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Magalhães IA, Costa GAJ, Crispim AA, Dantas TS, Sousa FB, Bezerra MJB, Silva PGDB. Immunostaining for Mismatch Repair Complex Proteins Impacts on Clinical-Pathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Salivary Glands. J Oral Pathol Med 2024. [PMID: 39363516 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of MMR proteins on clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). METHOD The solid pattern of ACC showed lower expression for MSH2 (p = 0.039). Significant imbalance in MSH2/MSH6 immunostaining was observed in all histological patterns (p < 0.001), and imbalance in PMS2/MLH1 immunostaining was observed in the cribriform pattern (p = 0.011). The presence of capsule was associated with high expression of MSH6 (p = 0.019), MLH1 (p = 0.045) and PMS2 (p = 0.009). The absence of cribriform pattern (p = 0.002) and capsule pattern (p = 0.025), as well as low expression for MSH6 (p = 0.006) and PMS2 (p = 0.037) were associated with lower overall survival. In multivariate analysis, loss of MSH2 (p = 0.039) and MLH1 (p = 0.017) were significantly associated with worse overall survival. RESULTS Twenty-four ACC were clinical-pathologically evaluated and we perform immunohistochemistry for MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 and MLH1. Percentage counting of positive cells was performed in 10 fields of each histological pattern (cribriform, tubular and solid) and the averages of the 30 fields were considered for evaluation with other clinical-pathological variables (Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn, Friedman/Dunn, chi-square, Log-Rank Mantel-Cox tests and Cox regression; SPSS v20.0, p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Salivary glands' ACC shows imbalance of the MMR complex and loss of expression of its components is associated with the overall survival of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - André Alves Crispim
- ICC Genomics, Hospital Haroldo Juaçaba, Instituto do Câncer do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Goberlânio de Barros Silva
- Departamento de Odontologia, Unichristus, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- ICC Genomics, Hospital Haroldo Juaçaba, Instituto do Câncer do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Tire B, Talibova G, Ozturk S. The crosstalk between telomeres and DNA repair mechanisms: an overview to mammalian somatic cells, germ cells, and preimplantation embryos. J Assist Reprod Genet 2024; 41:277-291. [PMID: 38165506 PMCID: PMC10894803 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-03008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are located at the ends of linear chromosomes and play a critical role in maintaining genomic stability by preventing premature activation of DNA repair mechanisms. Because of exposure to various genotoxic agents, telomeres can undergo shortening and genetic changes. In mammalian cells, the basic DNA repair mechanisms, including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, double-strand break repair, and mismatch repair, function in repairing potential damages in telomeres. If these damages are not repaired correctly in time, the unfavorable results such as apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and cancerous transition may occur. During lifespan, mammalian somatic cells, male and female germ cells, and preimplantation embryos experience a number of telomeric damages. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed the crosstalk between telomeres and the DNA repair mechanisms in the somatic cells, germ cells, and embryos. Infertility development resulting from possible defects in this crosstalk is also discussed in the light of existing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Tire
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gunel Talibova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Saffet Ozturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
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Styk J, Pös Z, Pös O, Radvanszky J, Turnova EH, Buglyó G, Klimova D, Budis J, Repiska V, Nagy B, Szemes T. Microsatellite instability assessment is instrumental for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine: status quo and outlook. EPMA J 2023; 14:143-165. [PMID: 36866160 PMCID: PMC9971410 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-023-00312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A form of genomic alteration called microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs in a class of tandem repeats (TRs) called microsatellites (MSs) or short tandem repeats (STRs) due to the failure of a post-replicative DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system. Traditionally, the strategies for determining MSI events have been low-throughput procedures that typically require assessment of tumours as well as healthy samples. On the other hand, recent large-scale pan-tumour studies have consistently highlighted the potential of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) on the MSI scale. As a result of recent innovations, minimally invasive methods show a high potential to be integrated into the clinical routine and delivery of adapted medical care to all patients. Along with advances in sequencing technologies and their ever-increasing cost-effectiveness, they may bring about a new era of Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine (3PM). In this paper, we offered a comprehensive analysis of high-throughput strategies and computational tools for the calling and assessment of MSI events, including whole-genome, whole-exome and targeted sequencing approaches. We also discussed in detail the detection of MSI status by current MPS blood-based methods and we hypothesised how they may contribute to the shift from conventional medicine to predictive diagnosis, targeted prevention and personalised medical services. Increasing the efficacy of patient stratification based on MSI status is crucial for tailored decision-making. Contextually, this paper highlights drawbacks both at the technical level and those embedded deeper in cellular/molecular processes and future applications in routine clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Styk
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Geneton Ltd, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Pös
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Geneton Ltd, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Pös
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Geneton Ltd, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Radvanszky
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Evelina Hrckova Turnova
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Slovgen Ltd, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gergely Buglyó
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Daniela Klimova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Budis
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Geneton Ltd, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, 811 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vanda Repiska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Medirex Group Academy, NPO, 949 05 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Bálint Nagy
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tomas Szemes
