficiency led to an accumulation of CSCs and enhanced a favorable response to rapamycin treatment. The viability of HNSCC CSCs was dependent on mTOR signaling. Deficiencies in both mTORC1 and mTORC2 reduced the number of CSCs. However, CSCs with PTEN deficiency had a greater reliance on mTORC1 signaling. Interestingly, when considering CSC subtypes, a deficiency in mTORC2 led to an increased number of paraspheres in both the control and PTEN-deficient groups. CONCLUSIONS Loss of PTEN signaling increased the HNSCC CSC population, which can be targeted by rapamycin. However, the mTORC2 deficiency can induce a problematic selection of paraspheres CSCs subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana O Almeida
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Basic and Oral Biology, University of Sao Paulo School of Dentistry, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luan César Silva
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Emerick
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Amorim Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rogerio M Castilho
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cristiane H Squarize
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Ramalingam S, Shantha S, Muralitharan S, Sudhakar U, Thamizhchelvan H, Parvathi VD. Role of tissue markers associated with tumor microenvironment in the progression and immune suppression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Med Oncol 2023; 40:303. [PMID: 37731058 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNC) continues to dominate major cancers contributing to mortality worldwide. Squamous cell carcinoma is the major type of HNC. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma grouped under HNC is a malignant tumor occurring in the oral cavity. The primary risk factors of OSCC are tobacco, alcohol consumption, etc. This review focuses on modulations, mechanisms, growth and differentiation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer cell surrounds itself with a group of elements forming a favorable environment known as tumor microenvironment (TME). It consists of numerous cells which includes immune cells, blood cells and acellular components that are responsible for the progression, immunosuppression, metastasis and angiogenesis of cancer. This review highlights the most important tissue biomarkers (mTOR, CAF, FOXp3, CD163, CD33, CD34) that are associated with TME cells. mTOR remains as the primary regulator responsible in cancer and its importance towards immune-suppression is highlighted. Tumor-associated macrophages associated with cancer development and its relationship with immunomodulatory mechanism and Tregs, which are potential blockers of immune response and its mechanism and aberrations are discussed. Cancer-associated fibroblasts that are a part of TME and their role in evading the immune response and myeloid derived suppressor cells that have slight control over the immune response and their mechanism in the tumor progression is further explained. These markers have been emphasised as therapeutic targets and are currently in different stages of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganya Ramalingam
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Sivaramakrishnan Shantha
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Susruthan Muralitharan
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
- Susrutha Diagnostics, Chennai, India
| | - Uma Sudhakar
- Department of Periodontics, Department of Dental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Guindy, Chennai, 600032, India
| | - Harikrishnan Thamizhchelvan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India.
| | - Venkatachalam Deepa Parvathi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India.
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Qiu W, Ren M, Wang C, Fu Y, Liu Y. The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of mTOR and p-mTOR expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32340. [PMID: 36595789 PMCID: PMC9794261 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has a crucial role in carcinogenesis, angiogenesis, cellular proliferation, and metastasis; however, its significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains contentious. Consequently, this study aims to assess the clinicopathological and prognostic importance of mTOR/p-mTOR expression in NSCLC. METHODS Literature retrieval was undertaken by searching English databases PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library as well as Chinese databases CNKI, Wan Fang, and VIP for full-text publications that satisfied our eligibility criteria up to November 2021. STATA 12.0 was used to conduct statistical analysis (STATA Corporation, College Station, TX). RESULTS This meta-analysis includes a total of 4683 patients from 28 primary publications. mTOR/p-mTOR expression was associated with sex (OR = 0.608, 95% CI: 0.442-0.836), lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.084, 95% CI: 1.437-3.182), and CEA (OR = 1.584, 95% CI: 1.135-2.209), but not with age, histological type, depth of tumor invasion, distant metastasis, TNM stage, differentiation degree, tumor size, or smoking. In addition, the expression of mTOR/p-mTOR is related to shorter overall survival in NSCLC patients (HR = 1.415, 95% CI: 1.051-1.905). CONCLUSION Positive mTOR/p-mTOR expression was substantially correlated with unfavorable conditions on the sex, lymph node metastases, and CEA levels. mTOR/p-mTOR may indicate a bad prognosis for NSCLC. The current findings must be confirmed and changed by other high-quality research employing a multivariate analysis on bigger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
- Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Meiying Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
- * Correspondence: Meiying Ren, Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, 41 Linyin Road, Kundulun District, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia 014010, China (e-mail: )
| | - Cuifeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
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González-Moles MÁ, Keim-del Pino C, Ramos-García P. Hallmarks of Cancer Expression in Oral Lichen Planus: A Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13099. [PMID: 36361889 PMCID: PMC9658487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology and likely autoimmune nature that is currently considered an oral potentially malignant disorder, implying that patients suffering from this process are at risk of developing oral cancer in their lifetime. The molecular alterations that develop in OLP and that make the affected oral epithelium predisposed to malignancy are unknown, although, as in other autoimmune diseases (ulcerative colitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, etc.), they may be linked to oncogenesis-promoting effects mediated by the inflammatory infiltrate. So far there is no in-depth knowledge on how these hallmarks of cancer are established in the cells of the oral epithelium affected by OLP. In this scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses the state of evidence based knowledge in this field is presented, to point out gaps of evidence and to indicate future lines of research. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and Dare were searched for secondary-level studies published before October 2022. The results identified 20 systematic reviews and meta-analyses critically appraising the hallmarks tumor-promoting inflammation (n = 17, 85%), sustaining proliferative signaling (n = 2, 10%), and evading growth suppressors (n = 1, 5%). No evidence was found for the other hallmarks of cancer in OLP. In conclusion, OLP malignization hypothetically derives from the aggressions of the inflammatory infiltrate and a particular type of epithelial response based on increased epithelial proliferation, evasion of growth-suppressive signals and lack of apoptosis. Future evidence-based research is required to support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Keim-del Pino
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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González-Moles MÁ, Warnakulasuriya S, López-Ansio M, Ramos-García P. Hallmarks of Cancer Applied to Oral and Oropharyngeal Carcinogenesis: A Scoping Review of the Evidence Gaps Found in Published Systematic Reviews. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153834. [PMID: 35954497 PMCID: PMC9367256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This scoping review of systematic reviews aims to accurately assess the degree of existing scientific evidence on the cancer hallmarks proposed in 2011 by Hanahan and Weinberg, in the form of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, applied to oral potentially malignant disorders, oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, in order to point out gaps in evidence and lines of research that should be implemented in the future to improve the malignant transformation prediction, diagnosis and/or prognosis of these diseases. Abstract In 2000 and 2011, Hanahan and Weinberg published two papers in which they defined the characteristics that cells must fulfil in order to be considered neoplastic cells in all types of tumours that affect humans, which the authors called “hallmarks of cancer”. These papers have represented a milestone in our understanding of the biology of many types of cancers and have made it possible to reach high levels of scientific evidence in relation to the prognostic impact that these hallmarks have on different tumour types. However, to date, there is no study that globally analyses evidence-based knowledge on the importance of these hallmarks in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. For this reason, we set out to conduct this scoping review of systematic reviews with the aim of detecting evidence gaps in relation to the relevance of the cancer hallmarks proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg in oral and oropharyngeal cancer, and oral potentially malignant disorders, and to point out future lines of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- WHO Collaborating for Oral Cancer, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - María López-Ansio
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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p-S6 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Canine Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070935. [PMID: 35883491 PMCID: PMC9313205 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Scarce information exists on the role of mTOR pathway proteins and their association to aggressiveness and prognosis of patients with canine oral cancers. We aimed to investigate the activated form of mTOR and its downstream S6 protein in canine oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and to evaluate potential associations between protein expression and clinic-pathologic variables and survival. For that we analysed p-mTOR and p-S6 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in 61 canine OSCCs. Multivariate analysis was conducted to examine their role in patients’ cancer-specific survival (CSS). p-mTOR and p-S6 expression were present in almost all cases. High-expression of p-mTOR was observed in 44 (72.1%) cases using extent score and 52 (85.2%) cases using intensity score. For p-S6, high expression was observed in 53 (86.9%) cases using extent score and in 54 (88.5%) cases using intensity score. An independent prognostic value for p-S6 extension (p = 0.027), tumour stage (p = 0.013) and treatment (p = 0.0009) was found in patients’ CSS analysis. Our data suggest that p-mTOR and p-S6 proteins are commonly expressed in canine OSCC and p-S6 expression is correlated with poor CSS in dogs with OSCC. More studies should be performed to identify possible therapeutic targets related with mTOR pathway for these patients.
