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Liu R, Xu LX, Tong LJ, Wu HY, Guo Q, Sun ZM, Yan H. Therapeutic effects of ginsenosides on osteoporosis for novel drug applications. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 974:176604. [PMID: 38649090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a metabolic bone disease with a high incidence rate worldwide. Its main features are decreased bone mass, increased bone fragility and deterioration of bone microstructure. It is caused by an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. Ginsenoside is a safe and effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) usually extracted from ginseng plants, having various therapeutic effects, of which the effect against osteoporosis has been extensively studied. We searched a total of 44 relevant articles with using keywords including osteoporosis, ginsenosides, bone mesenchymal cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and bone remodeling, all of which investigated the cellular mechanisms of different types of ginsenosides affecting the activity of bone remodeling by mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts to counteract osteoporosis. This review describes the different types of ginsenosides used to treat osteoporosis from different perspectives, providing a solid theoretical basis for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Li-Xia Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lin-Jian Tong
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Hai-Yang Wu
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 301800, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Sun
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Hua Yan
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Li Z, Li Y, Liu C, Gu Y, Han G. Research progress of the mechanisms and applications of ginsenosides in promoting bone formation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155604. [PMID: 38614042 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone deficiency-related diseases caused by various factors have disrupted the normal function of the skeleton and imposed a heavy burden globally, urgently requiring potential new treatments. The multi-faceted role of compounds like ginsenosides and their interaction with the bone microenvironment, particularly osteoblasts can promote bone formation and exhibit anti-inflammatory, vascular remodeling, and antibacterial properties, holding potential value in the treatment of bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering. PURPOSE This review summarizes the interaction between ginsenosides and osteoblasts and the bone microenvironment in bone formation, including vascular remodeling and immune regulation, as well as their therapeutic potential and toxicity in the broad treatment applications of bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering, to provide novel insights and treatment strategies. METHODS The literature focusing on the mechanisms and applications of ginsenosides in promoting bone formation before March 2024 was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. Keywords such as "phytochemicals", "ginsenosides", "biomaterials", "bone", "diseases", "bone formation", "microenvironment", "bone tissue engineering", "rheumatoid arthritis", "periodontitis", "osteoarthritis", "osteoporosis", "fracture", "toxicology", "pharmacology", and combinations of these keywords were used. RESULTS Ginsenoside monomers regulate signaling pathways such as WNT/β-catenin, FGF, and BMP/TGF-β, stimulating osteoblast generation and differentiation. It exerts angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the bone surrounding microenvironment through signaling such as WNT/β-catenin, NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and Notch. It shows therapeutic effects and biological safety in the treatment of bone deficiency-related diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, periodontitis, osteoporosis, and fractures, and bone tissue engineering by promoting osteogenesis and improving the microenvironment of bone formation. CONCLUSION The functions of ginsenosides are diverse and promising in treating bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering. Moreover, potential exists in regulating the bone microenvironment, modifying biomaterials, and treating inflammatory-related bone diseases and dental material applications. However, the mechanisms and effects of some ginsenoside monomers are still unclear, and the lack of clinical research limits their clinical application. Further exploration and evaluation of the potential of ginsenosides in these areas are expected to provide more effective methods for treating bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Yuqing Gu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China.