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Geneton Ltd, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia ,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Shah S, Rachmat R, Enyioma S, Ghose A, Revythis A, Boussios S. BRCA Mutations in Prostate Cancer: Assessment, Implications and Treatment Considerations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12628. [PMID: 34884434 PMCID: PMC8657599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer ranks fifth in cancer-related mortality in men worldwide. DNA damage is implicated in cancer and DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are in place against this to maintain genomic stability. Impaired DDR pathways play a role in prostate carcinogenesis and germline or somatic mutations in DDR genes have been found in both primary and metastatic prostate cancer. Among these, BRCA mutations have been found to be especially clinically relevant with a role for germline or somatic testing. Prostate cancer with DDR defects may be sensitive to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors which target proteins in a process called PARylation. Initially they were used to target BRCA-mutated tumor cells in a process of synthetic lethality. However, recent studies have found potential for PARP inhibitors in a variety of other genetic settings. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of DNA repair, potential for genomic analysis of prostate cancer and therapeutics of PARP inhibitors along with their safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidrah Shah
- Department of Palliative Care, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Rachelle Rachmat
- Department of Radiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Synthia Enyioma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (S.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Aruni Ghose
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Cancer Centre, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, W Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK;
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Antonios Revythis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (S.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Stergios Boussios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (S.E.); (A.R.)
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Donís SP, González AP, Alves MGO, do Carmo Carvalho BF, Ferreira CCP, Almeida JD, Iruegas EP, Petronacci CMC, Peñaranda JMS, Sayáns MP. MLH1, MSH2, MRE11, and XRCC1 in Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:613-618. [PMID: 33734109 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA damage is accumulated in the cells over time as the result of both exogenous and endogenous factors. The objective of this study was to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of the repair proteins in oral leukoplakia (OL) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Paraffin blocks were selected from the archives of the Laboratory of Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain. The sample was composed of 16 cases of OL without dysplasia, 14 cases of OL with dysplasia, and 15 cases of OSCC. The patients' clinical data were collected and immunohistochemical analysis was performed for MLH1, MSH2, MRE11, and XRCC1. The data were submitted to the χ2 and the Kruskal-Wallis (P≤0.05) tests. RESULTS MSH2 was overexpressed in OSCC (P=0.020) and was positive in 100% of patients with OL with dysplasia or OSCC (P=0.019). Positivity for MLH1 was significantly associated with comorbidity (P=0.040), especially in patients who presented with 2 or more pathologies (P=0.028). XRCC1 positivity was also associated with comorbidity (P=0.039). No significant associations were found for the MRE11A expression. Although the simultaneous positivity for the 4 markers was observed in presence of comorbidities (P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS This study supports the effect of the overexpression of MSH2 protein in samples of OL with dysplasia and OSCC, most notably in patients who present with comorbidities and negativity for OL without dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruna F do Carmo Carvalho
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila C P Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete Dias Almeida
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elena Padín Iruegas
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Idichus Foundation, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - José M Suárez Peñaranda
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Pathology, University of Santiago de Compostela
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Pogoda K, Cieśluk M, Deptuła P, Tokajuk G, Piktel E, Król G, Reszeć J, Bucki R. Inhomogeneity of stiffness and density of the extracellular matrix within the leukoplakia of human oral mucosa as potential physicochemical factors leading to carcinogenesis. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101105. [PMID: 33946032 PMCID: PMC8111093 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia is a clinical term relating to various morphological lesions, including squamous cell hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma. Leukoplakia morphologically manifested as hyperplasia with epithelial dysplasia is clinically treated as precancerous condition. Nevertheless, there is a lack of good markers indicating the transformation of premalignancies towards cancer. A better understanding of the mechanical environment within the tissues where tumors grow might be beneficial for the development of prevention, diagnostic, and treatment methods in cancer management. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and immunohistology techniques were used to assess changes in the stiffness and morphology of oral mucosa and leukoplakia samples at different stages of their progression towards cancer. The Young's moduli of the tested leukoplakia samples were significantly higher than those of the surrounding mucus. Robust inhomogeneity of stiffness within leukoplakia samples, reflecting an increase in regeneration and collagen accumulation (increasing density) in the extracellular matrix (ECM), was observed. Within the histologically confirmed cancer samples, Young's moduli were significantly lower than those within the precancerous ones. Inhomogeneous stiffness within leukoplakia might act as "a mechanoagonist" that promotes oncogenesis. In contrast, cancer growth might require the reorganization of tissue structure to create a microenvironment with lower and homogenous stiffness. The immunohistology data collected here indicates that changes in tissue stiffness are achieved by increasing cell/ECM density. The recognition of new markers of premalignancy will aid in the development of new therapies and will expand the diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pogoda
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Cieśluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, PL-15222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, PL-15222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Grażyna Tokajuk
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewelina Piktel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, PL-15222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Król
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, PL-25317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Joanna Reszeć
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Robert Bucki
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, PL-25317 Kielce, Poland.