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Marques AEM, Borges GA, Viesi do Nascimento Filho CH, Vianna LMDS, Ramos DDAR, Castilho RM, Squarize CH, Guerra ENS. Expression profile of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Data from Brazilian population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 133:453-461. [PMID: 35153184 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B/mammalian target of the rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) signaling pathway is an important regulator of cell proliferation, survival, and motility. The gain or loss of function of proteins related to this pathway results in the neoplastic transformation in several types of cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the expression profile of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and HNSCC cell lines. STUDY DESIGN The study involved 26 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from patients with HNSCC. The analysis of immunohistochemical expression of PI3K, AKT, p-mTOR, and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) proteins was performed by a quantitative assessment. The in vitro gene and protein expression evaluation was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay, respectively, in the human cell lines SCC-9 and FaDu. RESULTS High levels of PI3K, AKT, and p-mTOR were found in most HNSCC tumors. Following this result, we observed low amounts or absence of PTEN in most samples. Additionally, the FaDu cells (pharynx) showed higher AKT expression but lower expression of p-mTOR compared with SCC-9 cells (oral cavity), which hints at a loco-anatomical relevance. CONCLUSION Overall, this study found increased expression of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway along with evident PTEN reduction in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elizia Mascarenhas Marques
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Pathology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Gabriel Alvares Borges
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Pathology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlos Henrique Viesi do Nascimento Filho
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Pathology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Rogerio Moraes Castilho
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Pathology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cristiane Helena Squarize
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Pathology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Pathology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ramos-García P, González-Moles MÁ. Prognostic and Clinicopathological Significance of the Aberrant Expression of β-Catenin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030479. [PMID: 35158747 PMCID: PMC8833491 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary β-catenin is a multifunctional protein whose physiological functions are mainly related to the maintenance of cell-cell adhesion by forming complexes with the adhesion molecule E-cadherin, both responsible for the preservation of squamous epithelia homeostasis. The loss of β-catenin expression in the cell membrane, the failure of cytoplasmic degradation mechanisms—essentially related to the activation of Wnt canonical oncogenic pathway—and/or its translocation to the nucleus—developing actions as a transcription factor of oncogenes—are aberrant mechanisms with oncogenic implications in oral carcinogenesis. In this systematic review and meta-analysis on 41 studies and 2746 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients we demonstrate that the aberrant expression of β-catenin—mainly the immunohistochemical analysis of its loss in the cell membrane—behaves as a prognostic biomarker, significantly associated with poor survival, essentially linked to the increased risk for the development of lymph node metastases, higher tumour size and clinical stage in these patients. Abstract This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of the aberrant expression of β-catenin (assessed through the immunohistochemical loss of membrane expression, cytoplasmic and nuclear expression) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We searched for primary-level studies published before October-2021 through PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, with no limitation in regard to their publication date or language. We evaluated the methodological quality and risk of bias of the studies included using the QUIPS tool, carried out meta-analyses, explored heterogeneity and their sources across subgroups and meta-regression, and conducted sensitivity and small-study effects analyses. Forty-one studies (2746 patients) met inclusion criteria. The aberrant immunohistochemical expression of β-catenin was statistically associated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.20–2.60, p = 0.004), disease-free survival (HR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.10–5.50, p = 0.03), N+ status (OR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.68–3.40, p < 0.001), higher clinical stage (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.58–3.63, p < 0.001), higher tumour size (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.23–2.53, p = 0.004), and moderately-poorly differentiated OSCC (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.09–2.25, p = 0.02). The loss of β-catenin in the cell membrane showed the largest effect size in most of meta-analyses (singularly for poor overall survival [HR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.55–3.62, p < 0.001], N+ status [OR = 3.44, 95% CI = 2.40–4.93, p < 0.001] and higher clinical stage [OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.17–5.35, p = 0.02]). In conclusion, our findings indicate that immunohistochemical assessment of the aberrant expression of β-catenin could be incorporated as an additional and complementary routine prognostic biomarker for the assessment of patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.R.-G.); (M.Á.G.-M.)