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Ko SY. Therapeutic Potential of Ginsenosides on Bone Metabolism: A Review of Osteoporosis, Periodontal Disease and Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5828. [PMID: 38892015 PMCID: PMC11172997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, bioactive compounds from the genus Panax, have potential therapeutic effects on diverse ailments, including diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests their involvement in bone metabolism. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the effects of ginsenosides on osteoporosis, periodontal disease, and osteoarthritis. Their mechanisms of action include effects on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs), and chondrocytes, which are pivotal in maintaining bone, periodontal tissue, and cartilage homeostasis. Ginsenosides may exert their beneficial effects by enhancing PDLF and osteoblast activity, suppressing osteoclast function, augmenting chondrocyte synthesis in the cartilage matrix, and mitigating connective tissue degradation. Moreover, they possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-pyroptotic properties. Their efficacy in increasing bone density, ameliorating periodontitis, and alleviating osteoarthritis symptoms has been demonstrated in preclinical studies using animal models. In terms of their mechanism of action, ginsenosides modulate cellular differentiation, activity, and key signaling pathway molecules, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), while also regulating various mediators. Furthermore, the symptomatic relief observed in animal models lends further credence to their therapeutic utility. However, to translate these preclinical findings into clinical practice, rigorous animal and clinical investigations are imperative to ascertain the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing regimens in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Yle Ko
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Institute of Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Shi G, Yang C, Wang Q, Wang S, Wang G, Ao R, Li D. Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound-Loaded Materials in Bone Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:851561. [PMID: 35252158 PMCID: PMC8894853 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.851561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic organ that has the ability to repair minor injuries via regeneration. However, large bone defects with limited regeneration are debilitating conditions in patients and cause a substantial clinical burden. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is an alternative method that mainly involves three factors: scaffolds, biologically active factors, and cells with osteogenic potential. However, active factors such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) are costly and show an unstable release. Previous studies have shown that compounds of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) can effectively promote regeneration of bone defects when administered locally and systemically. However, due to the low bioavailability of these compounds, many recent studies have combined TCM compounds with materials to enhance drug bioavailability and bone regeneration. Hence, the article comprehensively reviewed the local application of TCM compounds to the materials in the bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo. The compounds included icariin, naringin, quercetin, curcumin, berberine, resveratrol, ginsenosides, and salvianolic acids. These findings will contribute to the potential use of TCM compound-loaded materials in BTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwen Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chaohua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Wang, ; Rongguang Ao, ; Dejian Li,
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Gaoju Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rongguang Ao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Wang, ; Rongguang Ao, ; Dejian Li,
| | - Dejian Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Wang, ; Rongguang Ao, ; Dejian Li,
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Pérez-Lozano ML, Cesaro A, Mazor M, Esteve E, Berteina-Raboin S, Best TM, Lespessailles E, Toumi H. Emerging Natural-Product-Based Treatments for the Management of Osteoarthritis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:265. [PMID: 33572126 PMCID: PMC7914872 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex degenerative disease in which joint homeostasis is disrupted, leading to synovial inflammation, cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and resulting in pain and joint disability. Yet, the development of new treatment strategies to restore the equilibrium of the osteoarthritic joint remains a challenge. Numerous studies have revealed that dietary components and/or natural products have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bone-resorption, and anabolic potential and have received much attention toward the development of new therapeutic strategies for OA treatment. In the present review, we provide an overview of current and emerging natural-product-based research treatments for OA management by drawing attention to experimental, pre-clinical, and clinical models. Herein, we review current and emerging natural-product-based research treatments for OA management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Pérez-Lozano
- Laboratory I3MTO, EA 4708, Université d’Orléans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (M.-L.P.-L.); (A.C.); (E.L.)
- Plateforme Recherche Innovation Médicale Mutualisée d’Orléans, Centre Hospitalier Régional d’Orléans, 14 Avenue de l’Hôpital, 45100 Orléans, France
| | - Annabelle Cesaro
- Laboratory I3MTO, EA 4708, Université d’Orléans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (M.-L.P.-L.); (A.C.); (E.L.)
- Plateforme Recherche Innovation Médicale Mutualisée d’Orléans, Centre Hospitalier Régional d’Orléans, 14 Avenue de l’Hôpital, 45100 Orléans, France
| | - Marija Mazor
- Center for Proteomics, Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Eric Esteve
- Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional d′Orléans, 14 Avenue de l’Hôpital, 45100 Orléans, France;
| | - Sabine Berteina-Raboin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique ICOA, Université d’Orléans-Pôle de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7311, Rue de Chartres-BP 6759, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Thomas M. Best
- Department of Orthopedics, Division of Sports Medicine, Health Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Eric Lespessailles
- Laboratory I3MTO, EA 4708, Université d’Orléans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (M.-L.P.-L.); (A.C.); (E.L.)