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Toprani SM, Kelkar Mane V. A short review on DNA damage and repair effects in lip cancer. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2021; 14:267-274. [PMID: 33626329 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing trend in oral cancer (0.6% per year) and its related mortality has been reported worldwide since 2010. The United States alone reports an increase of 57% within the past 10 years. This emphasizes the need not only for designing strategies of prevention and planning but also for an effective treatment regime for the various oral cancers. Cancers of the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, and hard palate have been primarily classified under the category of oral cancers. If left undiagnosed, these cancers can be life threatening. Amongst these, the most undesignated and understudied cancer type is the lip carcinoma, which is either categorized under oral cancer or/as well as skin cancer or head and neck cancer. However, lip cancer corresponds to 25-30% of all diagnosed oral cancers. Though the etiology of lip cancer is not yet fully understood, numerous risk factors involved in its development are now being studied. The cells in the lip region are continuously exposed to various DNA damaging agents from endogenous as well as exogenous sources. Flaws in DNA repair mechanisms involved in eliminating these damages may be linked to the origin of carcinogenesis. Accumulation of DNA damage and defect in repair mechanisms may play a role in lip carcinogenesis and progression. This literature review is an exhaustive compilation of the research work performed on the role of DNA damage and repair responses in lip carcinoma which will pave a path for researchers to identify predictive DNA repair biomarker/s for lip cancer, and its diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh M Toprani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India; John B Little Center of Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Varsha Kelkar Mane
- John B Little Center of Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Gao A, Pan X, Yang X, Lin Z. Predictive factors in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma using PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Invest New Drugs 2021; 39:1132-1138. [PMID: 33594603 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01082-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to immune impairment and lymphocyte enrichment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy is regarded as a potential treatment option. However, tumor heterogeneity, differences in the immune conditions of patients, and the interrelation between tumor cells and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) could affect the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint blockades. Therefore, to maximize the benefit of blockade PD-1/PD-L1 axis, to find an efficient predictor (the possible clinical parameters or biological factors) before treatment are of great importance. In this review, we discuss the advantages of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for OSCC patients and find three respects that are currently available in predicting curative effect. Firstly, OSCC with high PD-L1 expression evaluating by immunohistochemistry (high tumor proportion score (TPS) and combined positive score (CPS)) are considered to be suitable for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Secondly, gene-level predictive biomarkers including high metastatic mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) signature or enrichment of interferon-γ and PD1 signaling pathway is expected to be favorable factors. Besides, PET/CT parameters (SUVmax, MTV, TLG) are proved to be correlated with PD-L1 expression, and some newly developed immunoPET probes are enlarging the application of PET/CT in predicting therapeutic efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antian Gao
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Zhong Yang Road 30, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Pan
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Zhong Yang Road 30, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Zhong Yang Road 30, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zitong Lin
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Zhong Yang Road 30, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People's Republic of China.