| | - Miguel Á. González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.R.-G.); (M.Á.G.-M.)
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10
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Chou MH, Chuang HC, Lin YT, Tsai MH, Kao YH, Lin IC, Huang TL, Fang FM, Chien CY. Targeting mTOR-CCL20 Signaling May Improve Response to Docetaxel in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3046. [PMID: 33802643 PMCID: PMC8002492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) usually show a dismal prognosis. It is this worthwhile to develop new, effective therapeutic regimens for these patients, such as molecular targeted therapy, which is promising as an alternative or combination treatment for HNSCC. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of HNSCC, is the most frequently activated, and is thus worthy of further investigation. In this study, two human HNSCC cell lines, FaDu and SAS, were evaluated for cell growth with trypan blue staining and tumor growth using an orthotopic xenograft model. The immunohistochemical expression of mTOR in the subcutaneous xenograft model and the inhibitory effects of docetaxel on the growth and state of activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway were also evaluated and examined by colony formation and Western blot, respectively. Cell proliferation and migration were measured by water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) and OrisTM cell migration assay, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of rapamycin and BEZ235, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) and mTOR inhibitor in combination with docetaxel or CCL20 were evaluated in the FaDu and SAS cells. The results showed that the expression of mTOR was significantly higher in the SAS and FaDu xenograft models than in the control. Docetaxel treatment significantly suppressed HNSCC cell proliferation and migration in vitro via the PI3K/mTOR/CCL-20 signaling pathway. Additionally, when administered in a dose-dependent fashion, mTOR inhibitors inhibited the growth and migration of the HNSCC cells. This combination was synergistic with docetaxel, resulting in almost complete cell growth and migration arrest. In conclusion, docetaxel significantly inhibited HNSCC cell proliferation and migration in vitro via the PI3K/mTOR/CCL-20 signaling pathway. The synergistic and additive activity of mTOR inhibitors combined with docetaxel shows potential as a new treatment strategy for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Huei Chou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Center for General Education, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (M.-H.T.); (T.-L.H.); (F.-M.F.)
| | - Hui-Ching Chuang
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (M.-H.T.); (T.-L.H.); (F.-M.F.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsai Lin
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (M.-H.T.); (T.-L.H.); (F.-M.F.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Tsai
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (M.-H.T.); (T.-L.H.); (F.-M.F.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Kao
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
| | - I-Chun Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Lin Huang
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (M.-H.T.); (T.-L.H.); (F.-M.F.)