- Plateforme Recherche Innovation Médicale Mutualisée d’Orléans, Centre Hospitalier Régional d’Orléans, 14 Avenue de l’Hôpital, 45100 Orléans, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional d’Orléans, Institut Département de Rhumatologie, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Hechmi Toumi
- Laboratory I3MTO, EA 4708, Université d’Orléans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (M.-L.P.-L.); (A.C.); (E.L.)
- Plateforme Recherche Innovation Médicale Mutualisée d’Orléans, Centre Hospitalier Régional d’Orléans, 14 Avenue de l’Hôpital, 45100 Orléans, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional d’Orléans, Institut Département de Rhumatologie, 45067 Orléans, France
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Treatment of tibial dyschondroplasia with traditional Chinese medicines: "Lesson and future directions". Poult Sci 2020; 99:6422-6433. [PMID: 33248557 PMCID: PMC7704743 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a metabolic tibiotarsal bone disease in rapidly growing birds throughout the world, which is characterized by gait disorders, reduced growth, and in an unrecoverable lameness in many cases. The short production cycle in chickens, long metabolism cycle in most of the drugs with the severe drug residue, and high treatment cost severely restrict the enthusiasm for the treatment of TD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for the prevention, treatment, and cure of avian bone diseases. Previously, a couple of traditional Chinese medicines has been reported being useful in treating TD. This review will discuss the TCM used in TD and the alternative TCM to treat TD. Selecting a TCM approach and its pharmacologic effects on TD chickens mainly focused on the differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of chondrocytes, angiogenesis, matrix metabolism, oxidative damage, cytokines, and calcification of cartilage in tibia.
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Yang N, Liu D, Zhang X, Li J, Wang M, Xu T, Liu Z. Effects of ginsenosides on bone remodelling for novel drug applications: a review. Chin Med 2020; 15:42. [PMID: 32391072 PMCID: PMC7201946 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenosides are pharmacologically active compounds that are often extracted from the Panax plant for their medicinal properties. Ginsenosides have multiple effects, including antitumor effects which have been widely studied. In recent years, studies have found that ginsenosides promote proliferation and osteogenesis of osteoblast-related cells, as well as inhibit the activity of osteoclasts. MAIN BODY We briefly introduces the molecules and BMP, WNT, and RANKL signalling pathways involved in bone formation and bone resorption. Next, recent studies on the mechanism of action of ginsenosides in bone remodelling are reviewed from three perspectives: the effects on proliferation of osteoblast-related cells, effects on osteogenesis and effects on osteoclasts. To expedite the development of drugs containing ginsenosides, we summarize the multiple beneficial roles of various types of ginsenosides in bone remodelling; including the promotion of bone formation, inhibition of bone resorption, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. CONCLUSION Many ginsenosides can promote bone formation and inhibit bone resorption, such as Rb1, Rb2 and Re. Ginsenosides have the potential to be new drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis, promote fracture healing and are strong candidates for cytokines in the tissue-engineered bone. This review provides a theoretical basis for clinical drug applications and proposes several future directions for exploring the beneficial role of ginseng compounds in bone remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Dingkun Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
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Siddiqi MZ, Srinivasan S, Park HY, Im WT. Exploration and Characterization of Novel Glycoside Hydrolases from the Whole Genome of Lactobacillus ginsenosidimutans and Enriched Production of Minor Ginsenoside Rg3( S) by a Recombinant Enzymatic Process. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020288. [PMID: 32059542 PMCID: PMC7072194 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies have reported that ginsenoside Rg3(S) is effective in treating metastatic diseases, obesity, and various cancers, however, its presence in white ginseng cannot be estimated, and only a limited amount is present in red ginseng. Therefore, the use of recombinant glycosidases from a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) host strain is a promising approach to enhance production of Rg3(S), which may improve nutritional activity, human health, and quality of life. Method: Lactobacillus ginsenosidimutans EMML 3041T, which was isolated from Korean fermented pickle (kimchi), presents ginsenoside-converting abilities. The strain was used to enrich the production of Rg3(S) by fermenting protopanaxadiol (PPD)-mix-type major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd) in four different types of food-grade media (1, MRS; 2, Basel Food-Grade medium; 3, Basel Food-Grade medium-I, and 4, Basel Food-Grade medium-II). Due to its tendency to produce Rg3(S), the presence of glycoside hydrolase in Lactobacillus ginsenosidimutans was proposed, the whole genome was sequenced, and the probable glycoside hydrolase gene for ginsenoside conversion was cloned. Results: The L. ginsenosidimutans EMML 3041T strain was whole genome sequenced to identify the target genes. After genome sequencing, 12 sets of glycoside hydrolases were identified, of which seven sets (α,β-glucosidase and α,β-galactosidase) were cloned in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using the pGEX4T-1 vector system. Among the sets of clones, only one clone (BglL.gin-952) showed ginsenoside-transforming abilities. The recombinant BglL.gin-952 comprised 952 amino acid residues and belonged to glycoside hydrolase family 3. The enzyme exhibited optimal activity at 55 °C and a pH of 7.5 and showed a promising conversion ability of major ginsenoside Rb1→Rd→Rg3(S). The recombinant enzyme (GST-BglL.gin-952) was used to mass produce Rg3(S) from major ginsenoside Rb1. Scale-up of production using 50 g of Rb1 resulted in 30 g of Rg3(S) with 74.3% chromatography purity. Conclusion: Our preliminary data demonstrated that this enzyme would be beneficial in the preparation of pharmacologically active minor ginsenoside Rg3(S) in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair Siddiqi