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Mismatch Repair Proteins in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Observational Study. Head Neck Pathol 2021; 15:803-816. [PMID: 33501557 PMCID: PMC8384930 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cases of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma are on the rise and the disease now ranks as the most common human papillomavirus-related cancer. Although risk factors have been extensively discussed in the literature, the role of the DNA mismatch repair system remains unanswered. To evaluate the impact of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein immunostaining on the tumor progression and prognosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). This retrospective observational study comprised 50 cases of OPSCC. Immunohistochemistry for MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, MLH1, Ki67, p16 and caspase-3 was performed. The expression of these proteins was assessed in surgical resection margins, primary tumor (PT), and lymph node metastasis (LNM) of p16+ and p16- OPSCC. Clinical-pathological involvement in immunostaining was evaluated with Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn or Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon test and Spearman's correlation. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed with Log-Rank Mantel-Cox and Cox regression. MSH6 and caspase-3 showed high expression in PT (p16+ and p16 -) and in LNM (p16+ and p16-), and high levels of MSH2 were found in LNM (p16+ and p16 -). An imbalance in MutSα also was observed. PMS2 and caspase-3 expression was associated with poor survival in p16- OPSCC and, in multivariate analysis, MSH2, MSH6 and MLH1 had the poorest prognostic impact in p16+ OPSCC. MMR protein immunostaining is involved in OPSCC progression, dissemination and prognosis. The overexpression of MMR proteins as a response to increased DNA mismatch caused by cell proliferation and MSH2, MSH6 and MLH1 proteins might constitute a prognostic marker in p16+ OPSCC.
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Cui M, Li P, Mao Y, Zhang L, Xia P, Liu E, Wang W, Zhang J, Jiang G, Li W. Implication of Microsatellite Instability in Chinese Cohort of Human Cancers. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:10287-10295. [PMID: 33116883 PMCID: PMC7585277 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s274187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been a hot topic in cancer research. Determining MSI status greatly aids tumor prognosis and treatment plans. However, MSI data for Asian cancer patients with prognostic information are scarce. Here, our aim was to clarify MSI status and its prognostic value in a large Chinese cohort with different tumors. Patients and Methods Tissue samples from 600 Chinese cases, including 150 endometrial cancers, 150 colorectal cancers, 150 liver cancers and 150 gastric cancers, were used for IHC and MSI examinations. Two mononucleotide and three dinucleotide markers were used to analyze MSI status. Results In total,17.3% (26/150) of endometrial cancer patients showed positive MSI,10.0% (15/150) in colorectal cancer, 2.7% (4/150) in liver cancer, and 2.7% (4/150) in gastric cancer. Tumor location (P < 0.001 for colorectal cancer) and clinical stage (P =0.038 for gastric cancer) showed significant correlations with MSI status in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. The mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency was observed in 20 colorectal cases (13.3%) and was significantly more frequent in the MSI-positive group (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the prevalence of MSI-H was mostly occurred in early-stage tumors, and none was in late stage (stage IV). Meanwhile, low clinicopathological stage had significant correlation with longer survival in multiple cancers here. Conclusion The incidence of microsatellite instability varies among different cancer types. And the prevalence of MSI-H mostly occurred early clinicopathological stage. In addition, our study provided a large Asian cohort screened by five loci PCR method and significantly increased knowledge on the prognostic significance of MSI in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Cui
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyi Xia
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Enjie Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencai Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, Mainland China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Cilona M, Locatello LG, Novelli L, Gallo O. The Mismatch Repair System (MMR) in Head and Neck Carcinogenesis and Its Role in Modulating the Response to Immunotherapy: A Critical Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103006. [PMID: 33081243 PMCID: PMC7602801 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The dysfunction of the mismatch repair system, an important mechanism for the detection and correction of DNA replication mistakes, may often lead to instability in the length of specific genetic sequences, known as microsatellites, and to the accumulation of mutations. Microsatellite instability is a well-known risk factor for the development of colorectal cancers and other types of tumors but is also considered a positive predictor of the immunotherapy response. Malignancies harboring such a specific genomic instability are very immunogenic because of the great number of aberrant antigens they produce. Therapies based on the blockade of specific immune checkpoints have shown to induce an effective immune response against microsatellite-unstable cancer. Many studies proved that microsatellite instability has a decisive role in the carcinogenesis and the malignant progression of head and neck cancer and, in the near future, it may become a useful tool in tailoring immunotherapy also in this field of precision oncology. Abstract The mismatch repair (MMR) system has a major role in the detection and correction of DNA replication errors, resulting from DNA polymerase slippage or nucleotides misincorporation. Specific inherited/acquired alterations or epigenetic inactivation of MMR genes are associated with microsatellite instability (MSI): the loss of crucial function in repairing DNA alterations can promote carcinogenesis by favoring the accumulation of thousands of mutations in a broad spectrum of different anatomic sites such as colon, stomach, prostate, esophagus, endometrium, lung and head and neck. Recent extensive data suggest that tumor mutational burden strongly correlates with a clinical response to immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors and this response is influenced by MMR deficiency in a wide range of human solid cancers. In this context, few data about this crucial point are available for head and neck cancer (HNC). In this review, we discuss the role of MMR alterations and the resulting MSI in HNC pathogenesis. Furthermore, by summarizing the clinical available data on how they influence the progression of precancerous lesions and the risk of recurrence or second primary tumors, we want to define the current role of MSI in the management of HNC. Finally, we analyze the complex interaction between cancer cells and the immune system addressing the data now available about a potential correlation between microsatellite instability and immunotherapy response in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cilona
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3-50134 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (L.G.L.)