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Min Fang
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (M.-H.T.); (T.-L.H.); (F.-M.F.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Chien
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Head and Neck Oncology Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-T.L.); (M.-H.T.); (T.-L.H.); (F.-M.F.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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Moura ACD, Assad DX, Amorim Dos Santos J, Porto de Toledo I, Barra GB, Castilho RM, Squarize CH, Guerra ENS. Worldwide prevalence of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway mutations in head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 160:103284. [PMID: 33675910 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the prevalence of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway mutations in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Overall, 105 studies comprising 8630 patients and 1306 mutations were selected. The estimated mutations prevalence was 13 % for PIK3CA (95 % confidence interval [CI] = 11-14; I2 = 82 %; p < 0.0001), 4% for PTEN (95 % CI = 3-5; I2 = 55 %; p < 0.0001), 3% for MTOR (95 % CI = 2-4; I2 = 5%; p = 0.40), and 2% for AKT (95 % CI = 1-2; I2 = 50 %; p = 0.0001). We further stratified the available data of the participants according to risk factors and tumor characteristics, including HPV infection, tobacco use, alcohol exposure, TNM stage, and histological tumor differentiation, and performed subgroup analysis. We identified significant associations between PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway-associated mutations and advanced TNM stage (odds ratio [OR] = 0.20; 95 % CI = 0.09-0.44; I² = 71 %; p = 0.0001) and oropharyngeal HPV-positive tumors and PIK3CA mutations (OR = 17.48; 95 % CI = 4.20-72.76; I² = 69 %; p < 0.0002). No associations were found between alcohol and tobacco exposure, and tumor differentiation grade. This SR demonstrated that the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway emerges as a potential prognostic factor and could offer a molecular basis for future studies on therapeutic targeting in HNC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Castelo de Moura
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Hospital Universitário de Brasília (HUB-UnB/Ebserh), Brasília, DF, Brazil; Hospital Santa Lúcia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Daniele Xavier Assad
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Juliana Amorim Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Isabela Porto de Toledo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Barcelos Barra
- Sabin Medicina Diagnóstica, SAAN Quadra 03 Lotes 145/185, Brasília, 70632-340, DF, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Moraes Castilho
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry. Ann Arbor, 48109-1078, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Cristiane Helena Squarize
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry. Ann Arbor, 48109-1078, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry. Ann Arbor, 48109-1078, MI, USA.
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Raptor and rictor expression in patients with human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:87. [PMID: 33482765 PMCID: PMC7821513 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite reports of a link between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling activation, the role of the mTOR pathway, especially raptor and rictor, in HPV-related head and neck cancer is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of the mTOR pathway in HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Methods The present study involved two strategies. The first was to investigate the activity of mTOR and mTOR-related complexes in high-risk HPV-positive (UM-SCC47 and CaSki) and HPV-negative (SCC-4 and SAS) cancer cell lines. The second was to elucidate mTOR complex expression in 80 oropharyngeal cancer tissues and to examine the relationship between mTOR complex expression and survival in patients with OPSCC. Results The UM-SCC47 and CaSki cell lines showed high gene and protein expression of raptor. They also exhibited G1/S and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest following 24 h incubation with 6 μM temsirolimus, a rapamycin analog, and temsirolimus administration inhibited their growth. HPV-related OPSCC samples showed high gene and protein expression of raptor and rictor compared with HPV-unrelated OPSCC. In addition, HPV-related OPSCC patients with high raptor and rictor expression tended to have a worse prognosis than those with low or medium expression. Conclusions These results suggest that raptor and rictor have important roles in HPV-related OPSCC and that temsirolimus is a potential therapeutic agent for patients with HPV-related OPSCC. This is the first report to reveal the overexpression of raptor and rictor in HPV-related OPSCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-07794-9.
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13
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Wubeizi Ointment Suppresses Keloid Formation through Modulation of the mTOR Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3608372. [PMID: 33062677 PMCID: PMC7545458 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3608372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Wubeizi (Rhus chinensis Mill.) ointment has been shown as an effective treatment for keloids. However, the protective mechanisms of Wubeizi ointment are not fully understood. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been demonstrated to be associated with keloid pathogenesis. In the present study, we investigated if Wubeizi ointment suppressed keloid formation through the modulation of key molecules of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway including phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (Akt). Methods A keloid mouse model and human keloid-derived fibroblasts were developed and treated with Galla chinensis. Immunohistochemistry, western blot, and reverse transcription-PCR were used to detect PI3K, PTEN, Akt, and mTOR in keloid tissues and keloid fibroblasts. The apoptosis and proliferation rate of keloid fibroblasts was, respectively, analyzed by flow cytometry according to the MTT assay. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0. For two variable comparisons, a two independent samples t-test was used. For multiple variable comparisons, data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by pairwise q-tests. Results Our in vivo and in vitro studies showed that Wubeizi ointment suppressed keloid formation through inhibition of fibroblast proliferation and promotion of fibroblast apoptosis. The underlying basis involves downregulation of p-Akt and p-mTOR as well as upregulation of PTEN. Conclusion These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of Wubeizi ointment for treating keloids.