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, 327 Jungang-ro Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17579, Korea;
- AceEMzyme Co., Ltd., Academic Industry Cooperation, 327 Jungang-ro Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17579, Korea
| | - Sathiyaraj Srinivasan
- Department of Bio & Environmental Technology, Division of Environmental & Life Science, College of Natural Science, Seoul Women’s University, 623 Hwarangno, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-774, Korea;
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea;
| | - Wan-Taek Im
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, 327 Jungang-ro Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17579, Korea;
- AceEMzyme Co., Ltd., Academic Industry Cooperation, 327 Jungang-ro Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17579, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-6705335; Fax: +82-31-6705339
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Yesmin Simu S, Ahn S, Castro-Aceituno V, Yang DC. Ginsenoside Rg5: Rk1 Exerts an Anti-obesity Effect on 3T3-L1 Cell Line by the Downregulation of PPARγ and CEBPα. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 15:252-259. [PMID: 29845077 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Obesity, a global health problem and a chronic disease, is associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and coronary heart diseases. A wide variety of natural remedies have been explored for their obesity treatment potential. Objective: The anti-adipogenic effect of ginsenoside Rg5:Rk1 (Rg5:Rk1) on 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes was investigated. Materials and Methods: To elucidate the anti-obesity effect of Rg5:Rk1, a mixture of protopanaxadiol type ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng Meyer in a 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In order to determine the anti-obesity effect of Rg5:Rk1, based on oil Red O Staining, triglyceride (TG) content in adipose cells was assessed. Furthermore, to elucidate the possible mechanism of Rg5:RK1 effect on lipid accumulation, mRNA and protein expression analyses of adipocyte markers such as STAT3, PPARγ, CBEPα and ap2 were carried out. Results: Rg5:Rk1 treatment showed an inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation and decrease of TG content. In addition, expression of STAT3, PPARγ, CEBPα and ap2 were decreased in a dose dependent manner. Similarly, the Rg5:Rk1 treatment reduced PPARγ and CEBPα protein expression. Conclusion: Rg5:Rk1 treatment exhibits anti-adipogenic activity by down-regulation of the STAT3/ PPARg/CEBPa signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakina Yesmin Simu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungeun Ahn
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Veronica Castro-Aceituno
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Mancuso C, Santangelo R. Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius: From pharmacology to toxicology. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:362-372. [PMID: 28698154 PMCID: PMC7116968 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius in traditional Chinese medicine dates back to about 5000 years ago thanks to its several beneficial and healing properties. Over the past few years, extensive preclinical and clinical evidence in the scientific literature worldwide has supported the beneficial effects of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius in significant central nervous system, metabolic, infectious and neoplastic diseases. There has been growing research on ginseng because of its favorable pharmacokinetics, including the intestinal biotransformation which is responsible for the processing of ginsenosides - contained in the roots or extracts of ginseng - into metabolites with high pharmacological activity and how such principles act on numerous cell targets. The aim of this review is to provide a simple and extensive overview of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius, focusing on the clinical evidence which has shown particular effectiveness in specific diseases, such as dementia, diabetes mellitus, respiratory infections, and cancer. Furthermore, the review will also provide data on toxicological factors to support the favorable safety profile of these medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mancuso
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Santangelo