| | - Luca Giovanni Locatello
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3-50134 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (L.G.L.)
| | - Luca Novelli
- Department of Pathology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3-50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Oreste Gallo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3-50134 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (L.G.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0557947989
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12
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Pećina-Šlaus N, Kafka A, Salamon I, Bukovac A. Mismatch Repair Pathway, Genome Stability and Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:122. [PMID: 32671096 PMCID: PMC7332687 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of genomic instability is one of the key characteristics of the cancer cell, and microsatellite instability (MSI) is an important segment of this phenomenon. This review aims to describe the mismatch DNA repair (MMR) system whose deficiency is responsible for MSI and discuss the cellular roles of MMR genes. Malfunctioning of the MMR repair pathway increases the mutational burden of specific cancers and is often involved in its etiology, sometimes as an influential bystander and sometimes as the main driving force. Detecting the presence of MSI has for a long time been an important part of clinical diagnostics, but has still not achieved its full potential. The MSI blueprints of specific tumors are useful for precize grading, evaluation of cancer chance and prognosis and to help us understand how and why therapy-resistant cancers arise. Furthermore, evidence indicates that MSI is an important predictive biomarker for the application of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pećina-Šlaus
- Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Kafka
- Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Salamon
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Anja Bukovac
- Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Expression of DNA repair genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 130:298-305. [PMID: 32682592 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of DNA repair genes in cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). STUDY DESIGN Expression of the MLH1, MSH2, MLH3, ATM, MRE11A, XRCC1, and PMS2 genes was evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the OSCC group (32 patients) and the control group (15 patients). The groups were compared by using the Mann-Whitney test, with Bonferroni correction. Associations between gene expression levels and clinical data were explored by using Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients, with P value less than .05 indicating a significant difference. RESULTS The MLH1, MSH2, MLH3, ATM, MRE11A, XRCC1, and PMS2 genes were downregulated in the OSCC group compared with the control group, with significant values for MLH1 (P < .0001); MSH2 (P = .038); MLH3 (P < .0001); ATM (P < .0001); MRE11A (P < .0001); XRCC1 (P = .0004); and PMS2 (P = .008). Analysis of the correlation between gene expression and clinical data only revealed a significant negative correlation between age and expression of the PMS2 gene. CONCLUSIONS Expression of the DNA repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MLH3, ATM, MRE11 AMRE11A, XRCC1, and PMS2 was reduced in OSCC.