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Liang Y, Guan C, Li K, Zheng G, Wang T, Zhang S, Liao G. MMP25 Regulates Immune Infiltration Level and Survival Outcome in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1088. [PMID: 32850314 PMCID: PMC7405909 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: MMP25 is a critical gene of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, the molecular mechanism of MMP25 in head and neck cancer pathogenesis remains unclear. Methods: MMP25 expression was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and its influence on clinical prognosis was performed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses. The correlation between MMP25 and immune infiltration was investigated by CIBERSORT, TIMER, and ESTIMATE. In addition, the relationship between MMP25 expression and molecular mechanisms was analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), gene ontology (GO), and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Results: MMP25 expression level correlated with prognosis and immune infiltrating levels, especially activated CD4+ memory T cells, in head and neck cancer. Moreover, MMP25 expression potentially mediated genes, such as IRF8, IKZF1, and DOCK2, and tumor-associated pathways, including p53 signaling, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, and JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Conclusions: These findings suggested that MMP25 plays a critical role in the prognosis and immune infiltration level of head and neck cancer. In addition, MMP25 expression significantly correlated with the regulation of various oncogenes and tumor-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenyu Guan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangsen Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sien Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiqing Liao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Martins MD, Silveira FM, Webber LP, Wagner VP, Martins MAT, Squarize CH, Castilho RM. The impact of photobiomodulation therapy on the biology and behavior of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas cell lines. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 209:111924. [PMID: 32570058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is an emerging therapeutic modality designed to prevent and treat chemotherapy-driven oral mucositis (OM). However, the response of tumor cells to the effects of PBMT remains poorly understood. Our study explores the effects of PBMT in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) based on cellular proliferation, migration, and survival of tumor cells and its population of cancer stem cells (CSC). We explored the behavior of two HNSCC cell lines (HN6 and HN13) under two distinct conditions, a physiological growing condition (10% FBS), and under stress growing condition (2% FBS) prior to irradiation using diode laser (InGaAlP; MM Optics, São Carlos, SP, Brazil). Diode laser (660 nm) was applied with a power of 100 mW delivering a total energy per point of 0.24 J. MTT and wound healing test (scratch assay) were performed to evaluate, respectively, proliferation and migration of tumor cells. Clonogenic and spheres formation assays were also performed to evaluate the survival and percentage of CSC upon irradiation. Overall, we observed that PBMT does not exacerbate the behavior of HNSCC. We could only observe a decrease in cellular proliferation of one cell line (HN6) when cultured under nutritional stress conditions (p < .05). There were no significant differences between the control and the PBMT groups regarding cell migration, survival and the percentage of CSC. Collectively, our results suggest that in vitro administration of PBMT to HNSCC does not modify the behavior of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoela Domingues Martins
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil; Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Felipe Martins Silveira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Liana Preto Webber
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vivian Petersen Wagner
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil; Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marco Antonio Trevizani Martins
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cristiane Helena Squarize
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rogerio Moraes Castilho
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Patel J, Nguyen SA, Ogretmen B, Gutkind JS, Nathan C, Day T. mTOR inhibitor use in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis on survival, tumor response, and toxicity. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2020; 5:243-255. [PMID: 32337356 PMCID: PMC7178455 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been rising in incidence primarily related to HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers. Novel molecular therapeutics are evolving with the mTOR pathway as a new target. Previous studies have shown variable outcomes with relatively low toxicity. This study reports the tumor response, survivability, and toxicity of mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) in HNSCC. Despite expanding research on this pathway, there remains controversy around mTORi use for treatment of HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies were included if: (a) Used mTORi alone or in combination with other treatment modalities in HNSCC. (b) Site of cancer included were one of the following: nasopharyngeal, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx. (c) All stages of cancer and treatment stage (neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and palliative) were included. The rate of adverse events (AEs), tumor response, progression free survival, and overall survival were meta-analyzed. RESULTS From 1299 publications only 11 studies met inclusion criteria with a combined 232 total patients treated. Two studies used mTORi neoadjuvantly, five adjuvantly, and four in palliative/unresectable/metastatic setting. Monotherapeutic mTORi resulted in stabilization of disease (52.5%), but partial response was the most common response when mTORi were combined with chemotherapy and/or radiation (CRT) (48.1%). Survival rate was the highest in the mTORi combined with CRT. Hyperglycemia of any grade was the most commonly reported toxicity while grade 3 or less AEs were the most common grade of toxicity. CONCLUSION The use of mTORi as monotherapy in HNSCC has thus far not yielded significant tumor response, however, in combination with other agents, an improved partial tumor response is evident that may or may not be associated with the addition of mTORi. Although adverse events were common, grade 4/5 AEs were uncommon. Further prospective, randomized clinical trials are necessary to confirm the direct roles of these agents in HNSCC tumor response. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimin Patel
- Head and Neck Tumor Center, Hollings Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Shaun A. Nguyen
- Head and Neck Tumor Center, Hollings Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Head and Neck Tumor Center, Hollings Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jorge S. Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Cherie‐Ann Nathan
- Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, Feist‐Weiller Cancer Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryLousiana State University Health CenterShreveportLouisianaUSA
| | - Terry Day
- Head and Neck Tumor Center, Hollings Cancer Center, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
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Wilson TG, Hanna A, Recknagel J, Pruetz BL, Baschnagel AM, Wilson GD. Prognostic significance of MTOR expression in HPV positive and negative head and neck cancers treated by chemoradiation. Head Neck 2019; 42:153-162. [PMID: 31657099 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) plays a key role in regulating cell growth and metabolism and is commonly overexpressed in head and neck cancer (HNSCC). This study investigated the association of MTOR with clinical outcome in human papilloma virus (HPV) positive and negative HNSCC patients treated by chemoradiation. METHODS A tissue microarray (TMA) consisting of cores from 109 HNSCC patients treated by definitive chemoradiation was constructed and stained with antibodies against p16 and MTOR and expression correlated with clinicopathological features and clinical outcome. RESULTS MTOR varied widely between tumor cores and was not associated with HPV status or clinicopathological features. There was a positive correlation with pre-treatment FDG uptake. (P = .01). In HPV negative patients, MTOR predicted for shorter locoregional control (P = .02), diseases free survival (P = .02), and overall survival (P = .04). MTOR expression was not associated with outcome in HPV positive patients. CONCLUSIONS Prognostic significance of MTOR expression depends on HPV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Alaa Hanna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Johnathon Recknagel
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Barbara L Pruetz
- Beaumont BioBank, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Andrew M Baschnagel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - George D Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
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18
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Zhang S, Hu B, Lv X, Chen S, Liu W, Shao Z. The Prognostic Role of Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 Pathway in Patients With Solid Tumors: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:390. [PMID: 31139572 PMCID: PMC6527894 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies supported the predictive role of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), phosphorylated S6K1 (p-S6K1), and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-S6) for the outcome of cancer patients. However, inconsistent results were acquired across different researches. To comprehensively and quantitatively elucidate their prognostic significance in solid malignancies, the current meta-analysis was carried out utilizing the results of clinical studies. Methods: We conducted the literature retrieval by searching PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane library to identify eligible publications. Data were collected from included articles to calculate pooled overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and progression-free survival (PFS). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) served as appropriate parameters to assess prognostic significance. Results: Forty-four original studies were included, of which 7 studies were analyzed for S6K1, 24 for p-S6K1, and 16 for p-S6. The overexpression of p-S6K1 was significantly associated with poorer prognosis of solid tumor patients in OS (HR = 1.706, 95%CI: 1.369–2.125, p < 0.001), DFS (HR = 1.665, 95%CI: 1.002–2.768, p = 0.049). However, prognostic role of p-S6K1 in RFS and PFS was not found. The result also revealed that S6K1 and p-S6 were significantly associated with reduced OS (HR = 1.691, 95%CI: 1.306–2.189, p < 0.001; HR = 2.019, 95%CI: 1.775–2.296, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: The present meta-analysis demonstrated that elevated expression of S6K1, p-S6K1, or p-S6 might indicate worse prognosis of patients with solid tumors, and supported a promising clinical test to predict solid tumor prognosis based on the level of S6K1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Binwu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weijian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Azizi M, Tang DH, Verduzco D, Peyton CC, Chipollini J, Yuan Z, Schaible BJ, Zhou JM, Johnstone PA, Giuliano A, Dhillon J, Spiess PE. Impact of PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway Up-regulation on Prognosis of Penile Squamous-Cell Carcinoma: Results From a Tissue Microarray Study and Review of the Literature. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:e80-e91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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de Vicente JC, Peña I, Rodrigo JP, Rodríguez-Santamarta T, Lequerica-Fernández P, Suárez-Fernández L, Allonca E, García-Pedrero JM. Phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 correlation with p21 expression and inverse association with tumor size in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2017; 39:1876-1887. [PMID: 28675642 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-S6), a surrogate marker of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, and p21 in a series of 125 patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to ascertain the phosphorylation status of p-S6 at Ser235/236 and Ser240/244, p21, and p53 protein expression. RESULTS Expression of phosphorylated S6 protein on either serine 235/236 or serine 240/244 was detected in 83% and 88% tumors, respectively, and both of them were inversely and significantly correlated with the tumor size and local infiltration. Positive p21 expression was found in 91.5% of the cases, and was inversely correlated with tumor size. In OSCC, p21 expression correlates with p-S6 levels, a surrogate marker of mTOR activation, independently of p53 status. CONCLUSION Expression of both p21 and p-S6 was found to inversely associate with tumor size but not survival outcomes in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C de Vicente
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, CIBERONC ISCIII Spain
| | - Ignacio Peña
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, CIBERONC ISCIII Spain
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Santamarta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Laura Suárez-Fernández
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Eva Allonca
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Juana M García-Pedrero
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, CIBERONC ISCIII Spain
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21
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Bossi P, Platini F. Radiotherapy plus EGFR inhibitors: synergistic modalities. CANCERS OF THE HEAD & NECK 2017; 2:2. [PMID: 31093349 PMCID: PMC6460772 DOI: 10.1186/s41199-016-0020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Locally advanced (stage III or IV) squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) often requires multimodal treatment, consisting of a combination of surgery, radiation, and/or systemic therapy, namely chemotherapy or targeted agents. The expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been detected in more than 90% of all cases of SCCHN and has been correlated with decreased survival rates, resistance to radiotherapy, loco-regional treatment failure, and increased rates of distant metastases. This paper discusses several strategies aimed at targeting EGFR in combination with radiation. Until now, cetuximab, an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, is the only targeted agent that has been shown to improve overall survival in combination with radiation therapy. However, considering that there are multiple mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors, we focused on dissecting molecular pathways of EGFR inhibition to find alternative or complementary strategies for increasing tumour responsiveness. We suggest that the combination of treatments targeting the EGFR pathway and drugs aimed at increasing immune responses represent a promising approach that deserves to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bossi
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Platini
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
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22
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Nikitakis NG. Glimpses of the near future: a new generation of mTOR inhibitors. Oral Dis 2016; 23:1019-1020. [PMID: 27809391 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N G Nikitakis
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Goudi, Athens, Greece
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