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Huang W, Zheng X, Yang X, Fan S. Stimulation of Osteogenic Differentiation by Saikosaponin-A in Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Via WNT/β-Catenin Pathway. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 100:392-401. [PMID: 28185033 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Saikosaponin-A (SA), a class of native compound with numerous biological activities, may exert protective effect against postmenopausal bone loss. However, it remains unknown whether SA regulates the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. In this study, BMSCs were treated with various concentrations of SA to stimulate osteogenic differentiation over a 14-day period. Additionally, a canonical ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model was used to evaluate the effect of 3-month SA treatment in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. In vitro, we found that SA promotes alkaline phosphatase activity/staining and Alizarin red assay, stimulated the expression of osteogenic markers, i.e., runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osterix, osteopontin, and osteocalcin (OCN) in BMSCs. In vivo, the trabecular number, trabecular thickness, and trabecular bone mineral density of the distal femoral metaphysis were significantly increased in OVX mice treated intraperitoneally with SA for 3 months compared with OVX mice that not treated with SA. Moreover, the expression of Runx2 and OCN in OVX + SA mice was significantly increased than that in OVX mice. Finally, we found that SA activated the WNT/β-catenin pathway and the expression of several downstream genes including T-cell factor-1 and lymphoid enhancer factor-1. Inhibition of WNT/β-catenin pathway by Dickkopf-related protein 1 blocked the positive role of SA on osteogenesis. Therefore, SA promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs through WNT/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 183 West Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511400, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 183 West Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Shicai Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 183 West Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Simu SY, Siddiqi MH, Ahn S, Castro-Aceituno V, Kumar NS, Perez ZEJ, Yang DC. Ginsenoside F1 attenuates lipid accumulation and triglycerides content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through PPAR-γ/JAK2 signaling responses. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kim HM, Kim DH, Han HJ, Park CM, Ganipisetti SR, Valan Arasu M, Kim YO, Park CG, Kim BY, Soung NK. Ginsenoside Re Promotes Osteoblast Differentiation in Mouse Osteoblast Precursor MC3T3-E1 Cells and a Zebrafish Model. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010042. [PMID: 28036069 PMCID: PMC6155621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is tightly regulated to balance bone formation and bone resorption. Many anabolic drugs are used as bone-targeted therapeutic agents for the promotion of osteoblast-mediated bone formation or inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Previous studies showed that ginsenoside Re has the effect of the suppression of osteoclast differentiation in mouse bone-marrow derived macrophages and zebrafish. Herein, we investigated whether ginsenoside Re affects osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in in vitro and in vivo models. Mouse osteoblast precursor MC3T3-E1 cells were used to investigate cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralization. In addition, we examined osteoblastic signaling pathways. Ginsenoside Re affected ALP activity without cytotoxicity, and we also observed the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation through the activation of osteoblast markers including runt-related transcription factor 2, type 1 collagen, ALP, and osteocalcin in MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, Alizarin red S staining indicated that ginsenoside Re increased osteoblast mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells and zebrafish scales compared to controls. These results suggest that ginsenoside Re promotes osteoblast differentiation as well as inhibits osteoclast differentiation, and it could be a potential therapeutic agent for bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
- World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
- World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Ho-Jin Han
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
- World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Chan-Mi Park
- World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
| | - Srinivas Rao Ganipisetti
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
- World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Young Ock Kim
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Chun Geun Park
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Bo-Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
- World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Nak-Kyun Soung
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
- World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
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Ginsenosides Rg3 attenuates glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis through regulating BMP-2/BMPR1A/Runx2 signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 256:188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Kang S, Siddiqi MH, Yoon SJ, Ahn S, Noh HY, Kumar NS, Kim YJ, Yang DC. Therapeutic potential of compound K as an IKK inhibitor with implications for osteoarthritis prevention: an in silico and in vitro study. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:895-905. [PMID: 27368432 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides have been used traditionally as an oriental medicine. However, the anti-osteoarthritic effect of ginsenoside compound K (hereafter referred to as CK) has not been reported. Therefore, in this study, the protective effects of CK were evaluated in silico and in vitro using H2O2-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells by measuring the levels of proinflammatory cytokines responsible for articular cartilage degradation. In silico results demonstrated that, among the selected ginsenosides, CK is a non-toxic drug-like molecule with strong binding affinity for selected cytokine-activated kinase such as IkBα kinase (IKK). The molecular binding energy of CK with the active sites of IKK suggests anti-osteoarthritic functions. Cultured H2O2-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells that were exposed to CK showed dramatically increased expression of osteoblast differentiation markers such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, type I collagen (Col-I) content, and mineralization. During aging, H2O2 also leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), which play important roles in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, the effect of CK on ROS and NO generation was also examined. Our results showed that CK dose-dependently inhibited H2O2-induced ROS and NO production in MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, qRT-PCR data showed that CK increased expression of osteogenic markers such as ALP and Col-I but decreased expression of inflammatory-related genes including IKK and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in a dose-dependent manner in H2O2-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells. The findings of this study suggest the use of CK as a novel protective and therapeutic agent in AO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sera Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, 449-701, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Hanif Siddiqi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, 449-701, South Korea
| | - Sung Joo Yoon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, 449-701, South Korea
| | - Sungeun Ahn
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, 449-701, South Korea
| | - Hae-Yong Noh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, 449-701, South Korea
| | - Natarajan Sathish Kumar
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, 449-701, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, 449-701, South Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, 449-701, South Korea.
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Che CT, Wong MS, Lam CWK. Natural Products from Chinese Medicines with Potential Benefits to Bone Health. Molecules 2016; 21:239. [PMID: 26927052 PMCID: PMC6274145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a progressive, systemic bone disorder characterized by loss of bone mass and microstructure, leading to reduced bone strength and increased risk of fracture. It is often associated with reduced quality of life and other medical complications. The disease is common in the aging population, particularly among postmenopausal women and patients who receive long-term steroidal therapy. Given the rapid growth of the aging population, increasing life expectancy, the prevalence of bone loss, and financial burden to the healthcare system and individuals, demand for new therapeutic agents and nutritional supplements for the management and promotion of bone health is pressing. With the advent of global interest in complementary and alternative medicine and natural products, Chinese medicine serves as a viable source to offer benefits for the improvement and maintenance of bone health. This review summarizes the scientific information obtained from recent literatures on the chemical ingredients of Chinese medicinal plants that have been reported to possess osteoprotective and related properties in cell-based and/or animal models. Some of these natural products (or their derivatives) may become promising leads for development into dietary supplements or therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Man Sau Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Costa CRR, Amorim BR, de Magalhães P, De Luca Canto G, Acevedo AC, Guerra ENS. Effects of Plants on Osteogenic Differentiation and Mineralization of Periodontal Ligament Cells: A Systematic Review. Phytother Res 2016; 30:519-31. [PMID: 26822584 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of plants on osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of human periodontal ligament cells. The included studies were selected using five different electronic databases. The reference list of the included studies was crosschecked, and a partial gray literature search was undertaken using Google Scholar and ProQuest. The methodology of the selected studies was evaluated using GRADE. After a two-step selection process, eight studies were identified. Six different types of plants were reported in the selected studies, which were Morinda citrifolia, Aloe vera, Fructus cnidii, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Centella asiatica, and Epimedium species. They included five types of isolated plant components: acemannan, osthole, hesperetin, asiaticoside, and icariin. In addition, some active substances of these components were identified as polysaccharides, coumarins, flavonoids, and triterpenes. The studies demonstrated the potential effects of plants on osteogenic differentiation, cell proliferation, mineral deposition, and gene and protein expression. Four studies showed that periodontal ligament cells induce mineral deposition after plant treatment. Although there are few studies on the subject, current evidence suggests that plants are potentially useful for the treatment of periodontal diseases. However, further investigations are required to confirm the promising effect of these plants in regenerative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Rabelo Amorim