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14
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Toprani SM. DNA damage and repair scenario in ameloblastoma. Oral Oncol 2020; 108:104804. [PMID: 32474390 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is a rare human disease of benign neoplasm odontogenic tumor with a lower prevalence but higher recurrence rate. Etiology of ameloblastoma is not fully understood thus lacks implementation of curative treatments. One of the proposed models of evolution of ameloblastoma is related to alteration in DNA damage and repair effects. Growing body of literature has associated defect in DNA damage and repair mechanisms with cancer risk and various adverse health outcomes in humans. Persistent defect of repair and escape of these genomic unstable cells from cell death mechanisms can contribute towards accumulation of oncogene driver or tumor suppressor mutations selective for malignant transformations. In addition, growth, progression and survival of tumor depends upon its DNA repair mechanisms too, thus identifying a DNA repair biomarker can be of advantageous to eliminate the tumor. Understanding the interconnection of oral lesion and role of various DNA repair mechanisms in context to ameloblastoma will assist to build up a platform for translational based research. This study is a literature review of research work published up to date in the field of ameloblastoma in regard to DNA damage and repair effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh M Toprani
- John B Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Vasan K, Satgunaseelan L, Anand S, Asher R, Selinger C, Low THH, Palme CE, Clark JR, Gupta R. Tumour mismatch repair protein loss is associated with advanced stage in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology 2019; 51:688-695. [PMID: 31630878 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An unexplained increase in the incidence of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (oSCC) has been observed despite decreasing smoking rates, particularly in younger patients. Links to defects in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system are well established in early onset colorectal, urothelial and gynaecological malignancies. MMR deficient patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated improved response rates. Studies exploring MMR status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) demonstrate conflicting results. This study explores the incidence of MMR protein loss and its association with clinicopathological features and outcome in oSCC. Immunohistochemical staining using tissue microarrays to assess the expression of MMR proteins (hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, and hPMS2) was performed on 285 consecutive oSCC cases between 2000 and 2016. Data on smoking, alcohol and metachronous malignancies were retrospectively collected. Proportional hazards regression models were used to compare survival in MMR intact and deficient patients. MMR deficiency was seen in 21 patients (7.4%). MMR deficient tumours were associated with bone invasion (52% vs 32%, p=0.05), higher pT stage (pT4 in 57% vs 35%, p<0.001) and a higher number of metachronous malignancies (p=0.05). MMR deficiency was not associated with younger age at presentation or absence of smoking or alcohol. There was no significant association between MMR status and survival (overall survival hazard ratio 1.36; p=0.32). The incidence of MMR loss in oSCC is low and is not associated with young age at presentation. MMR deficiency in oSCC is associated with an increase in the number of metachronous malignancies and more advanced primary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Vasan
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Laveniya Satgunaseelan
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sunaina Anand
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Asher
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina Selinger
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tsu-Hui Hubert Low
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carsten E Palme
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Clark
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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16
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Ma H, Li L, Jia L, Gong A, Wang A, Zhang L, Gu M, Tang G. POM121 is identified as a novel prognostic marker of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:4473-4480. [PMID: 31528211 PMCID: PMC6746134 DOI: 10.7150/jca.33368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to confirm the role of nuclear pore membrane protein 121(POM121) in oral squamous cell carcinoma and to explore the underlying mechanism. Methods: POM121mRNA and protein expressions were evaluated in OSCC tissues and normal oral tissues by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. The relationship between POM121 expression and clinical characteristics was analyzed. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to explore the possible mechanisms how POM121 affected OSCC. Results: We confirmed that POM121 mRNA expression in OSCC tissues was significantly higher than that in non-tumorous tissues, as was POM121 protein expression. POM121 expression was associated with distant metastasis and TNM stage. Multivariate analysis confirmed POM121 expression as an independent prognostic factor for OSCC patients. OSCC patients with high POM121 expression had a worse overall survival (OS) compared with patients with low POM121 expression. Bioinformatics analysis indicated POM121 may regulate OSCC through hedgehog and /or p53 signaling pathway. Conclusion: Targeting of POM121 expression levels could provide new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Stomatology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhou Jia
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aixiu Gong