- Oral Histopathology Laboratory, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Pérola de Magalhães
- Natural Products Laboratory, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Graziela De Luca Canto
- Brazilian Centre for Evidence-Based Research, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.,School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ana Carolina Acevedo
- Oral Histopathology Laboratory, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Ma LY, Zhang YB, Zhou QL, Yang YF, Yang XW. Simultaneous Determination of Eight Ginsenosides in Rat Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Application to Their Pharmacokinetics. Molecules 2015; 20:21597-608. [PMID: 26633350 PMCID: PMC6332349 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was successfully developed and validated for the identification and determination of eight ginsenosides: ginsenoside Rg1 (1); 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1 (2); 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg2 (3); 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh1 (4); 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg2 (5); ginsenoside Rd (6); 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (7); and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (8) in rat plasma. The established rapid method had high linearity, selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. The method has been used successfully to study the pharmacokinetics of abovementioned eight ginsenosides for the first time. After an oral administration of total saponins in the stems-leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (GTSSL) at a dose of 400 mg/kg, the ginsenosides 6, 7, and 8, belonging to protopanaxadiol-type saponins, exhibited relatively long tmax values, suggesting that they were slowly absorbed, while the ginsenosides 1–5, belonging to protopanaxatriol-type saponins, had different tmax values, which should be due to their differences in the substituted groups. Compounds 2 and 4, 3 and 5, 7 and 8 were three pairs of R/S epimerics at C-20, which was interesting that the t1/2 of 20(S)-epimers were always longer than those of 20(R)-epimers. This pharmacokinetic identification of multiple ginsenosides of GTSSL in rat plasma provides a significant basis for better understanding the clinical application of GTSSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - You-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Qi-Le Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yan-Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiu-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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19
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Siddiqi MH, Siddiqi MZ, Kang S, Noh HY, Ahn S, Simu SY, Aziz MA, Sathishkumar N, Jiménez Pérez ZE, Yang DC. Inhibition of Osteoclast Differentiation by Ginsenoside Rg3 in RAW264.7 Cells via RANKL, JNK and p38 MAPK Pathways Through a Modulation of Cathepsin K: An In Silico and In Vitro Study. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1286-1294. [PMID: 26059856 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various studies have demonstrated that overexpression of cathepsin K (Cat-K) causes excessive bone loss, which ultimately leads to a variety of bone diseases including osteoporosis. Therefore, inhibition of Cat-K signifies a potential therapeutic target in osteoporosis treatment. Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the most promising compound of Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng) with numerous biological activities. Thus, in recent study the inhibitory effect of Rg3 isolated from P. ginseng was investigated in order to impede the osteoclast activity by an in silico approach followed by in vitro study validation using RAW264.7 cells through the investigation of different biological activity prediction such as absorption distribution metabolism and excretion (ADMET) properties against Cat-K protein. The docking results of our study showed that Rg3 is a non-toxic compound and may act as a drug-like molecule. Additionally, the molecular interaction of Rg3 with the active residues of Cat-K markedly describes its inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis. Findings of the present study exhibited that Rg3 significantly reduced receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, pit formation (actin rings), and TRAP-positive multinucleated cells development in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, Rg3 dose-dependently reduced the mRNA expression levels of osteoclast-specific markers such as RANK, TRAP, and Cat-K induced by RANKL through the down regulation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. In conclusion, in silico docking study and in vitro validation together suggested that Rg3 inhibits osteoclastogenesis and reduces bone resorption through the inhibition of Cat-K. Therefore, Rg3 might be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis and proper bone formation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hanif Siddiqi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair Siddiqi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Sera Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Hae Yong Noh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Sungeun Ahn
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Shakina Yesmin Simu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Mohamed Antar Aziz
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Natarajan Sathishkumar
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Zuly Elizabeth Jiménez Pérez
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
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