- Department of Stomatology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aitao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Mingyan Gu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Genxiong Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Exome sequencing of oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma implicates DNA damage repair gene defects in malignant transformation. Oral Oncol 2019; 96:42-50. [PMID: 31422212 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To map the genomic pathways of patients with oral leukoplakia (OLK) which transformed to cancer (progressive) and those which did not (non-progressive), and to compare their exomic profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole exome sequencing was performed on 42 sequential samples from five progressive and eight non-progressive patients. Association of genomic variant frequencies with progression or lesion severity were analysed by non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon) and multivariate sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA). Enrichment analysis was used to characterise the effect of mutations upon biological pathways. Confirmatory studies used qPCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Using sPLS-DA, the variant frequency of a small number of genes could be used to classify the samples based on lesion severity or progressive status. Enrichment analysis showed that DNA damage repair gene related pathways were highly impacted in lesions which progressed to cancer. Multivariate analysis of a set of 148 DNA damage repair genes could be used to classify progressive lesions using mutation frequency. BRCA1, BRCA2 and other double strand break (DSB) repair Fanconi anaemia (FA)/BRCA pathway genes were prominent contributors to this classification. CONCLUSION Patients with progressive and non-progressive OLK can be differentiated using the frequency of exomic variants, particularly in DNA damage repair pathway genes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of FA/BRCA (DSB) pathway involvement in malignant transformation of OLK to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
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18
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Nirwal S, Kulkarni DS, Sharma A, Rao DN, Nair DT. Mechanism of formation of a toroid around DNA by the mismatch sensor protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:256-266. [PMID: 29182773 PMCID: PMC5758902 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway removes errors that appear during genome replication. MutS is the primary mismatch sensor and forms an asymmetric dimer that encircles DNA to bend it to scan for mismatches. The mechanism utilized to load DNA into the central tunnel was unknown and the origin of the force required to bend DNA was unclear. We show that, in absence of DNA, MutS forms a symmetric dimer wherein a gap exists between the monomers through which DNA can enter the central tunnel. The comparison with structures of MutS-DNA complexes suggests that the mismatch scanning monomer (Bm) will move by nearly 50 Å to associate with the other monomer (Am). Consequently, the N-terminal domains of both monomers will press onto DNA to bend it. The proposed mechanism of toroid formation evinces that the force required to bend DNA arises primarily due to the movement of Bm and hence, the MutS dimer acts like a pair of pliers to bend DNA. We also shed light on the allosteric mechanism that influences the expulsion of adenosine triphosphate from Am on DNA binding. Overall, this study provides mechanistic insight regarding the primary event in MMR i.e. the assembly of the MutS-DNA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivlee Nirwal
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhananjaya S Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- TERI-DIAKEN Nanobiotechnolgy Centre, TERI-Gram, Gual Pahari, Gurgaon-Faridabad Road, Gurgaon, 122001, Haryana, India
| | - Desirazu N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepak T Nair
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
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19
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Bologna-Molina R, Pereira-Prado V, Sánchez-Romero C, Tapia-Repetto G, Soria S, Hernandez M, Gónzalez-Gónzalez R, Molina-Frechero M, Mikami T. Expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins in ameloblastomas and tooth germs. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2018; 23:e126-e131. [PMID: 29476681 PMCID: PMC5911352 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mismatch repair proteins (MMRPs) are a group of nuclear enzymes that participate in the repair of base mismatches that occur during DNA replication in all proliferating cells. The most studied MMRPs are hMSH2 and hMLH1, which are known to be highly expressed in normal tissues. A loss of MMRPs leads to the accumulation of DNA replication errors in proliferating cells. Ki-67 is a biomarker regarded to be the gold-standard tool for determining cell proliferation by immunohistochemical methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of hMLH1, hMSH2 and Ki-67 proteins in ameloblastomas and tooth germs, to contribute to the understanding of the development of this odontogenic neoplasm. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemical assays to determine the presence of proteins hMSH2, hMLH1 and Ki-67 were performed in 80 ameloblastomas (40 solid and 40 unicystic) and five tooth germs. RESULTS Unicystic ameloblastomas showed higher MMRP expression (hMLH1: 62.5 ± 43.4; hMSH2: 83.3 ± 47.8) than did solid ameloblastomas (hMLH1: 59.4 ± 13.5; hMSH2: 75.8 ± 40.2). Additionally, the cell proliferation index assessed by Ki-67 was inversely proportional to the expression of MMRP. Comparison between tooth germs and ameloblastoma revealed significantly higher expression of hMLH1, hMSH2 and Ki-67 in tooth germs (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS The differences of MMRP and Ki-67 immunoexpression between ameloblastomas and tooth germ suggest that alterations in the MMRP mechanisms could participate in the biological behavior of ameloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bologna-Molina
- School of Dentistry, Molecular Pathology Area, Universidad de la República, Las Heras 1925, Montevideo, Uruguay,
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20
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Prognostic values of DNA mismatch repair genes in ovarian cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017; 297:153-159. [PMID: 29063235 PMCID: PMC5762798 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a highly conserved biological pathway that plays a key role in maintaining genomic stability. MMR has been reported as a prognostic marker in certain cancers; however, the results are controversial. Therefore, identification of the prognostic value of MMR genes in ovarian cancer based on a large sample size is pivotal. Methods In the current study, we systemically investigated the prognostic roles of seven MMR genes, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, MLH1, MLH3, PMS1 and PMS2, in ovarian cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy through “The Kaplan–Meier plotter” (KM plotter) database, which contains gene expression data and survival information of ovarian cancer patients. Results Among seven MMR genes, high mRNA levels of MSH6, MLH1 and PMS2 were significantly associated with a better overall survival for all ovarian cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy, especially in late-stage and poor-differentiated ovarian cancer patients. Increased MSH6 and PMS2 mRNA expression was correlated with a favorable overall survival in serous ovarian cancer patients. Conclusions Our results indicate that sufficient MMR system is associated with an improved survival in ovarian cancer treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. MMR gene may be a potential prognosis predictor in ovarian cancer.
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Amaral-Silva GKD, Sánchez-Romero C, Wagner VP, Martins MD, Pontes HAR, Fregnani ER, Soares FA, Almeida OPD, Rocha AC, Santos-Silva AR, Fonseca FP, Vargas PA. Prognostic significance of hMSH2, hMSH3, and hMSH6 expression in ameloblastoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2017; 124:286-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.05.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Pećina-Šlaus N, Kafka A, Bukovac A, Vladušić T, Tomas D, Hrašćan R. Genetic changes of MLH1 and MSH2 genes could explain constant findings on microsatellite instability in intracranial meningioma. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317705791. [PMID: 28705114 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317705791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Postreplicative mismatch repair safeguards the stability of our genome. The defects in its functioning will give rise to microsatellite instability. In this study, 50 meningiomas were investigated for microsatellite instability. Two major mismatch repair genes, MLH1 and MSH2, were analyzed using microsatellite markers D1S1611 and BAT26 amplified by polymerase chain reaction and visualized by gel electrophoresis on high-resolution gels. Furthermore, genes DVL3 (D3S1262), AXIN1 (D16S3399), and CDH1 (D16S752) were also investigated for microsatellite instability. Our study revealed constant presence of microsatellite instability in meningioma patients when compared to their autologous blood DNA. Altogether 38% of meningiomas showed microsatellite instability at one microsatellite locus, 16% on two, and 13.3% on three loci. The percent of detected microsatellite instability for MSH2 gene was 14%, and for MLH1, it was 26%, for DVL3 22.9%, for AXIN1 17.8%, and for CDH1 8.3%. Since markers also allowed for the detection of loss of heterozygosity, gross deletions of MLH1 gene were found in 24% of meningiomas. Genetic changes between MLH1 and MSH2 were significantly positively correlated (p = 0.032). We also noted a positive correlation between genetic changes of MSH2 and DVL3 genes (p = 0.034). No significant associations were observed when MLH1 or MSH2 was tested against specific histopathological meningioma subtype or World Health Organization grade. However, genetic changes in DVL3 were strongly associated with anaplastic histology of meningioma (χ2 = 9.14; p = 0.01). Our study contributes to better understanding of the genetic profile of human intracranial meningiomas and suggests that meningiomas harbor defective cellular DNA mismatch repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pećina-Šlaus
- 1 Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,2 Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Kafka
- 1 Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,2 Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Bukovac
- 1 Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,2 Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Vladušić
- 3 Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Tomas
- 4 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,5 University Hospital "Sisters of Charity," Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Reno Hrašćan
- 3 Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Jessri M, Dalley AJ, Farah CS. Deficient double-strand break repair in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. J Oral Pathol Med 2017; 46:695-702. [PMID: 28383762 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 20% of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cases arise without any identifiable environmental cause, suggesting involvement of genetic influences in their aetiology. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) sever both strands of DNA and pose a potential threat to genomic integrity. A hastened accumulation of somatic mutations consequent to DSB repair is deemed to be a likely event in tumorigenesis of OSCC. METHODS Two discrete chemical approaches, namely hydrogen peroxide and camptothecin, were used to induce DSB in oral cell lines derived from normal through dysplastic to OSCC tissues. After optimization, gamma histone 2Ax (γH2Ax) foci were counted as an indirect measure of kinetics of DSB and confirmed with Western blot of γH2Ax, Nbs1 and ATM. RESULTS Maximal number of γH2Ax foci was detected 1 and 2 hours post-exposure to camptothecin and hydrogen peroxide, respectively; when adjusted for the baseline number of γH2Ax, neoplastic cell lines showed the lowest number of maximal DSB and slowest rate of repair compared to other cell lines. γH2 Ax Western blot closely mirrored the trend observed in immunofluorescent staining for γH2 Ax foci. Changes in the expression level of ATM and Nbs1 were minimal; however, ATM expression showed a slight gradual increase in normal cells which reached its peak at 2 hours after exposure to camptothecin. CONCLUSIONS There is a difference in efficiency of DSB repair pathways in cell lines derived from different stages of oral tumorigenesis with neoplastic cell lines having the most defective DSB repair system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jessri
- Oral Oncology Research Program, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Andrew J Dalley
- Oral Oncology Research Program, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Camile S Farah
- Oral Oncology Research Program, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia.,Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education, School of Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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